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Evropský polytechnický institut, s.r.o. BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE 2015 JANA MÁČKOVÁ Evropský polytechnický institut, s.r.o. v Kunovicích Studijní obor: Finance a daně POPIS A ANALÝZA DATOVÝCH ZDROJŮ PRO ZÍSKÁVÁNÍ INFORMACÍ SLOUŽÍCÍCH K ANALÝZE DAŇOVÉHO PROSTŘEDÍ RUSKA (Bakalářská práce) Autor: Jana MÁČKOVÁ Vedoucí práce: Mgr. et Bc. Helena DROŠČÁKOVÁ NOVOSÁDOVÁ Kunovice, 2015 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně pod vedením Mgr. et Bc. Heleny DROŠČÁKOVÉ NOVOSÁDOVÉ a uvedla v seznamu literatury všechny použité literární a odborné zdroje. Kunovice, 2015 Děkuji paní Mgr. et Bc. Heleně DROŠČÁKOVÉ NOVOSÁDOVÉ za velmi užitečnou metodickou pomoc, kterou mi poskytla při zpracování mé bakalářské práce. Kunovice, 2015 Jana MÁČKOVÁ Obsah: ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................... 8 1 TEORETICKÝ ZÁKLAD ........................................................................................ 11 1.1 HISTORIE DAŇOVÝCH TEORIÍ ................................................................................ 12 1.2 ZÁKLADNÍ POJMY ................................................................................................. 15 1.2.1 Subjekt daně ..................................................................................................... 15 1.2.2 Předmět daně ................................................................................................... 16 1.2.3 Osvobození od daně ......................................................................................... 16 1.2.4 Základ daně ...................................................................................................... 17 1.2.5 Odpočty od základu daně ................................................................................. 18 1.2.6 Sazba daně ....................................................................................................... 19 1.2.7 Slevy na dani .................................................................................................... 20 1.2.8 Způsob výběru daně ......................................................................................... 20 1.2.9 Optimalizace daňové povinnosti ...................................................................... 21 1.2.10 Daňová politika ................................................................................................ 22 1.2.11 Smlouvy o zamezení dvojího zdanění ............................................................... 23 1.2.12 Daňová kvóta ................................................................................................... 24 1.2.13 Daňový systém ................................................................................................. 25 1.3 DATOVÉ ZDROJE PRO ZÍSKÁVÁNÍ INFORMACÍ ........................................................ 26 1.3.1 Databáze a historie databází ........................................................................... 26 2 POPIS A ANALÝZA DATOVÝCH ZDROJŮ DAŇOVÉHO SYSTÉMU RUSKA 31 2.1 POPIS DATOVÝCH ZDROJŮ DAŇOVÉHO SYSTÉMU RUSKA ...................................... 31 2.2 ANALÝZA DATOVÝCH ZDROJŮ DAŇOVÉHO SYSTÉMU RUSKA ................................ 33 3 STRUČNÝ POPIS A ANALÝZA OBLASTÍ PODNIKATELSKÉHO PROSTŘEDÍ RUSKA ....................................................................................................... 34 3.1 GEOGRAFICKÉ PROSTŘEDÍ .................................................................................... 35 Demografický vývoj ..................................................................................................... 38 3.2 EKONOMICKÉ PROSTŘEDÍ ...................................................................................... 40 Hrubý domácí produkt ................................................................................................. 40 Hrubý domácí produkt na obyvatele ............................................................................ 42 Míra nezaměstnanosti .................................................................................................. 43 Míra inflace .................................................................................................................. 45 Veřejný dluh ................................................................................................................. 46 3.3 POLITICKÉ A LEGISLATIVNÍ PROSTŘEDÍ ................................................................. 47 3.3.1 Korupce v Rusku .............................................................................................. 48 3.4 ETICKÉ A SOCIÁLNÍ PROSTŘEDÍ ............................................................................. 50 3.5 ANALÝZA OBLASTÍ PODNIKATELSKÉHO PROSTŘEDÍ RUSKA .................................. 52 3.5.1 Oblasti podnikatelského prostředí Ruské federace .......................................... 53 3.5.2 Ruský export a import ...................................................................................... 54 3.5.3 Investice v Rusku .............................................................................................. 59 3.6 SMLUVNÍ ZÁKLADNA OBCHODNÍ SPOLUPRÁCE MEZI ZEMĚMI ................................ 60 3.7 KOMODITNÍ STRUKTURA VZÁJEMNÉHO OBCHODU ................................................ 61 3.8 VÝMĚNA V OBLASTI SLUŽEB ................................................................................. 62 3.9 VÝVOZ Z ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY DO RUSKA ............................................................... 63 3.10 DOVOZ Z RUSKA DO ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY ............................................................... 64 3.11 VZÁJEMNÁ OBCHODNÍ BILANCE ............................................................................ 64 4 ZALOŽENÍ PODNIKU V RUSKU ČESKÝM PODNIKATELSKÝM SUBJEKTEM ..................................................................................................................... 66 4.1 FORMY PODNIKÁNÍ V RUSKU ................................................................................ 66 4.1.1 Živnost .............................................................................................................. 67 4.1.2 Společnost s ručením omezeným ...................................................................... 68 4.1.3 Otevřená a zavřená akciová společnost ........................................................... 70 5 ANALÝZA DAŇOVÉHO SYSTÉMU RUSKA Z POHLEDU PŘÍLEŽITOSTÍ PODNIKATELSKÉHO PROSTŘEDÍ RUSKA PRO PODNIKATELSKÉ SUBJEKTY V ČR .............................................................................................................. 72 5.1 DAŇ Z PŘÍJMŮ FYZICKÝCH OSOB ........................................................................... 72 5.2 DAŇ Z PŘÍJMŮ PRÁVNICKÝCH OSOB ...................................................................... 74 5.3 DAŇ Z NEMOVITÝCH VĚCÍ A Z NABYTÍ NEMOVITÝCH VĚCÍ .................................... 75 5.4 DAŇ SILNIČNÍ ........................................................................................................ 76 5.5 DAŇ Z PŘIDANÉ HODNOTY .................................................................................... 77 5.6 SPOTŘEBNÍ DANĚ .................................................................................................. 78 5.7 OSTATNÍ DANĚ ...................................................................................................... 79 6 PREDIKCE BUDOUCÍHO VÝVOJE A NALEZENÍ PŘÍLEŽITOSTÍ PRO PODNIKATELSKÉ SUBJEKTY ČR V RUSKU ........................................................... 81 6.1 PŘÍLEŽITOSTI PRO ČESKÉ PODNIKATELE ................................................................ 85 ZÁVĚR ............................................................................................................................... 87 HODNOCENÍ PODNIKU ................................................................................................ 90 ABSTRAKT ....................................................................................................................... 91 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 92 LITERATURA ................................................................................................................... 93 SEZNAM ZKRATEK ..................................................................................................... 100 SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ, TABULEK, GRAFŮ A SCHÉMAT ...................................... 102 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH .......................................................................................................... 104 ÚVOD V dnešním globalizovaném světě jsou informace čím dál víc převáděny do informačních technologií. Tento významný pokrok má vliv i na Ruskou Federaci, která je jednou z největších světových velmocí. Problematikou daní a jejich souvislostí s informačními technologiemi se zabývá tato bakalářská práce. Daně v současné době znamenají významný příjem peněz do státního rozpočtu. Různé země mají rozličné daňové soustavy. Tato bakalářská práce popisuje a porovnává odlišností daňových soustav České republiky a Ruské federace a provádí analýzu datových zdrojů pro získávání informací o daních v Rusku. Vznik novodobé Ruské federace se datuje k roku 1991, kdy došlo k rozpadu Sovětského svazu. Sovětský svaz byl socialistický stát, který existoval v Eurasii od roku 1922. Jednalo se o spojení jednotlivých sovětských republik s hlavním městem v Moskvě. Ačkoli Československo nebylo členem tohoto svazu, bylo Sovětským
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