The Failure of Integration

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The Failure of Integration OÂRODEK STUDIÓW WSCHODNICH IM. MARKA KARPIA Centre for Eastern Studies Prace OSW / CES Studies PRACEWojciech Konoƒczuk Fiasko integracji. WNP i inne organizacje mi´dzynarodowe na obszarzeOS poradzieckimW 1991–2006 The failure of integration. The CIS andCE other internationalS organisations in theSTUDIES post-Soviet area, 1991–2006 W arszawa maj 2007 / W arsaw May 2007 © Copyright by OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia © Copyright by Centre for Eastern Studies Redaktor / Editor Anna ¸abuszewska Wspó∏praca / Co-operation Katarzyna Kazimierska Opracowanie graficzne / Graphic design Dorota Nowacka T∏umaczenie / Translation OSW / CES Wspó∏praca / Co-operation Jim Todd Wydawca / Publisher OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warszawa / Warsaw, Poland tel. / phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 fax +48 /22/ 525 80 40 Seria „Prace OSW” zawiera materia∏y analityczne przygotowane w OÊrodku Studiów Wschodnich The ‘CES Studies’ series contains analytical materials prepared at the Centre for Eastern Studies Materia∏y analityczne OSW mo˝na przeczytaç na stronie www.osw.waw.pl Tam równie˝ znaleêç mo˝na wi´cej informacji o OÊrodku Studiów Wschodnich The Centre’s analytical materials can be found on the Internet at www.osw.waw.pl More information about the Centre for Eastern Studies is available at the same web address ISSN 1642-4484 Spis treÊci / Contents Fiasko integracji. WNP i inne organizacje mi´dzynarodowe na obszarze poradzieckim 1991–2006 / 5 Wojciech Konoƒczuk Tezy / 5 Wst´p / 6 I. Wspólnota Niepodleg∏ych Paƒstw / 6 II. Organizacje mi´dzynarodowe powsta∏e na obszarze WNP / 14 Podsumowanie / 21 Aneks 1. Cz∏onkostwo poszczególnych paƒstw WNP w poradzieckich strukturach integracyjnych / 22 Aneks 2. Udzia∏ WNP w eksporcie i imporcie poszczególnych paƒstw Wspólnoty / 22 Aneks 3. Udzia∏ Rosji w eksporcie i imporcie krajów WNP / 23 Aneks 4. Porównanie PKB poszczególnych krajów WNP / 23 Aneks 5. Porównanie potencja∏ów militarnych paƒstw WNP / 24 The failure of integration. The CIS and other international organisations in the post-Soviet area, 1991–2006 / 29 Wojciech Konoƒczuk Executive summary / 29 Introduction / 30 I. The Commonwealth of Independent States / 30 II. International organisations established in the CIS area / 38 Conclusions / 45 Appendix 1. Membership of CIS countries in post-Soviet integration structures / 46 Appendix 2. Share of the CIS in exports and imports of individual CIS countries / 46 Appendix 3. Share of Russia in exports and imports of individual CIS countries / 47 Appendix 4. A comparison of the CIS countries’ GDP / 47 Appendix 5. A comparison of the CIS countries’ military potential / 48 Tezy 1. Instytucjonalne procesy integracyjne na obsza- rze poradzieckim zakoƒczy∏y si´ niepowodze- niem. Pomimo wielu prób podejmowanych przez Rosj´ – paƒstwo najbardziej zainteresowane integracjà przestrzeni poradzieckiej – nie uda∏o si´ przekszta∏ciç Wspólnoty Niepodleg∏ych Paƒstw w instrument realnej wspó∏pracy. WNP nigdy nie zdo∏a∏a zrealizowaç deklarowanych celów i z tego punktu widzenia jako organizacja integracyjna nie istnieje, i de facto nigdy nie istnia∏a. 2. Integracja wewnàtrz WNP od poczàtku by∏a skazana na niepowodzenie z przyczyn obiektyw- Fiasko integracji. nych, z których najwa˝niejszà jest ogromna prze- waga potencja∏u politycznego, gospodarczego, ludnoÊciowego i terytorialnego Rosji nad pozos- WNP i inne organizacje ta∏ymi paƒstwami cz∏onkowskimi. Po pi´tnastu latach istnienia organizacja pozostaje dzisiaj wy- mi´dzynarodowe ∏àcznie miejscem periodycznych spotkaƒ na naj- wy˝szym szczeblu, b´dàcych okazjà do dwustron- 5 na obszarze poradzieckim nych i wielostronnych konsultacji. Termin „WNP” zosta∏ zaÊ zastàpiony poj´ciem „obszar WNP”. 1991–2006 3. Z powodu fiaska reintegracji w formacie dwu- Wojciech Konoƒczuk nastu paƒstw Rosja zacz´∏a inspirowaç powstawa- nie mniejszych organizacji regionalnych ze swoim udzia∏em, takich jak: Euroazjatycka Wspólnota Go- spodarcza, Organizacja Uk∏adu o Bezpieczeƒstwie Zbiorowym, Wspólna Przestrzeƒ Gospodarcza. Wspó∏praca w ramach tych struktur pozostaje w du˝ym stopniu deklaratywna i nieefektywna, a g∏ównym celem wymienionych organizacji jest utrzymanie wp∏ywów politycznych Moskwy w po- szczególnych regionach. Praktyka poradzieckiej wspó∏pracy instytucjonalnej dowodzi, ˝e paƒstwa iasko integracji. WNP i inne organizacje mi´dzynarodowe na obszarzeiasko poradzieckim 1991–2006 obszaru b. ZSRR nie sà zdolne do stworzenia efek- F tywnych struktur integracyjnych zarówno w for- macie „dwunastki”, jak i w mniejszym gronie. 4. Niepowodzenie procesów integracyjnych na obszarze poradzieckim wynika z ró˝nicowania si´ priorytetów polityki zagranicznej poszczególnych paƒstw WNP i ch´ci ich uniezale˝nienia si´ od Rosji. Ka˝da organizacja mi´dzynarodowa pow- sta∏a na obszarze poradzieckim z udzia∏em Rosji b´dzie skazana na zdominowanie przez Moskw´. Z drugiej strony ka˝da organizacja z centrum na obszarze WNP powsta∏a bez udzia∏u Rosji b´dzie przez nià traktowana jako struktura antyrosyjska. P race OSW Wst´p I. Wspólnota Niepodleg∏ych Paƒstw BezpoÊrednio po upadku ZSRR rozpocz´∏y si´ ste- rowane z Moskwy procesy zmierzajàce do zaha- mowania procesu rozpadu przestrzeni poradziec- 1. Powstanie WNP i pierwsze kiej i skupienia by∏ych republik (z wyjàtkiem projekty integracyjne paƒstw ba∏tyckich) wokó∏ Rosji. Czasami by∏y one okreÊlane jako „reintegracja” terytorium b. ZSRR. Po rozpadzie Zwiàzku Radzieckiego dla Federacji Poczàtkowo procesy te przebiega∏y w oparciu Rosyjskiej, jako sukcesora imperium, zadaniem o Wspólnot´ Niepodleg∏ych Paƒstw. Szybko jed- o ˝ywotnym znaczeniu sta∏o si´ zachowanie nak okaza∏o si´, ˝e WNP nie jest w stanie pow- szczególnych relacji z by∏ymi republikami, obec- strzymaç dezintegracji gospodarczej i politycznej nie niepodleg∏ymi paƒstwami. Obszar poradziecki przestrzeni poradzieckiej, i w rezultacie nigdy nie sta∏ si´ priorytetowy dla rosyjskiej polityki zagra- sta∏a si´ efektywnà organizacjà mi´dzynarodowà. nicznej i zachowuje ten status do dzisiaj. 8 grud- NieskutecznoÊç i wirtualnoÊç wspó∏pracy w ra- nia 1991 roku w Puszczy Bia∏owieskiej przywódcy mach WNP spowodowa∏a, ˝e zacz´∏y powstawaç Rosji, Bia∏orusi i Ukrainy: Borys Jelcyn, Stanis∏aw kolejne organizacje, integrujàce mniejszà liczb´ Szuszkiewicz i Leonid Krawczuk podpisali Poro- paƒstw. Niemal wszystkie te struktury powsta∏y zumienie o utworzeniu Wspólnoty Niepodleg∏ych z inicjatywy Rosji lub zosta∏y przez nià zdomi- Paƒstw, rozpoczynajàce si´ od s∏ów: „Zwiàzek Ra- nowane. Jedynà organizacjà stworzonà przez dziecki jako podmiot prawa mi´dzynarodowego paƒstwa cz∏onkowskie WNP, do której nie nale˝y i byt geopolityczny przestaje istnieç”2. Artyku∏ 1 6 dzisiaj Federacja Rosyjska, jest GUAM1. dokumentu zawiera∏ stwierdzenie o utworzeniu Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie dzia- WNP. Kszta∏t nowej organizacji mi´dzynarodowej ∏alnoÊci, zamierzeƒ, ewolucji i znaczenia organi- sformalizowano podczas szczytu w A∏ma Acie zacji mi´dzynarodowych funkcjonujàcych obecnie 21 grudnia 1991 roku, kiedy do „s∏owiaƒskiej trój- na obszarze poradzieckim. Temat zosta∏ zaw´˝ony ki” przy∏àczy∏y si´ wszystkie pozosta∏e republiki wy∏àcznie do organizacji, które powsta∏y w wy- z wyjàtkiem paƒstw ba∏tyckich i Gruzji (która niku prób integracji i wspó∏pracy paƒstw b. ZSRR, przystàpi∏a dopiero w grudniu 1993 roku). i których centrum znajduje si´ na terytorium WNP. Wspólnota Niepodleg∏ych Paƒstw by∏a swoistym Specyficznym przypadkiem rozpatrywanym w tym wymuszonym kompromisem pomi´dzy zwolen- tekÊcie jest Szanghajska Organizacja Wspó∏pracy nikami zachowania w zmienionej formie dawnego (SOW), do której poza pi´cioma paƒstwami WNP imperium radzieckiego oraz si∏ami narodowymi nale˝à równie˝ Chiny. Uznano jednak, ˝e dzia- opowiadajàcymi si´ za niepodleg∏oÊcià poszcze- ∏alnoÊç SOW w najwi´kszym stopniu skupia si´ gólnych republik3. Wszystkie paƒstwa dawnego na terytorium poradzieckim, pomimo widocznej ZSRR proklamowa∏y ju˝ wówczas niepodleg∏oÊç w 2006 roku ewolucji tej organizacji i pojawie- (z wyjàtkiem Rosji, która og∏osi∏a tylko deklaracj´ nia si´ ambicji wychodzàcych poza obszar WNP. suwerennoÊci w czerwcu 1990 roku) i zosta∏y iasko integracji. WNP i inne organizacje mi´dzynarodowe na obszarzeiasko poradzieckim 1991–2006 F Praca zosta∏a podzielona na dwie cz´Êci. W pier- uznane przez wspólnot´ mi´dzynarodowà4. Cho- wszej przedstawiono powstanie, ewolucj´ i schy- dzi∏o zatem o to, aby de iure usankcjonowaç istnie- ∏ek Wspólnoty Niepodleg∏ych Paƒstw – najwa˝- jàcà de facto rzeczywistoÊç. niejszej i najwi´kszej organizacji mi´dzynarodo- wej powsta∏ej na obszarze poradzieckim. Druga 1.1. Ramy instytucjonalno-prawne cz´Êç zawiera przeglàd organizacji utworzonych G∏ówne cele Wspólnoty zosta∏y okreÊlone w Po- przez paƒstwa cz∏onkowskie WNP z centrum na rozumieniu o utworzeniu WNP jako: „potrzeba obszarze poradzieckim, niezale˝nie od tego, czy sà zachowania i wspierania wspólnej przestrzeni to struktury z udzia∏em Rosji (Centralnoazjatycka wojskowo-strategicznej, w tym wspólnej kontroli Organizacja Wspó∏pracy, Euroazjatycka Wspólnota nad bronià jàdrowà” (art. 6) oraz „koordynacja dzia- Gospodarcza, Organizacja Uk∏adu o Bezpieczeƒs- ∏alnoÊci w dziedzinie polityki zagranicznej; wspó∏- twie Zbiorowym, Wspólna Przestrzeƒ Gospodar- praca na rzecz kszta∏towania i rozwoju wspólnej cza) lub te˝ bez jej udzia∏u (GUAM). Na koƒcu przed- przestrzeni gospodarczej, rynku europejskiego stawiono funkcjonowanie i perspektywy SOW. i euroazjatyckiego, wspó∏praca w dziedzinie po- P race OSW lityki celnej; wspó∏praca
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