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A P P E N D I X 1 . TH E C O M M O N A N D S C I E N T I F I C N A M E S O F T R E E S R E F E R R E D TO I N T H E T E X T Alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Apple Malus Spp. Crab Malus sylvestris (L.) Domestic Malus domestica Borkh. Ash Fraxinus excelsior L. Aspen Populus tremula L. Beech Fagus sylvatica L. Birch Betula Spp. Downy Betula pubescens Ehrh. Northern downy Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Silver Betula pendula Roth Elm Ulmus Spp. English Ulmus procera Salisb. Wych Ulmus glabra Hudson Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Hazel Corylus avellana L. Holly Ilex aquifolium L. Hornbeam Carpinus betulus L. Horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L. Lime Tilia Spp. Small-leaved Tilia cordata Miller Maple Acer Spp. Field Acer campestre L. Norway Acer platanoides L. Oak Quercus Spp. Pedunculate Quercus robur L. Sessile Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. Pear Pyrus Spp. Plane (London Plane) Platanus x hispanica Miller ex Muenchh. Poplar Populus Spp. Black Populus nigra ssp. betulifolia (Pursh) Rowan Sorbus aucuparia L. Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. Sweet chestnut Castanea sativa Miller Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus L. Walnut Juglans regia L. Whitebeam Sorbus aria (L.) Wild Service Sorbus torminalis (L.) Willow Salix Spp. Almond Salix triandra L. Crack Salix fragilis L. Osier Salix viminalis L. Purple Salix purpurea L. White Salix alba L. Yew Taxus baccata L. Page 128 Veteran Trees:A guide to good management Veteran Trees: A guide to good management Page 129 A P P E N D I X 2 . LOWLAND WOOD -PASTURE AND PARKLAND : A HABITAT ACTION P LAN 1. Current status (lowland beech and yew woodland, l owland heat h l a n d , l owland dry 1.1 Biological status acid grassland) are biodive rsity action plan priority habitats in their 1.1.1 Lowland wood-pastures and parkland own right. Requirements of these are the products of historic land plans will need to be given due management systems,and represent regard during implementation. a vegetation structure rather than being a particular plant community. 1.1.4 Included in this plan are: Typically this structure consists of large, open-grown or high forest i. Lowland wood-pastures and parklands trees (often pollards) at va rious derived from medieval forests and d e n s i t i e s , in a mat rix of grazed e m p a r k m e n t s , wooded commons, grassland, heathland and/or woodland parks and pastures with trees in floras. them. Some have subsequently had a designed landscape superimposed 1.1.2 There are no reliable statistics on in the 16th to 19th centuries.A the extent of the overall resource, range of nat i ve species usually nor on historical and current rates predominates among the old trees of loss or degradation of this type of but there may be non-native species habitat. The figure of 10-20,000 ha that have been planted or regenerated “currently in a working condition” naturally. given in the ‘habitat statement’ of ii. Parklands with their origins in the the UK Biodive rsity Steering 19th century or later where they Group report is the current best contain much older trees derived e s t i m at e . This habitat is most from an earlier landscape. common in southern Britain, but iii. Under-managed and unmanaged scattered examples occur throughout wood-pastures with veteran trees, in the country, for example Hamilton a matrix of secondary woodland or High Parks and Dalkeith Oakwood s c rub that has developed by in Scotland. Outgrown wood-pasture regeneration and/or planting. and mature high forest remnants iv.Parkland or wood-pasture that has (‘virgin forests’) occur in northern been converted to other land uses and central Europe, but the number such as arable fields, forestry and and continuity of ancient (veteran) amenity land, but where surviving trees with their associated distinctive veteran trees are of nature conservation saproxylic (wood-eating) fauna and interest. Some of the characteristic epiphytic flora are more abundant wood-pasture and parkland species in Britain than elsewhere. Parklands may have survived this change in state. and wood-pasture may also be of interest for bats and birds and may 1.1.5 Not included in this plan are: preserve indigenous tree genotypes. These areas are outstanding at a i. Upland sheep-grazed closed-canopy European level. oak woodland or Caledonian pine forest (see the respective plans for 1.1.3 These sites are frequently of national these habitats). h i s t o ri c, cultural and landscape ii. Parklands with 19th century origins importance. Some, but not all, of or later with none of the above the individual habitat components characteristics. Page 130 Veteran Trees: A guide to good management Veteran Trees: A guide to good management Page 131 1.1.6 In terms of the National Vegetation to trees collapsing or being felled for 2.11 Pollution deri ved either remotely 3.1.3 Other sites receive some protection C l a s s i f i c ation (NVC) of plant safety reasons. from industry and traffic, or locally though initiat i ves such as the communities lowland wood-pastures from agro-chemical application and Inheritance Tax Exemption scheme and parkland are most commonly 2.3 Loss of veteran trees through nitrogen enrichment from pasture or the declaration of National Trust associated with W10 Quercus robur disease (eg Dutch elm disease, oak ove rs t o c k i n g, causing damage to and Corporation of London land - Pteridium aquilinum - Rubus dieback), physiological stress, such epiphyte communities and changes p r o p e rties as inalienable land. f ru t i c o s u s wo o d l a n d , W14 Fagus as drought and storm damage, and to soils. A few sites have specific legislation sylvatica - Rubus fruticosus woodland, competition for resources with to protect them such as the Epping W15 Fagus sylvatica - Deschampsia surrounding younger trees. 3. Current action Forest Act of 1878. flexuosa woodland and W16 Quercus 3.1 Legal Status spp.- Betula spp.- Deschampsia flexuosa 2.4 Removal of veteran trees and dead 3.1.4 The Moccas beetle Hypebaeus wo o d l a n d , although others may wood through perceptions of safety 3.1.1 For any woodland component of flavipes, violet click beetle Limoniscus occur. In addition the more open and tidiness where sites have high parkland and wood-pasture,national violaceus and the orange-fruited elm wood-pastures and parkland may amenity use, forest hy gi e n e , the forestry policy includes a presumption lichen Caloplaca luteoalba and New include various scrub, heathland, supply of firewood or vandalism. against clearance of broad-leaved Forest parmelia Parmelia minarium improved and unimproved grassland woodland for conversion to other (all confined to parkland or 2.5 Damage to trees and roots from soil NVC communities. land uses, and in particular seeks to wood-pasture) are fully protected compaction and erosion caused by maintain the special interest of under the 1981 Wildlife and trampling by livestock and people 1.2. Links with species action plans ancient semi-natural wo o d l a n d . Countryside Act, as are all species and car parking. Individual trees and groups may be of bat and most tree-hole nesting birds. This Act also offers some 1.2.1 Lowland wood-pasture and parkland 2.6 Changes to gr o u n d - water levels afforded protection under the Town protection to their “place of shelter”. is an important habitat for a number leading to water stress and tree and Country Planning Act, 1990 of priority species including violet and the Forestry Act, 1967. Felling death, resulting from abstraction, 3.1.5 There is recognition of the value of click beetle Limoniscus violaceus, licences from the Fo r e s t ry drainage, neighbouring development, the habitat and individual old trees the stag beetle Lucanus cervus, a A u t h o rity (FA) are normally r o a d s , prolonged drought and in various development plans, and bark beetle Ernoporus tiliae, a wood required but veteran trees may be climate change. landscape designations (eg by boring beetle Gastrallus immarginatus, particularly at risk because fellings English Heri t a g e , and CADW: orange-fruited elm lichen Caloplaca for safety reasons are exempt. 2.7 Isolation and fragmentation of the Welsh Historic Monuments). l u t e o a l b a, the lichens Bacidia remaining parklands and wood-pasture 3.1.2 Statutory site protection plays an i n c o m p t a , E n t e r ographa sorediat a sites in the landscape. (Many of the 3.2 Management, research and important part in the conservation and S c h i s m atomma gra p h i d i o i d e s, species dependent on old trees are guidance of this habitat type. Designation as the royal bolete fungi Boletus unable to move between these sites Sites of Special Scientific Interest 3.2.1 There are a number of significant r e gi u s, oak polypore B u g l o s s o p o rus due to their poor powe rs of ( S S S I ) , or as Areas of Special but currently uncoordinated p u l v i n u s and the heart moth d i s p e rsal and the increasing Scientific Interest (ASSI) (Northern inventories, datasets and registers of D i cycla oo.

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