Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan
2006-2011
Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011
Contents:
Page: 1. Introduction 3
2. Background Information - Bracknell Forest Borough 8
3. Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 1997-2005 13
4. Partnerships for Biodiversity Action 14
5. Structure of Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2000-2005 15
6. Biodiversity Monitoring 16
7. Habitat Action Plans: 18 Neutral meadows and pastures 19 Heathland and bogs 22 Woodland, scrub & hedgerows 26 Rivers and wetlands 29 Farmed land 33 Urban and built environment 35
8. Species Action Plans: 39 Barn owl, Tyto alba 40 Brilliant emerald dragonfly, Somatochlora metallica 42 Brown trout, Salmo trutta 44 Bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula 46 Cowslip, Primula veris 48 Dartford warbler, Sylvia undata 50 Devil’s-bit scabious, Succisa pratensis 52 Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca 54 Great crested newt, Triturus cristatus 57 Hobby, Falco subbuteo 60 Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis 62 Nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus 64 Noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula 67 Ragged robin, Lychnis flos-cuculi 69 Round-leaved sundew, Drosera rotundifolia 71 Silver-studded blue butterfly, Plebejus argus 73 Skylark, Alauda arvensis 76 Small red damselfly Ceriagrion tenellum 79 Stag beetle, Lucanus cervus 81 Swift, Apus apus 83 Violet click beetle, Limoniscus violaceous 85 Water vole, Arvicola terrestris 87 Wild service tree Sorbus torminalis 90 Woodlark, Lullula arborea 92
Appendix 1 95 Policy EN3 - Nature Conservation Policy EN4 - Local Nature Reserves, Wildlife Heritage Sites & Regionally Important Geological Sites.
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BRACKNELL FOREST BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN
1. Introduction 1.1 Aim
AIM: To conserve and enhance biodiversity within Bracknell Forest Borough.
1.2 Objectives This will be achieved through the following OBJECTIVES:
1 Comprehensive Monitoring: of species and habitats in the Borough to enable decisions to be informed, with up to date and detailed records.
2 Proactive Policies: on planning and conservation, to ensure that important sites are protected and that where development occurs actions are taken to achieve the best result for wildlife in the Borough.
3 Positive Management: on sites owned and/or managed by the Borough Council and its partners that aims to maintain, restore and create habitat for wildlife and balance the varied uses on open spaces in the area.
4 Effective Communication: between partners, landowners and the public to raise awareness, encourage partnership working, and inform decision-making.
1.3 Biodiversity in Bracknell Forest Borough Biodiversity is the variety of life - the whole range of variation within living organisms, plants, animals and their habitats and ecosystems. ‘Biodiversity’ conservation (abbreviated from the term ‘biological diversity’) is, therefore, no less than the protection of the natural world. This includes all the genetic variation with individuals of each of the multitude of species that exist, and their ecosystems, which have to accommodate the expanding influence of people.
Bracknell Forest Borough is fortunate in having a rich and diverse wildlife and countryside that is deserving of protection. In fact over 20% of the total area has been recognised by the Unitary Authority Borough Council as having a strong wildlife heritage value and is protected by local designations. There are also 9 Sites of Special Scientific Interest, and two areas have been designated under European Union legislation for their international importance.
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This is a situation to be proud of, and one that the Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan is designed to protect and enhance in the future. Focussing on a number of key species that range from locally characteristic to internationally rare - and the habitats upon which they depend - the plan will involve work that benefits all our wildlife.
To deliver our ambitions for biodiversity, the Borough Council will work in partnership with Parish Councils, landowners, local conservation and voluntary groups, as well as neighbouring authorities and national bodies. Our local actions really will be effective. With proactive policies and action in the local area, mirrored by many others around the country and the world, the aim of global conservation of the wildlife, ecosystems and landscapes around us will be successful.
1.4 Biodiversity Action Plans Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) emerged as a consequence of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. Various outcomes were achieved; one of which was a convention on biological diversity. Ratification of the convention by the UK government led to the publication of ‘UK Steering Group Report - Meeting the Rio challenge’. This publication established action plans for 391 species and 45 habitats. Out of this strategy developed a government policy to preserve and enhance biodiversity with the publication of the ‘Government response to the UK Steering Group Report on Biodiversity’ in 1996, which formally approved the Steering Groups report. A key component of the BAP was to establish 3 to 5 yearly monitoring cycle. The first round of which culminated in the publication of the ‘Millennium Biodiversity Report’ published in 1999. A second reporting round was completed in 2002; the results of which were published in 2003.
1.5 Local Biodiversity Action Plans Local Biodiversity Action Plans have proven to be an effective method for achieving action on biodiversity. They enable targets and guidance developed at a national and regional level to be interpreted into practical local action. They can also develop and tailor policies that reflect local priorities and are supported by local people.
Local Biodiversity Action Plans should: 1. Ensure targets developed at the national level for the conservation and management of habitats and species are translated into effective local action. 2. Identify targets for habitats and species that are important to the local area and people. 3. Develop effective local partnerships to take action on biodiversity. 4. Raise awareness of biodiversity and conservation in the local area.
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5. Provide a basis for monitoring progress in biodiversity conservation at both a local and national scale.
In Berkshire, the UKBAP has been translated into local action through the publication of 4 habitat action plans produced by the Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum between 1999 and 2001. The habitats for which plans have been produced to date are (plans for woodland and farmland are in preparation):
• Heathland • Lowland Unimproved Grassland • Standing Open Waters and Associated Habitats • Rivers and Associated Floodplain Habitats
Steering groups, made up of members of the BNCF have been established for each of the habitats to oversee the implementation of the plans.
1.6 The role of Local Authorities Local authorities, being the closest level of government to people, have a critical role in promoting and facilitating Local BAP development, involvement and implementation. They develop and operate the economic, social and environmental infrastructure, and oversee the planning process. Indeed, responsibility for planning control is one of their most important roles, ensuring that development is sensitive to the environment. They can also affect conservation through the management of their own land, the provision of advice and grant aid to empower others to take action (for example Wildlife Trusts and private landowners), and the collection and storage of ecological data for their area. However, they will not be able to act as the lead on all aspects of biodiversity action, and it will be essential to develop effective partnerships with other organisations.
Within Berkshire, Local Authorities are a part of the Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum and as such have a responsibility to implement the actions set out in the habitat action plans. Within Bracknell Forest, the two previous BAPs from 1997 and 2001 have delivered actions that will meet the targets. This action plan continues to be linked closely with the Berkshire wide targets.
1.7 Planning Policy relevant to Local BAPs The following table highlights the main planning policy that is relevant to the BAP. Planning Policy Guidance Note 9 Nature Conservation provides guidance on how nature conservation should be dealt with through the planning process. The government proposes to replace this
5 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011 document with a more streamlined Planning Policy Statement 9 Biodiversity and Geological Conservation. Consultation on a draft PPS 9 was undertaken in 2004. The document formalises the role of Local Authorities in protecting and enhancing biodiversity through the protection of species and habitats listed in Section 74(2) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 2000 in addition to those receiving legal protection.
The “Development Plan” for the area comprises the Structure Plan plus the Local Plan. In parts of the Borough where there is no adopted Local Plan, the Berkshire Structure Plan alone is the development plan. The current Bracknell Forest Borough Local Plan (1991 – 2006) is a “material consideration” in planning applications.
The Local Plan is to be replaced from 2007 by a Local Development Framework (LDF) as required by the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act which came into force in September 2004. The Local Development Framework will comprise a series of documents:
• The Local Development Scheme is a three year project plan setting out the timetable for the preparation of documents that will form the Local Development Framework
• The Statement of Community Involvement will set out how the Borough Council intends to involve the community in the Local Development Framework and also its policy on consultation and engagement on planning applications.
• Development Plan Documents are the statutory documents that will contain the policies and proposals that will guide development.
• Supplementary Planning Documents provide supplementary guidance to the policies contained within the Development Plan Documents, for example more detailed design guidance.
The sustainability of these measures will be assessed through a process of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). This will assess the environmental consequences of the proposed policies of the LDF. The enhancement of biodiversity is one of the objectives of the LDF’s Cores Strategy, therefore the impact on biodiversity within Bracknell Forest will be monitored as part of the SEA. This will be done by setting indicators and targets; currently in preparation.
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Table 1. Planning Policy Guidance relevant to Local BAPs
Policy Document Relevant Paragraph/Section
PPG9: Nature Conservation (October Para. 24: …Plans should offer reasonable certainty to 1994) developers, landowners and residents alike about the weight that will be given to nature conservation interests in reaching planning decisions. [Plans} should take account of locally-prepared nature conservation strategies, which should in turn be consistent with development plan policies
PPG12: Development Plans Para. 3.15: Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) (December 1999) does not form part of the plan. It can take the form of design guides or area briefs, or supplement other specific policies in a plan.
For the BAP to be SPG it needs to be cross- referenced to the development plan policy(s) it supplements, have been through public consultation and be the subject of a council resolution to adopt it as SPG.
Policy Document Relevant Paragraph/Section
Deposit Draft Berkshire Structure Plan (2001-2016)
Policy LD1:Sustainable Development Development should avoid irreversible damage to the landscape, natural habitats or features of aesthetic, historic or scientific interest (vii). Policy LD3: Environmental Impact of Development Policy relates to Environmental Assessment. Impact on biodiversity is often a key issue in the determination of acceptability of any proposal Policy C8: Designation of and Development Within Areas of Special Policy aims to protect these areas including for Landscape Importance conservation interests (v).
Policy C9: Protection and Enhancement of Landscape Features Policy aims to protect landscape features, but also refers to habitat conservation (ii). Policy EN8: Protection and Enhancement of Wildlife Habitats and Ecological Sites of Special Interest or General protection policies for these sites. Value; and EN9 Development and Sites of Nature Conservation Value Bracknell Forest Borough Local Plan (1991-2006)
Policy EN3: Nature Conservation Policy that safeguards National, EC, and International designations – see full policy in Appendix 1. Policy EN4: Local Nature Reserves, Wildlife Heritage Sites and Regionally Policy which safeguards sites of local significance – Important Geological Sites see full policy in Appendix 1.
7 2. Background Information - Bracknell Forest Borough
2.1 Location of Bracknell Forest Borough The Borough of Bracknell Forest covers a land area of 42 square miles (10,941 hectares), centered on NGR: SU 487 169. It is situated within the Thames Valley between Reading, which is to the west, and Greater London, which is to the east. It is one of six unitary authorities within the county of Berkshire. The Borough is divided into six parishes: Binfield, Bracknell, Crowthorne, Sandhurst, Warfield and Winkfield.
2.2 Geology and soil There is a change in the geology from north to south across the Borough. The sandy Barton Beds, Bracklesham Beds and Bagshot Beds, towards the south of the Borough, support a landscape of heathland and conifer plantations. Towards the north, London Clay soils support a traditional lowland agricultural landscape of woodland, open fields and hedgerows.
2.3 Hydrology Two rivers run through Bracknell Forest. Part of the Blackwater River forms the Borough’s southern boundary, and the Cut River meanders through the northern parishes.
2.4 Land cover The built and developed proportion of the Borough amounts to about 35% of the land area. Extensive forests cover more than 20% of the total area, consisting principally of parts of Windsor Forest, owned and managed by the Crown Estate, and Forestry Commission owned conifer plantations. Agricultural land covers 24% of the land, located mainly in the north of the Borough.
2.5 Bracknell Forest managed land Bracknell Forest Borough Council’s Countryside Service manages 75 parks, recreation grounds, open spaces, play areas and nature reserves mostly situated within the town and in the urban fringe.
The sites range in size from 0.1 to 100 hectares, and include areas designated for their local, national and international conservation importance. In total 361.4 hectares of land are managed by the Borough Council, amounting to 3.3% of the Borough area.
In addition, the Countryside Service is responsible for the administration and management of 48 miles of Public Rights of Way. These can form important wildlife corridors especially in the agricultural landscape characteristic of the north of the Borough. Bracknell Forest Borough Council also manages a significant area of land through its responsibilities for urban Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011 landscape management and as the highway authority. Sympathetic management of these areas can also contribute to biodiversity.
2.6 Land Designations More than 20% of the Borough is recognised as being of a high wildlife value and protected by some form of designation.
2.6.1 Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) The primary designation relating to wildlife habitats in England and Wales is the “Site of Special Scientific Interest” (SSSI). These are areas of special interest by reason of their flora, fauna, geological or physiological features, and are selected and monitored by English Nature. The SSSIs are afforded special protection from development, and landowners require the prior consent of English Nature before undertaking any potentially damaging operations on the sites.
Nine sites in Bracknell Forest are designated as SSSIs, comprising 1911.5 hectares or 17.48ha of the Borough’s total area. The Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods & Heaths SSSI was designated in 2001 to include the majority of the Swinley Forest, significantly increasing the area protected by SSSI status.
2.6.2 Special Protection Area (SPA) As a member of the European Union, the UK Government is required under EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the ‘Birds Directive’), to take special measures to conserve the habitats of rare and migratory birds. Those species of bird requiring special conservation measures are listed in Annex I of the Directive. The Government is required to designate the most suitable areas of such habitats as Special Protection Areas (SPAs).
SPAs are designated by the Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, following advice from English Nature, and consultation with owners, occupiers, local authorities and a range of bodies having interests in the area of land concerned.
The ‘Birds Directive’ also includes a requirement to conserve regular migrant species not listed in Annex I, and to pay particular attention to the protection of wetlands.
The Thames Basin Heaths Special Protection Area (pSPA), 1356ha of which lie within Bracknell Forest Borough (Sandhurst to Owlsmoor Bogs and Heaths SSSI and the Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods and Heaths SSSI), supports nationally important populations
9 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011 of Dartford Warbler, Nightjar and Woodlark, all of which are Annex I species, and a small breeding population of Hobby, an important migratory species in a European context.
2.6.3 Special Area of Conservation (SAC) The EC Directive 92/43 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (the Habitats Directive) requires the UK Government to identify Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) to protect the habitats of those species listed in Annex II of the Directive. The Windsor Forest and Great Park candidate Special Area of Conservation, parts of which lie within Bracknell Forest Borough, supports the Violet Click Beetle, an extremely rare species throughout the European range, found at only two locations in the UK. The Area is one of only four locations in the UK containing dry oak dominated woodland on acid sandy soils, which are of high value for their saproxylic invertebrates and lichens.
Table 2. Wildlife designations within Bracknell Forest Borough
Designation: Number Total Names/location: of sites Area in the (ha): Borough SPA (Special 1 1357 Thames Basin Heaths Special Protection Protection Area) Area CSAC (candidate 1 255 Windsor Forest and Great Park Special Area of Conservation) SSSI (Site of Special 9 1912 Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods and Heaths Scientific Interest) Windsor Forest and Great Park Swinley Park Brick Pits Wildmoor Heath Englemere Pond Blackwater Valley (Shepherd Meadows) Chawridge Bourne Wellington College Bog Wykery Copse WHS (Wildlife 86 2231 [various] Heritage Site)
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2.6.4 Wildlife Heritage Sites (WHS) Wildlife Heritage Sites are designated in recognition of their high nature conservation value in a regional or local context. Wildlife Heritage Site designation is non-statutory and conveys no legal responsibility on the site owner, the majority of which are private, to manage the sites for nature conservation. The designation does provide some protection through the planning system with sites being subject to Local Plan Policy EN4.
It should be noted, however, that the majority of private landowners of WHSs in the Borough support the designation and avoid causing damage to sites through their management. In addition, a number of owners actively manage sites for their conservation benefits.
The criteria for Wildlife Heritage Site selection are set by the Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum. To ensure that existing sites continue to meet the criteria there is a rolling programme of site surveys conducted by the Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre. Potential new Wildlife Heritage Sites are included in the survey programme to see if they meet the criteria for selection.
The tables below summarise the management status of Bracknell Forest Borough’s Wildlife Heritage Sites. The sites have been broadly divided into woodland and non-woodland habitats (the majority of Wildlife Heritage Sites in Bracknell Forest Borough are woodlands); and sites where the Borough Council are aware that some positive or sympathetic management is taking place and those where no such management is occurring. (It should be noted that although a large number of woodlands are recorded as not having active positive management, it is known that the conservation value of the majority has not been adversely affected as a result)
Table 3 Summary of Wildlife Heritage Site management Positive management No known management Woodland habitats Non-woodland Woodland habitats Non-woodland habitats habitats 20 21 32 10
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Table 4 Wildlife Heritage Site management by site
Woodland habitats Non-woodland habitats Positive management 110, 114, 115, 119, 122 116 Sites in Binfield:
Sites in Warfield: 203, 206 205
Sites in Winkfield: 306, 307, 311, 326 310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323 Sites in Bracknell: 402, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, - 410, 411, 412 Sites in Crowthorne: - 501, 502
Sites in Sandhurst: - 605, 607, 609, 611, 612, 613 No known management 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 104, 109, 111 Sites in Binfield: 112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 121
Sites in Warfield: 201, 202, 211, 212, 213 208
Sites in Winkfield: 301, 302, 305, 308 303, 304, 324, 325
Sites in Bracknell: 401, 403, 404 -
Sites in Crowthorne: - -
Sites in Sandhurst: 601, 602, 603, 604, 606, 615 608
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3 History of the Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan: 1997- 2005
3.1 History of Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan In April 1997 Bracknell Forest Borough Council, in partnership with Parish and Town Councils and local organisations, launched its first local Biodiversity Action Plan. Bracknell Forest was the first local authority in Berkshire to publish a Local BAP. The plan was drawn up following consultations with the Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum, Bracknell Forest Countryside Management Steering Group and local conservation groups and individuals.
The Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan (BFBAP) focused on 22 species of plants and animals in the Borough and the habitats upon which they depend.
The original plan stated:
“Bracknell Forest Borough Council will take action to conserve and enhance biological diversity within the Borough. We will focus our efforts on the 22 species of plants and animals listed… and on the habitats upon which they depend.”
A number of actions were taken resulting in positive benefits for biodiversity in the local area, including raising public awareness, taking positive habitat management action, and effectively monitoring local wildlife.
The second plan launched in 2001 built upon the first plan and included further actions for the 22 species listed on the first Biodiversity Action Plan with the addition of two new species: small red damselfly and wild service tree.
A detailed review of the actions that had been completed by the half way stage of the BAP (2001 -2005) has been published. Examples of the actions completed include:
• Establishment of the Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Forum; • Establishment of the Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre in 2003 in conjunction with other local authorities in Berkshire and Oxfordshire; • Designation of 7 woodland Local Nature Reserves in Binfield, Warfield and Winkfield.
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4 Partnerships for Biodiversity Action
4.1 Local Partnerships The success of a local Biodiversity Action Plan depends upon the development of effective local partnerships. Local authorities, landowners, conservation organisations, voluntary groups and individuals can all make important contributions to the work. Across Bracknell Forest there are a large number of organisations involved in Biodiversity action. Their contributions have varied from practical management work on sites in the Borough, to support and advice on biodiversity issues. Groups and individuals have also conducted surveys and contributed monitoring information.
Table 6. Organization involved in Biodiversity Action within Bracknell Forest Berks, Bucks and Oxon Wildlife Trust Crowthorne Parish Council (BBOWT) English Nature (EN) Binfield Parish Council Environment Agency (EA) Blackwater Valley Countryside Forest Enterprise (FE) Partnership (BVCS) Friends of the Earth (FoE) Hedgerow & Woodland Conservationists (HAWC’s) Bracknell and District Urban Wildlife Ministry of Defence (MoD) Group (BDUWG) Bracknell Conservation Volunteers (BCV) National Farmers Union (NFU) Bracknell Town Council Ramblers Association (RA) British Trust for Conservation Royal Society for the Protection of Volunteers (BTCV) Birds (RSPB) Butterfly Conservation – Upper Sandhurst Town Council Thames Branch Syngenta Country Landowners Association Thames Water (CLA) Winkfield Parish Council Countryside Agency (CA) Warfield Parish Council Crown Estate (CE)
4.2 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Forum Many of the groups listed above, are represented on the Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Forum, a twice-annual forum organised by the Borough Council to discuss matters related to the biodiversity protection and enhancement in the borough. The Forum has been actively involved in setting the targets for this Action Plan and delivering actions to existing targets.
4.3 Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum (BNCF) The Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum is a countywide information forum involving the Unitary Authorities, statutory agencies and some conservation and voluntary organisations. It provides opportunities to exchange information and ideas, and for statutory agencies to comment and advise on conservation work.
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5 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011
5.1 Content of BFBAP 2006 - 2011 Six Habitat Action Plans form the core of biodiversity protection and enhancement within Bracknell Forest. The presence of certain species is often indicative of key areas of habitat. With this in mind, the 24 species listed in this plan are either those that are indicative of the six habitats or those species that require specific protection measures not covered by the habitat protection measures alone. Specific actions are assigned to individual species only when their needs are beyond the means of the actions outlined in the habitat action plans.
5.2 Habitat Action Plans These are based on the guidance and targets developed by the Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum in their series of Berkshire Habitat Action Plans. The habitats listed in the plan are:
1) Neutral pastures and meadows 2) Heathland and bogs 3) Intensively farmed land 4) Woodland and scrub 5) Rivers and wetlands 6) Urban & built environment
5.3 Species Action Plans
Table 7. The 24 species listed in the plan, the “Bracknell Forest 24”
Barn owl, Tyto alba Noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula Brilliant emerald dragonfly, Somatochlora Ragged robin, Lychnis flos-cuculi metallica Brown trout, Salmo trutta Round-leaved sundew, Drosera rotundifolia Bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula Silver-studded blue butterfly, Plebejus argus Cowslip, Primula veris Skylark, Alauda arvensis Small red damselfly, Ceriagrion tenellum Dartford warbler, Sylvia undata Stag beetle, Lucanus cervus Devil’s-bit scabious, Succisa pratensis Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca Swift, Apus apus Great crested newt, Triturus cristatus Water vole, Arvicola terrestris Hobby, Falco subbuteo Wild service tree, Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis Woodlark, Lullula arborea Nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus Violet Click Beetle, Limoniscus violaceous
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6 Biodiversity Monitoring
The success of this action plan will be determined only by the gathering of detailed information on when, how and if actions have been met. With the large number of partner organisations involved in work to meet the targets monitoring could become a complex and time consuming process. Therefore, in order to simplify the process as far as possible the actions have been developed to provide specific, measurable outcomes.
The newly established Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre will play a key role in monitoring the actions of the BAP. The role and functions of TVERC are outlined below:
6.1 Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre
The Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre (TVERC) was launched in 2003 with the role of gathering and disseminating environmental records within Berkshire and Oxfordshire. TVERC are an independent organisation funded largely through service level agreements with bodies with a key nature conservation function, such as English Nature and the Local Authorities.
Prior to 2003 and after the abolition of Berkshire County Council in 1998, environmental records were no longer being entered onto the centralised Recorder database. Wildlife records were being gathered still by various bodies such as the Wildlife Trust and local recording groups such as the Berkshire and South Buckinghamshire Bat Group. The inaccessibility of records made it very difficult to fully determine the requirements for biodiversity action, and in turn monitor the success of biodiversity enhancement works.
TVERC will have an important role in the recording of actions outlined in this plan and the monitoring of their success. By working with those gathering wildlife records in Bracknell Forest, TVERC will aim to be the main source of biodiversity data in the borough. The data will be held on the Recorder 2002 database and transferred to graphical information systems (GIS) wherever possible to link with map based operations such as planning.
TVERC are responsible for undertaking Wildlife Heritage Site surveys within Bracknell Forest. These non statutory wildlife sites form a major part of the biodiversity resource in the borough and consistent repeat surveys will be important for successfully monitoring biodiversity.
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Outside of designated sites, TVERC will be looking at the possibilities of mapping key Biodiversity Action Plan habitats. This will enable monitoring of changes in extent of the key habitats, crucially providing information on important habitat that currently falls outside designated sites.
National Biodiversity Action Plan Reporting The UKBAP have established a new web based reporting system called the Biodiversity Action Reporting System (BARS). The BARS system was launched in October 2004. The System will improve the link between local and national biodiversity targets. The UK Biodiversity Reporting and Information Group (BRIG) are in the process of reviewing the national BAP targets with the overall aim of ensuring that the targets are all SMART and therefore much simpler to monitor. New targets will be in place by the end of 2006. This document has been based on the existing UKBAP targets.
Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan Annual report The actions of this plan will be reported on annually in March every year. Targets will be fed into the Berkshire and UK Biodiversity Action Plan reporting systems.
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7. Habitat Action Plans
Summary Habitat Action Plans (HAPs) have been prepared for 6 important habitats:
Neutral pastures and meadows
Heathland and bogs
Farmed land
Woodland and scrub
Rivers and wetlands
Urban and built environment These plans interpret the ideas and aims of the HAPs produced at a county level by the Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum into actions at the local level. In deciding upon habitat categories to include within the Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan, consideration has been given to the Broad Habitat classification of the UK Biodiversity Steering Group. This classification lists 17 habitat types, including various forms of grassland and woodland. The BFBAP habitat categories are shown in Table 7.
Table 7. BFBAP habitat categories with associated Broad Habitat classification types. Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan UK Steering Group habitats habitats: Incorporated:
1. Neutral pastures and meadows Neutral grassland
Improved grassland
Urban
2. Heathland and bogs Dwarf shrub heath
Bogs
3. Farmed land Arable and horticulture
Boundary and linear features
4. Woodland, scrub & hedgerows Broadleaved and mixed woodland
Coniferous woodland
Boundary and linear features
Urban
5. Rivers and wetlands Standing open water and canals
Rivers and streams
6. Urban & built environment Urban
The interconnections between habitat types, their size and extent within the Borough, and the species focus within the Plan all serve to make the general habitat classification used within the BFBAP suitable. The Habitat Action Plans indicate work to be undertaken throughout the Borough that will benefit the various habitat types encompassed by the plan.
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7.1 Neutral Meadows and Pastures - Habitat Action Plan:
7.1.1 Associated Biodiversity Action Plan species:
Barn owl, Tyto alba
Cowslip, Primula veris
Devil’s-bit scabious, Succisa pratensis
Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca
Great crested newt, Triturus cristatus (adult stage)
Noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula
Ragged robin, Lychnis flos-cuculi
Skylark, Alauda arvensis
7.1.2 Current National/ European Importance: It is estimated that across the UK, 95% of flower-rich meadows and pastures have been lost and only 3% remain undamaged. In Berkshire there is only 500ha of unimproved pasture and meadow. Intensive grazing and agricultural intensification (through the use of chemical inputs and reseeding) have produced species-poor grasslands that typically hold fewer than 6 plant species. The poor diversity of plants also results in an impoverished fauna.
7.1.3 Neutral Meadows and pastures in Bracknell Forest The borough supports key areas of grassland within Berkshire including two SSSIs: Chawridge Bourne and Blackwater Valley (Shepherd Meadows).
Chawridge Bourne SSSI is a network of grassland, scrub and woodland. The sheep grazed grasslands support many rare and declining species including sneezewort, dyers greenweed, cowslip and adder’s tongue fern.
Blackwater Valley SSSI (part of the Shepherd Meadows) is a large area of alluvial meadow situated in the flood plain of the River Blackwater. The livestock grazed meadows support a diverse array of plant species with transitions from acid communities (U1) through to mesotrophic communities. The site is important for the MG5c sub-community.
Much of the species rich grassland that does not meet the standards required for SSSI designation is found on small, privately owned Wildlife Heritage Sites. These typically support mesotrophic grassland communities, and are primarily used for horse grazing or are retained as unmanaged relics of once much larger areas of farmland.
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7.1.4 Threats to neutral meadows and pastures in Bracknell Forest The remaining fragments of species rich grassland have been separated from other fragments by development, such as roads or housing. Therefore, if local extinctions occur, re-colonisation from nearby sites is now much more unlikely. The likelihood of local extinctions has increased for a number of reasons including:
• A drop in water level • Lack of management e.g. cutting or grazing • Overgrazing • Development on former meadows and pastures
7.1.5 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
Designated sites
• Understand the distribution and condition of species rich grassland WHS in the Borough. • All grassland SSSIs and WHS to be in favourable condition.
Wider countryside
• Identify and protect species rich grassland outside existing designated sites. • Extend the area of species rich meadows and pastures meeting WHS selection criteria. • Promote the use of locally sourced plants/seed for meadow establishment/enhancement projects. • Achieve an increase in the area of agricultural grassland covered by agri-environment schemes.
Communication
• Private habitat management information to grassland WHS landowners to enable the, to manage sites favourably for nature conservation. • Increase the publics’ understanding of the importance of meadows.
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Actions, targets and partner organisations
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Designated sites Survey grassland At least all sites 2011 BFBC, TVERC WHS surveyed within the last 5 years Improve condition of 6.38ha of Blackwater 2010 BFBC, English Nature grassland SSSIs Valley SSSI currently not in (Shepherd Meadows) favourable condition. to be in favourable condition.
Establish condition Monitoring pro-forma 2008 BFBC, TVERC & BNCF monitoring system for available for use in Grassland Habitat grassland WHS field by surveyors. Steering Group, TVERC Linked to TVERC GIS system and Recorder database. Wider countryside Map BAP non WHS Layer displayed on 2006 BFBC, TVERC key grasslands within BFBC corporate the Borough onto GIS database. Designate those meeting criteria as WHS. Identify ‘donor’ sites Produce database of 2006 BFBC, DEFRA, Flora for use in meadow donor sites with Locale establishment details of associated projects within key species. Thames Valley Meadows Project Establish network of Annual supply of 2006 BFBC, Bracknell Urban volunteers willing to plants available for Wildlife Group & Warfield grow locally gathered meadow creation Environment Group seed. projects Improved agricultural At least 50ha of 2011 BFBC, DEFRA & FWAG grassland to be improved grassland entered into entry to be covered by level Environmental Entry Level Scheme Stewardship Scheme Communication Provide management At least all 2008 BFBC, TVERC, FWAG guidance to grassland landowners to have WHS landowners been supplied with written information. Sites visits where possible.
21 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011
7.2 Heathland and bogs – Habitat Action Plan:
7.2.1 Associated Biodiversity Action Plan species:
Brilliant emerald dragonfly, Somatochlora metallica
Dartford warbler, Sylvia undata
Hobby, Falco subbuteo
Nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus
Round-leaved sundew, Drosera rotundifolia
Silver-studded blue butterfly, Plebejus argus
Small red damselfly Ceriagrion tenellum
Woodlark, Lullula arborea
7.2.2 Current National/ European Importance: Dry and wet heaths are listed under Annex I of the EC Habitats Directive in recognition of the extensive losses of this habitat throughout Europe. In the UK it is estimated that English lowland heathland has declined by more than 80% since 1800. In Berkshire the situation is worse, with 98% of heathland being lost since 1761, and only 300ha remaining in the county.
7.2.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Heath and bogs within the Borough accounts for 47% of the remaining heathland in Berkshire. The Berkshire Heathland Habitat Action Plan sets out details for recreation and restoration of 368ha of heathland. To date 128ha of this target remains to be restored or recreated. The majority of the heathland is designated as a SSSI with the bulk either within the MOD’s section of the Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods and Heaths SSSI or at Wildmoor Heath (Sandhurst to Owlsmoor Bogs & Heaths SSSI).
7.2.4 Threats to heathland in Bracknell Forest As much of the heathland area in the Borough is protected by SSSI designation the once significant threat of loss to development has subsided. A number of threats remain, many of which are exacerbated by fragmentation of once much larger heathland areas and by their proximity to urban areas. These are:
• Disturbance of key species e.g. ground nesting birds by human activity • Nutrient enrichment from aerial pollution • Drop in ground water levels • Inappropriate management
22 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011
7.2.5 Key sites
Wildmoor Heath (Sandhurst to Owlsmoor Bogs & Heaths SSSI) Wildmoor Heath is jointly managed by Bracknell Forest Borough Council and by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust. Wildmoor Heath covers an area of 99ha of which approximately 60ha supports heather dominated vegetation or areas of bog and mire. The site supports breeding populations of Dartford warbler, woodlark and nightjar and is a component of the Thames Basin Heaths pSPA. Other key heathland species including silver studded blue, bog bush cricket, raft spider adder and common lizard are all found on the reserve. Sand lizard was re-introduced in 2002.
Caesar’s Camp (Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods & Heaths SSSI) This iron age hill fort was cleared of Scot’s pine in 1996 and now supports 7ha of heathland vegetation. The site is managed by Bracknell Forest Borough Council and is entered into the Countryside Stewardship Scheme which covers work to remove pine and birch re-growth. The site supports breeding Dartford warbler, nightjar and woodlark.
Broadmoor Bottom (Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods & Heaths SSSI) Broadmoor Bottom comprises a large area of heathland. A small area is managed by BBOWT; the remainder being part of the MOD military training area. Much of the site falls within the live firing range and is inaccessible for the majority of the year. The area is a large block of heathland that supports a significant part of the borough’s breeding populations of Dartford warbler, woodlark and nightjar. A strong population of silver studded blue butterfly remains.
Englemere Pond SSSI A small area of heathland was created in the late 1990’s by clearing part of the Scot’s pine plantation to create a corridor of heathland from the pond through the plantation.
Edgbarrow Hill & Heath/Wellington College Bog SSSI Edgbarrow Hill & Heath consists of approximately 30ha of woodland (Scots pine & sweet chestnut plantation with areas of open heathland. Heathland vegetation thrives in the land cut underneath the high power electricity lines. Wellington College Bog SSSI supports just over 6ha of lowland heathland.
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7.2.5 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets
Designated sites • Understand the distribution and condition of heathland SSSIs. • All heathland SSSIs to be in favourable condition. • Increase the area of heathland by 100ha. • Improve the consideration of planning applications that may have an impact on the Thames Basin Heaths SPA. Wider countryside • Appropriate management plans in place for heathland areas outside designated sites. Communication • Increase the public appreciation of heathland and their understanding of the requirements of key heathland species. • Support the voluntary collection of heathland wildlife records.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Designated sites Survey heathland At least all sites 2011 English Nature SSSI surveyed within the last 5 years Improve condition of All sites in favourable 2010 BFBC, English Nature, heathland SSSIs condition BBOWT, Crown Estate & currently not in MOD favourable condition. Restore heathland at Achieve Berks 2008 BFBC, BBOWT, English Wildmoor Heath and Heathland HAP Nature and MOD Broadmoor Bottom restoration targets Create additional 2 new bogs created 2010 Forestry Commission, permanent areas of within Crowthorne Crown Estate, Dragonfly bog and standing Woods Working Group water Re-create heathland 100ha of new 2011 EN, MOD within MoD section of heathland Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods & Heaths SSSI Develop GIS planning Tool integrated into 2009 BFBC, English Nature tool for use by Development Control Development Control constraints process team in assessment of planning applications that may affect the SPA Wider countryside Offer on site advice All courses with 2009 BFBC, English Nature about the heathland areas management of offered or received on heathland on golf site advice.
24 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011 courses Increase the area of 22ha of appropriately 2011 BFBC, EN, Sports Turf golf course rough managed heathland Research Institute managed for nature at Berkshire and conservation Swinley Forest Golf Clubs Communication Develop heathland Interactive 2010 BFBC, BBOWT, EN information packs for information packs use by schools promoted for use by all schools in Bracknell Forest Support ‘Friends of Bi-annual liaison 2006 BFBC, BBOWT Wildmoor Heath’ meetings Provide a programme At least one 2006 BFBC, BBOWT, of guided walks heathland event per Bracknell Urban Wildlife year Group, RSPB
Babtie. (1999) Special Protection Area – the implications for Bracknell Forest. Babtie, Reading.
Berkshire Heathland Project, (1999) Berkshire Heathland Biodiversity Action Plan 1999 – 2005, BBONT.
BBOWT & BFBC. (2000) Wildmoor Heath Nature Reserve: Management Plan. BFBC, Bracknell.
Farrell, L. (1993) Lowland heathland: the extent of habitat change. English Nature, Peterborough.
Gilbert. O.L. & Anderson, P. (1998) Habitat creation & repair. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Rackham, O. (1986) The History of the countryside. Dent.
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities, Vol 2 Mires & Heaths. CUP, Cambridge.
Sutherland, W. J. & Hill, D. (1995) Managing habitats for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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7.3 Woodland, Scrub and Hedgerows - Habitat Action Plan:
7.3.1 Associated Biodiversity Action Plan species:
Barn owl, Tyto alba
Bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Hobby, Falco subbuteo
Noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula
Stag beetle, Lucanus cervus
Violet click beetle, Limoniscus violaceous
Wild service tree Sorbus torminalis
7.3.2 Current National/ European Importance: Only 7% of land cover in England is under woodland, comprising of ancient, semi-natural, secondary and plantation woodland. Since 1930, c. 38% of native ancient woodland has been lost across Berkshire.
7.3.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Woodland amounts to 20% of the land cover of Bracknell Forest. The largest woodland, Swinley Forest, is owned by the Crown Estate (their holding also includes part of Windsor Forest). A Forest Design Plan is nearing completion that will identify areas of permanent heathland and mires and long-term retention, felling and restocking sites.
Across the northern parishes of Bracknell Forest there are many small woodlands located within urban areas or farmland. Many of the privately owned woodlands were once subject to coppice management, but have since fallen in to neglect. Several small copses are owned and managed for conservation by Bracknell Forest Borough Council including sites such as Whitegrove Copse. The Woodlands Project, funded by English Nature’s Wildspace! Grant scheme has greatly increased the publics’ use of these sites.
Hedgerows connect with many of these small copses and provide a link to other areas of woodland for species reliant on shady conditions. In the agricultural landscape of northern Bracknell Forest there are several old and species rich hedgerows, often associated with long standing green lanes such as Avery, Hawthorn and Snipes Lane.
7.3.4 Threats to woodland, scrub and hedgerows The woodlands and hedgerows of the borough are primarily threatened by their segregation from other similar habitats and their proximity to urban development. The threats are:
26 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011
• Invasion by alien species e.g. Rhododendron • Lack of management • Disturbance by human activity • Over management e.g. hedgerow cutting • Deer browsing
7.3.4 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
Designated sites • Understand the distribution, extent and condition of woodland WHS. • All private landowners to manage woodland WHS favourably for nature conservation. Wider countryside • Understand the extent and condition of species rich hedgerows within the parishes of Binfield, Warfield and Winkfield. • Increase the area of native woodland. • Increase the length of hedgerow. • Protect individual veteran trees. Communication • Support ‘friends of’ groups for woodland Local Nature Reserves. • Increase the number of ‘friends of’ groups. • Encourage the use of woodland LNRs as an educational resource for local residents. • Encourage appropriate management of hedgerows
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Designated sites Survey woodland All woodland sites to 2011 BFBC, EN, TVERC WHSs and SSSIs have been surveyed within the last 5 years Maintain condition of All sites in favourable 2011 BFBC woodland SSSIs and condition LNRs Retain all woodland Offer advice to all 2011 BFBC, Forestry WHS landowners to Commission achieve appropriate management; encourage entry in English Woodland Grant Scheme Wider countryside Identify suitable At least 5ha planted 2011 FWAG, BFBC locations for using local woodland planting provenance stock Identify and protect Trees marked on GIS 2007 BFBC, HAWCs & important veteran system Warfield Environment
27 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011 trees outside Windsor Group Great Park Seek to plant new At least 500m of new 2011 BFBC hedgerows alongside native hedgerow public rights of way Survey a sample of 10km surveyed 2011 BFBC, Warfield key hedgerows within following DEFRA Environment Group, Binfield, Warfield and Hedgerow Survey Binfield Environment Winkfield Handbook methods. Group, BBOWT, HAWCs Create database of Hedgerows mapped 2011 BFBC, TVERC species rich onto GIS with hedgerows supporting species data Communication Seek to increase Provide Bi-annual 2007 BFBC membership of information on the ‘Friends of’ groups for reserves and public Piggy Wood and involvement events Farley Copse. Undertake an annual Annual Bracknell Bird 2006 BFBC, ‘Friends of’ wildlife survey in Bonanza survey in Groups conjunction with area around 7 ‘Friends of’ groups. woodland LNRs
7.3.5 Further Reading: Andrews, J. & Rebane, M. (1994) Farming & Wildlife: a practical management handbook. RSPB, Sandy.
Broad, K. (1998) Caring for small woods. Earth Scan, London.
English Nature (1996) Guide to the care of ancient trees. English Nature, Peterborough.
English Nature (1996) Guidelines for identifying ancient trees. English Nature, Peterborough.
Gilbert. O.L. & Anderson, P. (1998) Habitat creation & repair. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Rackham, O. (1986) The History of the countryside. Dent.
Sutherland, W. J. & Hill, D. (1995) Managing habitats for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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7.4 Rivers and Wetlands - Habitat Action Plan:
7.4.1 Associated Biodiversity Action Plan species:
Brown trout, Salmo trutta
Great crested newt, Triturus cristatus
Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis
Water vole, Arvicola terrestris
7.4.2 Current National/ European Importance: The UK Biodiversity Action Plan includes Standing Open Waters and Rivers and Streams as two of the Broad Habitats listed. These encompass two priority habitats found in Bracknell Forest: Reedbeds and Eutrophic Standing Water.
The UK Biodiversity Steering Group has produced 49 action plans on species dependent on freshwater habitats.
7.4.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest Berkshire’s Standing Open Waters Habitat Action Plan states that Bracknell Forest is second only to West Berkshire in the number of Wildlife Heritage Sites containing wetland habitats, with 69 sites containing a wetland element. Many of the sites of the highest conservation value in the Borough are under positive management, for example Shepherd Meadows and Englemere Pond. Information on the conservation value and current management of many smaller sites is limited.
Bracknell Forest’s rivers and their associated banks, floodplains and wet meadows forms ‘river corridors’, which have to be dealt with holistically to achieve conservation benefits. In addition, there are ponds, lakes, reedbeds and streams throughout the Borough which all contribute to the wetland habitats available. Parts of the river corridors in the Borough could be significantly improved to aid biodiversity action in the Borough.
Many of the Borough’s ponds are small, found on private land and not protected by designation. Small ponds of great importance for wildlife and many are likely to support amphibians such as the great crested newt in addition to a variety of invertebrate and plant species.
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7.4.4 Threats to rivers and wetlands The conservation value of the Borough’s two rivers is threatened by the activities within their floodplains. The greatest threats are:
• Nutrient enrichment of the water from run-off • Inappropriate management of riverside vegetation • Invasion by alien species
Wetlands, such as reedbeds and ponds are readily lost to succession if they receive no management. Other threats include:
• Invasion by alien species e.g. Crassula helmsii • Nutrient enrichment • Formalisation of natural water bodies • Drainage and associated drop in water levels
7.4.4 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
Ponds • Understand the condition of ponds in the Borough. • Increase the number of ponds in the borough. • Increase the number of ponds in positive management for nature conservation • Increase public understanding of the value of ponds River • Rivers Cut and Blackwater to act as a naturally functioning corridor within the wider countryside. • Water quality (biological and chemical) of Rivers Cut and Blackwater to be defined as good. • Bank side vegetation to be managed appropriately for wildlife interest.
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Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Designated sites Survey WHS with All wetland WHS 2011 BFBC, TVERC wetland habitat surveyed within the last 5 years Develop simple pond Pro-forma for use on 2011 Berks Wetland HAP condition assessment the field by surveyors Group criteria Ponds Wider countryside Survey ponds for key 30 ponds surveyed 2011 BFBC, TVERC, BRAG, amphibian species Voluntary Groups Create new ponds; At least 5 new wildlife 2011 BFBC, BBOWT, FWAG focussing on areas ponds close to existing ponds Communication Provide advice to On site advice given 2011 BFBC private landowners on to all newly identified the management of landowners ponds and the potential for pond creation Involve voluntary Voluntary work party 2006 BFBC, Bracknell groups in pond to work on at least Conservation Volunteers, management works one pond per year Windsor & Maindenhead Conservation Volunteers, Warfield Environment Group, Maiden’s Green Society Increase public Annually provide 2006 BFBC, BBOWT awareness of programme of site importance of ponds based events – pond dipping/.guided walks/talks Rivers Wider countryside Map potential habitat GIS layer produced 2006 BFBC, TVERC, BBOWT, improvement areas EA on River Cut Communication Provide management All identified 2009 BFBC, EA, BBOWT advice to private landowners offered landowners within advice habitat improvement areas
7.4.6 Further Reading: Andrews, J. & Rebane, M. (1994) Farming & Wildlife: a practical management handbook. RSPB, Sandy.
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Blackwater Valley Recreation & Countryside Management Service (August 2000) Blackwater Valley Strategy 2000 – 2005. Environment Agency (2000) Loddon Local Environment Agency Plan. EA, Frimley, Surrey. Gilbert. O.L. & Anderson, P. (1998) Habitat creation & repair. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Rackham, O. (1986) The History of the countryside. Dent. Sutherland, W. J. & Hill, D. (1995) Managing habitats for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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7.5 Farmed Land - Habitat Action Plan:
7.5.1 Associated Biodiversity Action Plan species:
Barn owl, Tyto alba
Bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Cowslip, Primula veris
Devil’s bit scabious Succisa pratensis
Noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula
Ragged robin, Lychnis flos-cuculi
Skylark, Alauda arvensis
Stag beetle, Lucanus cervus
Wild service tree, Sorbus torminalis
7.5.2 Current National/ European Importance: Highly varied but generally considered to be declining in wildlife value due to increasing levels of intensification and poor land husbandry practices.
7.5.2 Current status in Bracknell Forest:
Intensive agriculture is the single largest land use in Berkshire, covering more than 70,000 hectares. Agricultural land in Bracknell Forest is located towards the northern half of the borough. The MAFF census from June 1999 records 68 holdings within the borough, comprised of, by area: 0 < 5 ha. (23), 5 < 20ha. (21), 20 < 50ha. (11), 50 < 100ha. (7), 100+ha. (6). Twenty nine holdings are subject to cropping regimes, totaling 626 hectares. Eight holdings have set-aside land, totaling 130 hectares. 52 holdings contain permanent pasture (>5 years) totaling 953 hectares. There are also numerous small pastures, typically used for grazing and keeping horses. Fifteen holdings contain woodland totaling 122 hectares.
7.5.4 Threats to farmland biodiversity Farmland biodiversity is generally focussed in the less intensively managed components of farmland e.g. field edges and boundaries and set aside land. Wildlife has become less abundant in farmed fields because of several factors including:
• Switch to winter cropping and the decline in winter stubbles • Continued intensification of crop production involving activities such as pesticide use and a decline in the rotation of cereal crops with alternative land covers e.g. grass leys
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In Bracknell Forest there is a continuing trend for permanent pasture to be devoted to horse and pony grazing, which often results in a short sward of little wildlife value.
7.5.4 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
Objectives • Understand the distribution of key farmland species • No further losses of farmland birds • Seek to increase the populations of farmland birds • All agricultural land to be managed with nature conservation as a component of the management aims.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Survey farmland birds At least 20 1km gird 2008 BFBC, BTO, County Bird within the parishes of squares covered by Recorder, RSPB Warfield, Winkfield Berkshire Bird Index and Binfield survey method Encourage the Provide e-mail 2006 BFBC, CLA, NFU involvement of local information bulletins voluntary through NFU & CLA groups/farmers in the e-newsletter monitoring of farmland species Communication Promote benefits of Contact made with all 2006 FWAG, DEFRA, BFBC agri-environment eligible landowners scheme to landowners Provide advice and At least 50% of 2011 BFBC, FWAG, DEFRA assistance to agricultural holdings landowners wishing entered into Entry to enter Level Environmental Environmental Stewardship Stewardship Scheme
7.5.5 Further Reading: Andrews, J. & Rebane, M. (1994) Farming & Wildlife: a practical management handbook. RSPB, Sandy.
Gilbert. O. & Anderson, P. (1998) Habitat creation & repair. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Rackham, O. (1986) The History of the countryside. Dent. Sutherland, W. J. & Hill, D. (1995) Managing habitats for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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7.6 Urban and Built Environment- Habitat Action Plan:
7.6.1 Associated Biodiversity Action Plan Species:
Bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Cowslip, Primula veris
Great crested newt, Triturus cristatus
Stag beetle, Lucanus cervus
Swift, Apus apus
7.6.2 Current national/European importance Urban wildlife can inhabit built structures including industrial and residential buildings but when it does it relies upon the network of green spaces with urban areas. Nationally, these green spaces are defined as follows within the UK Biodiversity Action Plan:
i. Remnants of ancient natural systems, such as woodland, wetland, freshwater and estuarine.
ii. Pre-industrial rural landscapes with arable land, meadows, heathland, grazing marshes and villages.
iii. Managed greenspaces. These include town parks, pocket parks, amenity grassland, private gardens and planted shrubberies. They can, depending on their structure, management and planted species, support a large number of wild species of invertebrate and birds especially in the suburbs. These include regionally and nationally uncommon species, including for example juniper fauna which has adapted to garden junipers.
iv. Naturally seeded urban areas or industrial sites such as demolition sites, disused railway lands or unexploited industrial land. These areas can be particularly rich in species, often reflecting the complex mixture of features. In the early stages of colonisation ephemeral species are favoured and include many uncommon species including some bees and wasps for which urban areas are now their stronghold and early successional carabid beetles. Later stages of succession - short perennial, tall ruderal and then through to woodland - equally contain many uncommon invertebrates with flies, bees, wasps, including some parasitic species and sawflies. The lichens of disused land include several rare species. Both plant and animal communities contain recently established species, some of which are
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virtually confined to urban areas but a few of which have also established in rural situations.
7.6.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest
Green space forms a significant part of the land use within Bracknell Forest. Within urban areas there are remnants of formerly much more widespread semi-natural habitats such as fragments of ancient woodland, veteran trees, species rich wildflower meadow and species rich hedgerow. These important areas or features, with a long history are covered by the previous habitat action plans.
Many greenspaces in urban settings within Bracknell Forest do not have a long history of management, are intensively managed and include non-native planting. Therefore, they are not seen as high priorities for nature conservation in their own right. In many instances though, they provide valuable foraging and breeding habitat for several declining species. Within Bracknell Forest urban greenspaces include:
• Parks • Grass verges and banks adjacent to roads, cycleways and footpaths • Sport pitches and play areas • Private gardens • Areas of ornamental tree and shrub planting • Golf courses • Cemeteries
Several rare and declining species can be found in these areas, especially when they are close to species rich, semi-natural habitats or when they act as corridors between semi- natural habitats. For example, several grass banks within Bracknell Town Centre support orchid species such as common spotted and pyramidal. Decaying wood within urban parks and gardens is an important breeding habitat for stag beetles; bullfinches visit gardens to feed on trees and shrubs whilst great crested newts can make use of the hedgerows and tree belts surrounding amenity grassland for foraging and hibernating.
Dwelling homes and industrial buildings with Bracknell Forest provide roosting and nesting opportunities for bats and birds. Pipistrelle and brown long eared bats has been recorded roosting within homes in all parts of Bracknell Forest, particularly those adjacent to areas of woodland, water or open greenspace. A survey carried out in 2003 recorded swifts roosting in three houses within Bracknell Town as well as foraging in many areas within the borough.
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Several other declining bird species including house sparrow and starling are known to use buildings within the Borough for nesting.
7.6.4 Threats to urban biodiversity The following can have an influence on urban biodiversity:
• Changes in management regime e.g. an increase in the frequency of grass cutting – this can lead to a loss of rarer species. • Building or building maintenance work – this can exclude or disturb birds and bats • Invasive species e.g. Japanese knotweed • Persecution – species such as bats, snakes and stag beetles can be subject to persecution because of long standing fears amongst some members of the public.
7.6.5 Bracknell Forest Objectives and Targets • Identify and protect existing key areas of urban biodiversity. • Make some provision for biodiversity within all urban greenspace. • Make provision for biodiversity within new housing development. • Increase the publics’ awareness of urban biodiversity. • Increase the number of private gardens managed for wildlife.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Survey grass Annual botanical 2006 BFBC, Bracknell Urban verge/bank Nature survey Wildlife Group Reserves for key species Undertake public One survey every 2007 BFBC involvement Garden other year; promoted Wildlife Survey through local press Habitat Management Include biodiversity Generic biodiversity 2008 BFBC, Parish/Town enhancement as an enhancement plan for Councils element of all public open spaces parks/amenity grassland management Manage a proportion At least 25% of grass 2011 BFBC, Bracknell Town of grass verges as verges/banks within Council Verge Nature Bracknell Reserves Identify amenity List of sites approved 2006 BFBC, Parish/Town grassland sites with landowners Councils suitable for wildflower area creation Establish wildflower At least one site 2007 BFBC, Parish/Town
37 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011 areas at approved planted per year Councils sites Include wildlife Bracknell Town 2011 BFBC features within new Centre development Redevelopment to include bird and bat nesting/roosting sites within buildings Include biodiversity Management plans 2007 BFBC as an element of the produced for all sites management of closed burial grounds Communication Produce garden Leaflets publicised 2007 BFBC, BBOWT wildlife information through local press leaflets Provide guidance to Produce guidance 2011 BFBC, Bat Conservation developers on the leaflet on inclusion of Trust, RSPB, BTO inclusion of wildlife bird/bat boxes within features in new housing development
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SPECIES ACTION PLANS
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8.1 Barn owl, Tyto alba Species Action Plan
8.1.1 Habitat: Neutral Meadows and Pasture, Woodland and Scrub, Farmed Land
8.1.2 Current National/ European Importance
Berne Convention
Schedule 1 of the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981
UK Biodiversity Steering Group Long List of globally threatened/declining species
8.1.3 Current status in the United Kingdom The most recent estimate of barn owl numbers indicates that there are approximately 4000 breeding pairs in the UK (Toms et. al. 2000). This is compared to an estimated national population in 1932 of just over 12,000 pairs.
8.1.4 Current status in Bracknell Forest: A small number of barn owls are known to live and breed in the north of the Borough. Precise numbers are not currently available. Monitoring of nest boxes undertaken in 2002 revealed the confirmed use of a 1 nesting box in Binfield and the likely use of a second in Warfield. Sightings of birds from Binfield, Warfield and Amen Corner were reported in 2002.
8.1.4 Ecological information: Barn owls hunt mainly over open farmland with hedges and rough grassland. They feed mainly on rodents, birds and insects; voles are the favoured prey, with the owl population fluctuating in relation to cycles of vole abundance. They require hollow trees, barns, or suitable holes in buildings for nesting and roosting. Nesting boxes are successful alternatives. The female lays their eggs at intervals of 2-3 days, usually laying between 4-7 in total. Incubation takes between 30-32 days and the young fledge between 55-65 days.
8.1.5 Basic management requirements of species: Barn owls require a matrix of meadow, fields with rough grassland to forage, and hedgerows or woodland margins with large old trees to roost and nest.
8.1.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the target “Increase the 1995 population by 20% by 2005 and 50% by 2015” for this species in Berkshire.
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8.1.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Maintain 2005 distribution of barn owls. • Increase number of breeding barn owls through habitat improvement. • Increase public and landowner awareness of the requirements of barn owls to encourage the creation of new habitat.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake sample At least ten 1km in 2010 BFBC, BTO, RSPB, Barn survey of the Borough appropriate habitat Owl Conservation to provide an squares surveyed Network estimate of the number of breeding birds Monitor existing All boxes to have 2006 BFBC, Barn Owl nesting boxes been checked once in Conservation Network the last 5 years Habitat management Erect additional Nest boxes to be 2009 BFBC, Barn Owl nesting boxes in erected in all suitable Conservation Network potential breeding sites (with areas without suitable landowners nest sites permission) Communication Promote the creation Barn owl habitat 2006 BFBC, FWAG, DEFRA of field buffer strip requirements options within the considered as part of Entry Level all schemes in Environmental suitable areas Stewardship Scheme
8.1.8 Further Reading: Gibbons, D. W. Reid, R.A. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T & A D Poyser, London: p. 246-247.
NCC & RSPB (1990) Red data birds in Britain. Poyser, London: p. 223-236.
Toms, MP, Crick, HPQ and Shawyer, CR (2000). Project barn owl final report. Unpublished report to Bayer AG, Lipha SA, Sorex Ltd and Zeneca Agrochemicals.
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8.2 Brilliant emerald dragonfly, Somatochlora metallica Species Action Plan
8.2.1 Habitat: Heathland and Bogs, Rivers and Wetlands
8.2.2 Current National/ European Importance
A nationally scarce species it occurs in two discrete populations in SE England and Scotland. Bracknell Forest Borough lies on the north western limits of the ‘Weald’ populations. Endangered in the UK.
8.2.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Bracknell Forest population regarded as stable, but there is potential for increases as suitable habitat becomes available.
8.2.4 Ecological information: (Adult) population appears to live at low density, widely dispersed within forested and heathland areas.
8.2.5 Basic management requirements of species: Requires larger mesotrophic or weakly acidic ponds or lakes with margin vegetation. There is usually overhanging tree cover shading part of the water, with woodland close by.
8.2.6 Current National/County objectives and targets: There are no local or national objectives for this species.
8.2.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets: • Fully understand the distribution of brilliant emerald dragonfly. • Protect all known breeding sites. • Encourage the spread of the species through habitat creation/management.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Annual survey All known breeding sites 2006 British Dragonfly Society surveyed annually Communication Provide advice to All landowners to have 2007 BFBC, British Dragonfly landowners with been offered advice on Society breeding sites habitat management
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8.2.8 Further Reading:
Brooks, S. (1999) Field Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselflies of Great Britain and Ireland. British Wildlife Publishing, Hook.
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8.3 Brown trout, Salmo trutta Species Action Plan
8.3.1 Habitat: Rivers and Wetlands
8.3.2 Current National/ European Importance
8.3.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Though limited in range, a recruiting population of wild brown trout does inhabit the Wish Stream (EA fish dept surveys).
8.3.4 Ecological information: A native species, the brown trout is commonly associated with characteristic English chalkstream rivers. However, wild brown trout are also commonly associated with any stream of sufficient water quality and gradient, for example headwaters. The trout requires clear, well-oxygenated water running over a gravel bed. These conditions are essential for the growth of aquatic plants that support the invertebrate food source, and provide shelter for small fry. The gravel riverbed is used during breeding. In early winter the female creates a ‘redd’ or hollow in the gravel, with its tail, into which eggs are laid (up to 1500, each a quarter of an inch across and orange in colour). The fecundity and size of eggs varies with size of the brood fish and the associated habitat. For example, the Wish Stream fish do not grow large and the very small mature adults produce small numbers of small eggs. The water temperature affects the development of the eggs, and they may take six weeks to hatch. While the brown trout commonly associated with chalkstream rivers could have originated from fish farm stocking, those found in the headwaters are generally wild and genetically distinct.
8.3.5 Basic management requirements of species: Clear, unpolluted rivers with gravel bed.
8.3.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Restore a self-sustaining population by 2010”. • Maintain breeding population in the Wish Stream. • Monitor all suitable watercourses to establish distribution. • Encourage the spread of brown trout through improvements in water quality.
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Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Survey of fish One survey within the 2011 Environment Agency populations within last ten years Fisheries Department River Blackwater Monitor numbers Annual estimate of 2006 MOD entering Royal numbers Military Academy Sandhurst fishing lakes Habitat management Refer to Rivers & Wetlands Habitat Action Plan Communication Provide landowners All landowners 2006 Environment Agency with advice on habitat offered advice Fisheries Department management
8.3.9 Further Reading: Blackwater Valley Recreation & Countryside Management Service (August 2000) Blackwater Valley Strategy 2000 – 2005.
Environment Agency (July 2000) Local environment agency plan – Loddon Leap July 2000.
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8.4 Bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula Species Action Plan
8.4.1 Habitat: Woodland and Scrub
8.4.2 Current National/ European Importance The bullfinch is listed on the RSPB red list on account of its rapid decline in recent years. It has a national Species Action Plan as part of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.
8.4.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: The species is known to be present across the Borough, both in parks and gardens, with the implication that it is still relatively abundant in the local area. The Berkshire Bird Index survey between 2000 and 2004 has recorded bullfinch in at least one 1km grid square (a maximum of four squares (25% of surveyed squares) had bullfinch in 2002). N.B. Presently, this data does not provide a statistically reliable indication of trends.
8.4.4 Ecological information: A previously widespread bird of woods, hedgerows, gardens with trees, and areas of bushes and dense undergrowth. Feeds on seeds, berries, tree buds, shoots and some invertebrates. Nests in dense bush or tree, 2-3 m above the ground. Female lays 3-6 eggs. Incubation is between 12-14 days and the young fledge after 15-17 days.
8.4.5 Basic management requirements of species: Requires areas of dense scrub or thick hedgerow to forage and nest.
8.4.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Achieve a breeding population in all 2km tetrads”.
Nationally the UK BAP sets a target of: A 50% increase in the Breeding Bird Survey index of 2008 compared to that of 1996.
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8.4.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Bullfinch recorded in at least 50% of surveyed squares • Increase the population size at recorded sites through habitat enhancement.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake sample At least twenty 1km 2006 BFBC, BTO, RSPB survey of 1km grid grid squares of squares containing suitable habitat suitable habitat surveyed. (Berks Bird Index method) Communication Undertake public Annual Bracknell Bird 2006 BFBC involvement survey Bonanza/Garden including bullfinch as Wildlife Survey a key species. Publish garden Advertised through 2009 BFBC wildlife information local press leaflets including information on bullfinch Habitat management See Woodland, Scrub and Hedgerow Habitat Action Plan
8.4.8 Further Reading: Gibbons, D. W. Reid, R.A. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T & A D Poyser, London: p. 426-427.
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8.5 Cowslip, Primula veris Species Action Plan
8.5.1 Habitat: Neutral Meadows and Pastures, Farmland
8.5.2 Current National/ European importance
Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it is an offence intentionally to uproot any wild plant.
A herbaceous perennial, once a common flower of grasslands throughout Britain, this species has declined significantly since the 1950s through the effects of agricultural intensification.
Plantlife co-ordinated a national ‘Cowslip Count’ in 2000 as part of a long term survey of trends in several native plant species. The survey is due to be repeated in 2005.
8.5.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Known to be present in grassland across the Borough and on road verges, however, the population and distribution is not known in detail. Sites where they are known to occur include Lily Hill Park, the Met Office Roundabout and Chawridge Bank SSSI
The species has also been introduced to the following sites: • Domesday Copse (Bracknell Town) • Harvest Hill (Warfield) • Piggy Wood Wildlife Corridor (Warfield) • Locks Ride Playing Field (Winkfield) • Pope’s Meadow (Binfield) • Sandhurst Memorial Park Balancing Pond (Sandhurst) • Easthampstead Churchyard (sourced from Chawridge Bank)
8.5.4 Ecological information: The Cowslip is a native species of grassland habitats, especially unimproved meadows and pastures. Flowers are deep yellow colour and funnel-shaped, occurring in clusters on a nodding umbel surmounting a 10-15cm stalk, from a basal rosette of leaves. Leaves are long and oval in shape, and form a basal rosette.
8.5.5 Basic management requirements of species: With the adoption of intensive agricultural management, the cowslip has become increasingly dependent on other man-made grasslands such as churchyards and road verges. It is easy
48 Bracknell Forest Biodiversity Action Plan 2006-2011 to raise from seed sown in pans in a cold frame. Once established it will spread of its own accord, however, it requires an appropriate mowing or grazing regime to maintain and /or reduce soil nutrient levels.
8.5.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the target “Restore to 1960s distribution by 2005” for this species in Berkshire.
8.5.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Increase the number and distribution of cowslips within the Borough • Protect and enhance existing cowslip populations • Encourage the use of cowslips as a component of newly planted wildflower areas • Increase the use of local provenance cowslips in planting schemes
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Monitor recorded/ Count of flowering 2006 BFBC planted populations heads once every other year Communication Provide management Advice offered to all 2007 BFBC, FWAG advice to landowners landowners with with existing cowslip recorded cowslip populations populations Habitat management Identify suitable Database of sites 2006 BFBC, Parish/Town locations for new Councils, FWAG cowslip populations Include cowslips in New populations 2011 BFBC, Parish/Town public open space planted on 10 sites Councils, Schools planting schemes Establish network of Annual supply of at 2008 BFBC, BBOWT, Warfield volunteers to grow least 100 plants for Environment Group, cowslips from locally local planting Binfield Environment sourced populations schemes Group
8.5.8 Further Reading: Rose, F. (1981) The wild flower key. Werne, London: p. 284.
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8.6 Dartford Warbler, Sylvia undata Species Action Plan
8.6.1 Habitat: Heathland and Bogs
8.6.2 Current National/ European Importance
Berne Convention
Schedule 1 of the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981.
EC Birds Directive
8.6.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest:
In Bracknell Forest, the Dartford Warbler is rare - but increasing. In 1996, surveys of the MOD heathland in Broadmoor and Wishmoor Bottoms recorded 1-2 breeding pairs. This had increased to 16 breeding pairs by 2002. Also, Dartford warblers breed on Wildmoor Heath, Caesar’s Camp and BBOWT’s section of Broadmoor Bottom.
8.6.4 Ecological information: In England the Dartford Warbler is at the northern edge of its European range. It can be severely affected by hard winters unless adequate cover is available. Young Gorse (Ulex spp.) is of great importance, providing summer and winter cover, nesting sites and a host to food insects. The open nature of older gorse (10-15 years old) makes it of little use. Nests are constructed in gorse or heather about 45cm above the ground. Female lays 3-5 eggs, incubated for 12-13 days. The young fledge after a similar period. Though vulnerable to severe winters, which can result in local extinctions of the species, populations can recover rapidly and are capable of doubling every two years.
8.6.5 Basic management requirements of species: Management is primarily aimed at maintaining gorse of various age and structure amongst a mainly heathland habitat. Invasive scrub and bracken need to be controlled.
8.6.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire Heathland HAP (1999-2005) includes the following objectives and targets for this species in the county:
Continue to manage currently known breeding sites, paying particular attention to the long-term provision of suitable stands of gorse.
Establish the current extent of Dartford Warbler in the area south of Bracknell.
Integrate Dartford Warbler management into the management of forestry and MOD areas south of Bracknell with a view to encouraging further breeding sites.
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8.6.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Retain number of breeding pairs recorded in 2005 • Seek to increase number of breeding pairs through heathland restoration/recreation • Raise the public awareness of the Dartford warbler; reduce disturbance at breeding sites
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Support the gathering All key breeding 2006 BFBC, BBOWT, BTO, of data as part of the areas (Swinley RSPB, Crown Estate, Thames Basin Forest, Broadmoor MOD and English Nature Heaths SPA bird Bottom monitoring (MOD/BBOWT) and programme Wildmoor Heath) covered by surveyors Communication Increase the public Implement dogs on 2006 BFBC, BBOWT awareness of leads policy within sensitivity of Dartford Open Access land at warblers during the Wildmoor Heath breeding season. Information on the At least one 2006 BFBC, BBOWT, English Dartford warbler to be event/publication in Nature included in the last two years publications/public events Habitat management See Heathlands and Bogs Habitat Action Plan
8.6.8 Further Reading: Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts : p. 160.
Gibbons, D. W. Reid, R.A. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T & A D Poyser, London: p. 336-337. NCC & RSPB (1990) Red data birds in Britain. Poyser, London: p. 255-257.
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8.7 Devil’s-bit scabious, Succisa pratensis Species Action Plan
8.7.1 Habitat: Neutral Meadows and Pastures, Farmland
8.7.2 Current National/ European Importance
Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it is an offence intentionally to uproot any wild plant.
Declining due to habitat loss.
8.7.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Present on certain parks and open spaces owned/managed by the Borough Council including Shepherd Meadows and Wildmoor Heath. It occurs in good numbers at Larges Lane Cemetery and at Easthampstead Churchyard and is also present on privately owned sites such as on MOD land to the south of the borough. Recently planted populations are present at:
• Harvest Hill, Warfield • Piggy Wood Wildlife Corridor, Warfield • Pope’s Meadow, Binfield
8.7.4 Ecological information: A perennial plant of damp grasslands such as damp meadows, pond margins, stream-banks and woodland rides. It produces dark bluish-purple flowers in rounded flower heads between June and October. The flower stems grow from a basal rosette of leaves, and can vary in height depending upon the surrounding vegetation. The leaves are elliptic in shape, with the tip pointed or rounded. They occur in opposite pairs higher up the stem, while the lower ones form a rosette.
8.7.5 Basic management requirements of species: Species can be found in damp unimproved grassland areas. Improved grasslands, under intensive management regimes, are unsuitable due to the high fertility resulting in out competition by grasses.
8.7.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the target “Maintain current distribution” for this species in Berkshire.
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8.7.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Increase the number and distribution of devil’s bit scabious in the borough. • Increase the use of locally sourced devil’s bit scabious in planting schemes. • Encourage the use of devil’s bit scabious as a component of wildflower planting schemes.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Monitor Count of flowering 2006 BFBC, Bracknell Urban planted/recorded heads once every Wildlife Group, populations other year Easthampstead Churchyard Working Party Habitat management Identify suitable Database of sites 2006 BFBC, Parish/Town locations for new Councils devil’s bit scabious populations Plant devil’s bit Plant selected sites 2011 BFBC, Parish/Town scabious in new Councils/ Private planting schemes on landowners road verges/ public open space Establish network of At least 100 plants a 2008 BFBC, Easthampstead volunteers willing to year available for Churchyard Working grow devil’s bit planting Party, Warfield scabious from locally Environment Group sourced seed.
8.7.8 Further Reading: Rose, F. (1981) The wild flower key. Werne, London: p. 354.
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8.8 Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca Species Action Plan
8.8.1 Habitat: Neutral Meadows and pastures, Rivers and Wetlands
8.8.2 Current National/ European Importance
A national glow worm survey is co-ordinated through the website: http://website.lineone.net/~galaxypix/
8.8.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Glow worms have been recorded on sites south of Bracknell including Shepherd Meadows, Ambarrow Court, and Wildmoor Heath. There is anecdotal evidence of a decline in numbers at some of these sites.
8.8.4 Ecological information: The glow-worm is dependent on undisturbed and unimproved grasslands with hedges that provide shelter and a suitable foraging habitat for the larval stage. A beetle, Lampyris noctiluca, it spends most of its three-year lifecycle as a larva feeding on slugs and snails. A voracious predator, the larva is nocturnal and tends to be found in damp vegetation, where slugs and snails are at their highest density. Adults emerge between mid-June and mid-July, living for only a short period (males 7-9 days, females 10-15 days) during which they breed. Active at night, the female climbs to the top of short vegetation and produces ‘glow’ to attract a mate. The female then lays her eggs on suitable vegetation where they will be neither dry out nor become waterlogged before they mature.
8.8.5 Basic management requirements of species: There are still a number of uncertainties regarding the habitat requirements of glow-worms. Vegetation structure and mollusc populations appear to be the most important factors affecting distribution and abundance. Maintaining existing management at sites of present populations, coupled with monitoring, should be effective at conserving the species and could be expanded to facilitate increases.
Management operations that are likely to be harmful to glow worms include: • Cutting grass during the glowing season (June to August inclusive) • If grass is cut, cutting too low and collecting cut material.
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• Cutting during wet weather which will create a thick mat of cut material making difficult for glow worms to move around.
8.8.6 Factors causing loss or decline Although there is no quantifiable evidence of a local or national decline in glow worm numbers is widely accepted that there has been. Tyler (2002) gives the likely causes of decline as:
• Habitat destruction - the loss of agricultural or semi improved grasslands, hedgerow and waste land to development. • Habitat change – once favourable sites can be lost through a lack of management leading to encroachment of scrub and woodland onto grassland. Agricultural intensification and the corresponding use of pesticides can lead to the death of glow worms and they prey. • Pollution – glow worms predate molluscs and therefore may accumulate pollutants absorbed by their prey such as pesticide drift and pollutants from surface water run off or rainfall. As many pesticides are fat soluble they are highly likely to accumulate in the fat reserves of larvae potentially reducing breeding success or leading to direct mortality. • Habitat fragmentation – the separation of important sites through development such as road building can make colonisation of sites difficult, especially as female glow worms are flightless. • Artificial lighting – There is some evidence that male glow worms are confused by artificial lighting and will be drawn to it rather than glowing females. • Global warming – With little firm evidence this can only be considered a possibility at present.
8.8.7 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Maintain existing distribution”.
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8.8.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets
• Fully understand the distribution of glow worms in the Borough. • Protect glow worm habitat at sites where they are known to occur. • Raise public awareness of the glow worm to encourage reporting of sightings.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Monitor numbers of Each site surveyed at 2011 BFBC, Bracknell Urban glow worm at least once in last five Wildlife Group, previously recorded years Crowthorne Natural sites History Society, Warfield Environment Group Communication Undertake public One survey in the last 2011 BFBC involvement survey five years advertised in local press. Habitat management Incorporate glow All BFBC sites with 2011 BFBC worm habitat glow worms to have requirements into site management needs management plans incorporated into plans
8.8.8 Further Reading: Chinery, M. (1993 – 3rd edition) Collins field guide: Insects of Britain & Northern Europe. Collins, London.
Tyler, J. (2002) The Glow Worm. Privately published.
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8.9 Great crested newt, Triturus cristatus Species Action Plan
8.9.1 Habitat: Neutral Meadows and Pastures, Rivers and Wetlands
8.9.2 Current National/ European status
Appendix II of the Bern Convention.
Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
Annexes II and IV of the EC Habitats Directive
The great crested newt is still quite widespread in Britain. However, the species has suffered a decline in recent years with studies in the 1980s indicating a national rate of colony loss of approximately 2% over five years. It is estimated that there are a total of 18,000 ponds within Britain, although only 3,000 of these have been identified. The British population is amongst the largest in Europe, where it is threatened in several countries.
8.9.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Great crested newts are currently known to breed in 10 ponds in Bracknell Forest. All parishes bar Sandhurst and Crowthorne have populations. Many of the ponds are in a poor condition for great crested newts being heavily shaded by surrounding trees, full of decaying leaf litter and or dominated by a few plant species e.g. duckweed and bulrush (Typha latifolia). Consequently population levels are rather low at many sites making them vulnerable to local extinction.
8.9.4 Ecological information: As an amphibian the great crested newt, the largest newt species in Britain, is dependent on habitats both in and out of water. From March to September, it is found in large ponds and slow moving streams where it breeds. For the remainder of the year, it depends upon scrub, woodland and undisturbed grassland - although the terrestrial ecology is not well known. Adults enter water in spring to breed, with eggs being laid singly on water plants. These hatch after a few weeks into the larval stage (tadpole) that is entirely aquatic, using external gills to breath. This stage lasts about three months. As it grows the gills are gradually lost and replaced by internal lungs. Tadpoles eat a variety of small freshwater animals, including shrimp, worms and snails. Adults eat small water animals during period within pond, including frog tadpoles. On land, the diet consists of small slugs, worms and beetles.
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8.9.5 Basic management requirements of species: A network of unpolluted ponds (usually more than 100 square metres in size and over 50 cm deep) is required. The ponds should have range of emergent aquatic plants such as water mint (Mentha aquatica) for egg laying. Ponds should not be stocked with fish, since fish eat their eggs and tadpoles. Ponds with waterfowl are also seldom colonized, for similar reasons.
Adjacent land is required, with open meadow and light scrub providing optimal feeding habitat. One hectare will support 250 adults. Less than 0.5 ha. will not support a sustainable population.
8.9.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Ensure no further net loss in distribution or abundance”.
The great crested newt has a species action plan under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The action plan sets the following objectives: • Establish populations in 100 appropriate unoccupied sites each year from 1995 to 2005, ensuring that the species is found in sites that are representative of the range of habitats used and the geographic distribution.
• Maintain the geographical range of the great crested newt.
• Maintain the viability of existing great crested newt populations.
8.9.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Maintain the viability of existing great crested newt populations through habitat management. • Establish new great crested newt populations through pond creation. • Fully understand the distribution of the species in the Borough. • Monitor the size of known populations and the condition of breeding ponds.
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Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake a sample 30 ponds surveyed 2011 BFBC, Berkshire Reptile survey of ponds & Amphibian Group without existing (BRAG), Wafield survey information Environment Group Monitor 10 known 2 sites monitored per 2011 BFBC, Berkshire Reptile breeding sites year; retain all & Amphibian Group breeding populations (BRAG), Wafield Environment Group Habitat management Maintain breeding At least retain 2011 BFBC habitat at Thomas numbers of breeding Lawrence Brickworks newts at 2003 levels Newt Reserve Identify potential sites Database of sites 2007 BFBC for pond produced in liaison creation/habitat with landowners improvement works Communication Increase public At least one 2006 BFBC, BRAG understanding of publication in last two great crested newts year to include information on great crested newts Provide advice to All landowners with 2007 BFBC landowners on pond great crested newts management offered advice
8.9.8 Further reading Beebee, T. & Griffiths, R. (2000) Amphibians and reptiles. Harper Collins, London:p. 63-72. English Nature (1994) Facts about great crested newts. English Nature, Peterborough.
Froglife (2002) Great Crested Newt Handbook.
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8.10 Hobby, Falco subbuteo Species Action Plan
8.10.1 Habitat: Heathland and Bogs, Rivers and Wetlands, Woodland and Scrub
8.10.2 Current National/ European Importance
Bern Convention
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Schedule 1)
In Britain there are believed to be between 500 and 900 pairs. The population has increased in recent years (Holden & Cleeves 2002).
8.10.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Hobby breed in mature trees in heathland and coniferous areas in the south of the Borough. Some distribution and abundance data is known through various proactive land managers, for example the Crown Estate.
8.10.4 Ecological information: A summer migrant with birds arriving in late April and staying until October at the latest. A resident of heathland, but can also be found in open woods or farmland with trees. Initially, insects form a large part of their diet, especially dragonflies, moths and beetles. Later, particularly when there are young in the nest, the diet consists mainly of small birds such as swallows or starlings. Hobbies nest in old crow nests, laying 2-3 eggs. The incubation period is approximately a month, with the young fledging after between 25 and 34 days.
8.10.5 Basic management requirements of species: Undisturbed nest sites in open conifer woodland alongside extensive areas of heathland rich in invertebrate prey such as dragonflies.
8.10.6 Current objectives and targets The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Increase breeding success by 2010”.
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8.10.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
Objectives • Fully understand the distribution of hobbies in the borough • Reduce disturbance at breeding sites • Increase number of breeding pairs through creation of additional wetland and heathland foraging habitat
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake annual Swinley Forest, 2006 BTO, Crown Estate, monitoring in key Wishmoor and RSPB, MOD breeding areas Broadmoor Bottoms covered by Breeding Bird Survey Habitat management Assess the need for Liaison between 2006 BTO, Crown Estate, artificial nesting sites landowners and RSPB, MOD where lack of natural surveyors sites is limiting Include need of Activities steered 2007 Crown Estate hobbies in away from known assessment of nesting sites recreation pressures Refer to Heathland Habitat Action Plan
8.10.8 Further Reading: Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts: p. 114.
Gibbons, D. W. Reid, R.A. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T & A D Poyser, London: p. 122-123.
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8.11 Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis Species Action Plan
8.11.1 Habitat: Rivers and Wetlands
8.11.2 Current National/ European Importance
Berne Convention
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Schedule 1)
EU Birds Directive
8.11.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Present on both River Blackwater and Cut in the Borough; also reported feeding at large ponds and lakes. Three pairs were recorded feeding on the River Cut in 2003. One of which was confirmed to breed in the Borough on the outskirts of Binfield.
8.11.4 Ecological information: Principally a bird of relatively shallow, slow-moving freshwater, but can also be found on lakes, large ponds and ditches provided there are sufficient prey and suitable nesting sites. Feeds mainly on small freshwater fish, also some aquatic insects. occasionally crustaceans, molluscs and amphibians. To nest, the pair excavate a long tunnel (typically 45-90cm) in the vertical bank of stream or sandbank. Female lays between 5-7 eggs, that incubate for 19-21 days. The young fledge after 23-27 days.
8.11.5 Basic management requirements of species: Requires unpolluted water bodies that are relatively stable throughout the year, and contain sufficient and sustainable populations of small fish or invertebrates as prey. Also requires banks to be of material suitable for the construction of nesting tunnel.
8.11.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Maintain current numbers and distribution”.
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8.11.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Retain number and distribution of breeding pairs across the Borough at 2005 levels. • Protect nesting sites from disturbance. • Improve habitat to encourage increase in breeding pairs. • Raise public awareness and encourage their involvement in monitoring projects.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Monitor kingfisher At least 7 km of river 2011 BFBC numbers on River Cut surveyed once in last and Blackwater five years Communication Promote kingfishers At least one article in 2007 BFBC through publicity and last two years contact with local groups e.g. Bracknell Herons Fishing Club Offer advice to All landowners 2006 BFBC landowners with informed of sites and kingfisher nesting their importance sites Habitat management Work with Annual input into 2006 BFBC, Environment Environment Agency proposed riverside Agency and landowners to management review riverside vegetation management Work to maintain and Meet targets of 2011 Environment Agency, improve the water European Water Thames Water quality of the Cut and Framework Directive Blackwater – rivers to be in good ecological status
8.11.8 Further Reading: Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts: p. 105.
Gibbons, D. W. Reid, R.A. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T & A D Poyser, London: p. 260-261.
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8.13 Nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus Species Action Plan
8.13.1 Habitat: Heathland and Bogs, Woodland and Scrub
8.13.2 Current National/ European Importance
Berne Convention
EU Birds Directive.
The Nightjar is in decline throughout its European range. The national survey of 1992 revealed that the UK population had increased by approximately 50% between 1981 and 1992 to 3400 churring males. This was attributed to an increase in clear felled areas in plantation forestry. However, this may be temporary as forest areas are replanted. The population remains under threat and restricted to remnants of heathland.
A repeat national survey organised by the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), English Nature, RSPB and Forestry Commission was completed in 2004. The survey revisited the 1194 sites with records in 1992 in addition to looking at potential new sites.
8.13.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Recorded on heathland sites in the south of the Borough including Swinley Forest, Caesar’s Camp, Wildmoor Heath and on the MOD Training Area (Broadmoor Bottom/Wishmoor Bottom). There are currently no comprehensive records of numbers in the area although the results of the 2004 survey should be available shortly.
It is one of three bird species whose presence has led to the designation of the Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special Protection Area, 350ha of which are in Bracknell Forest.
8.13.4 Ecological information: The Nightjar is a summer migrant, arriving in early May and departing by October. Nests are usually a shallow, unlined scrape on bare ground, mainly on free-draining sandy soils within areas of heathland. Feeding on flying insects (such as moths, beetles and flies) mainly at dawn and dusk, across a wide range of habitats, the birds will travel on average 3 km from the nest site although the distance travelled by birds is little studied. Nightjars often rear two broods a season. Normally two eggs are laid from mid May to mid July, chicks hatch after about 19 days and fly at about 17 days. They remain reliant on the parents for a month.
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8.13.5 Basic management requirements of species: Nightjars require large territories and are susceptible to human disturbance. They do not tend to colonise small patches of heath adjoining urban areas, favouring larger heathland areas adjoining woodland. The interface between heath and woodland is important, with a scalloped open edge being favoured.
8.13.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire Heathland BAP includes the following targets for this species in Berkshire:
Seek to continue sympathetic management within Nightjar breeding sites. Experiment with specific management works to facilitate the expansion of Nightjar nesting ranges.
Continue surveying and monitoring of the species’ distribution and breeding success through IBA monitoring project.
The UK BAP for nightjar sets the following objectives: • Maintain a population of at least 3400 churring males.
• Halt the decline in range of the nightjar (there were 268 occupied ten km squares in 1992).
• Increase the numbers of nightjar to 4000 churring males by the year 2003 (an 18% population increase in 10 years).
• Increase the range of nightjar to at least 280 ten km squares by the year 2003 (a 5% range increase in 10 years).
• In the long term (next 20 years), restore nightjar to parts of its former range in, for example, south-west England, west Midlands, north-west England, south-west Scotland and Northern Ireland.
8.13.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets • Maintain distribution of nightjars at 1992 levels. • Increase the number of breeding nightjars through habitat restoration works • Increase the publics’ understanding of nightjars and reduce disturbance at breeding sites.
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Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Support the gathering All 1km survey 2007 BFBC, RSPB, English of data as part of the squares to be Nature and BTO Thames Basin covered. Heaths SPA bird monitoring project Communication Increase the public Implement dogs on 2006 BFBC, BBOWT awareness of leads policy within sensitivity of nightjars Open Access land at during the breeding Wildmoor Heath season. Undertake nightjar At least one event in 2006 BFBC, BBOWT, themed public last two years Bracknell Urban Wildlife involvement events Group e.g. guided walks
8.13.8 Further Reading: NCC & RSPB (1990) Red data birds in Britain. Poyser, London. Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts: p. 74.
Gibbons, D. W. Reid, R.A. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T & A D Poyser, London: p. 256-257.
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8.14 Noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula Species Action Plan
8.14.1 Habitat: Neutral Meadows and Pastures, Woodland and Scrub, Farmed Land
8.14.2 Current National/ European Importance The Noctule bat is vulnerable and declining throughout its European range, and is protected by the EC Habitats Directive and Berne Convention. In the UK, the species and its roost sites are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
8.14.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Recorded foraging in small numbers across the Borough at sites including: • Englemere Pond • Ambarrow Court • Wildmoor Heath • Shepherd Meadows • Lily Hill Park No confirmed breeding sites have been identified.
8.14.4 Ecological information: The Noctule bat is one of the largest British bats, with a wingspan of approximately 36cm (14”). Mostly tree dwellers, they depend on the presence of old, hollow trees. The bat uses these hollows to roost in when active, and also for hibernation through the winter. They also provide nursery roosts for females and young in summer. It can often be seen at dusk during the summer hunting insects high in the sky. The bat feeds on insects such as beetles and moths, and usually forages for these over open countryside.
8.14.5 Basic management requirements of species: There are a large number of apparently suitable old/hollow trees in the Borough. However, agricultural practices that result in reductions of invertebrates may be a significant limiting factor. The adoption of dead wood policies within farm woodlands and the installation of bat roosting boxes where old trees are rare may help to reverse this decline.
8.14.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “No further loss or damage to important bat roost sites”.
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8.14.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Fully understand the distribution of noctules in the Borough. • Increase the distribution of noctules. • Increase the availability of roosting sites. • Increase the public understanding/awareness of bats using noctule as an example.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Site based surveys at Annual survey of a 2006 BFBC, Berkshire and known foraging sites known site - Lily Hill South Buckinghamshire using transects to Park, Shepherd Bat Group assess changes in Meadows or numbers Englemere Pond. Undertake Survey of accessible 2011 BFBC, Berkshire and emergence survey woodland sites within South Buckinghamshire within River 6km radius of the Bat Group Blackwater catchment River. to locate roosting sites. Communication Undertake public At least one event per 2006 BFBC, Berkshire and involvement events year South Buckinghamshire e.g. bat walks which Bat Group, BBOWT include information on the noctule. Habitat management Identify areas where Database of sites 2007 lack of roost sites may be limiting distribution Provide artificial roost Bat boxes erected or 2009 BFBC, BBOWT sites in areas where standing dead wood Berkshire and South natural roost sites are retained in all areas Buckinghamshire Bat considered limiting. identified as being Group potential breeding habitat
8.14.8 Further Reading: BBOWT (2000) Strategic Action Plan for Bats in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. BBOWT. Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts: p. 199. English Nature (1992) Focus on Bats. English Nature, Peterborough. The Bat Conservation Trust. (1997) Bats and trees: a guide to the management of trees.
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8.15 Ragged robin, Lychnis flos-cuculi Species Action Plan
8.15.1 Habitat: Neutral Meadows and Pastures, Rivers and Wetlands
8.15.2 Current National/ European Importance
Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it is an offence intentionally to uproot any wild plant.
8.15.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Probably declining due to habitat neglect and habitat destruction. Abundance and distribution not accurately known. Ragged Robin is known to occur at Shepherd Meadows and several woodland and grassland WHSs, especially to the north of Bracknell.
It has been planted at the following sites:
Locks Ride Playing Fields Farley Copse Westmoreland Woods
8.15.4 Ecological information: Requires damp alluvial soils. Probably vulnerable to more vigorous plant species in the absence of grazing/cutting.
8.15.5 Basic management requirements of species: Damp meadows, hedge banks or verges.
8.15.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the target “Restore to 1960s distribution by 2005” for this species in Berkshire.
8.15.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets: To increase the number and distribution of ragged robin in the borough. • To encourage the use of locally sourced ragged robin in planting schemes. • To encourage the planting of the species in wildflower planting schemes where conditions allow.
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Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Monitor Count of flowering 2006 BFBC, Bracknell Urban planted/recorded heads once every Wildlife Group, Voluntary populations. other year Groups (Easthampstead Churchyard Working Party) Habitat management Identify suitable Database of sites 2007 BFBC locations for new ragged robin populations. Plant ragged robin in Included in at least 5 2011 BFBC new planting planting schemes schemes on road verges/public open space where conditions are suitable. Establish network of At least 100 plants a 2011 BFBC, Easthampstead volunteers willing to year available for Churchyard Working grow ragged robin planting Party, Warfield from locally sourced Environment Group seed.
8.15.8 Further Reading: Rose, F. (1981) The wild flower key. Werne, London: p. 145-146.
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8.16 Round-leaved sundew, Drosera rotundifolia Species Action Plan
8.16.1 Habitat: Heathland and Bogs
8.16.2 Current National/ European Importance
Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it is an offence intentionally to uproot any wild plant.
8.16.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Significant and successful populations of this species have been recorded at most SSSI wet heath and bog sites in the Borough.
8.16.4 Ecological information: A plant of bogs, wet heaths and moorland. A distinctive small, tufted perennial, its leaves are circular, long-stalked, and their upper surfaces are covered with sticky, red stalked glands. The drops of sticky, translucent ‘dew’ produced by these are used to trap small insects. The plants then break down the insects and use them as a source of nutrients that are otherwise available in only a limited supply in the habitat in which it lives. Small (5mm diameter), white flowers with 5-6 petals are produced between June-August on a slender flower spike.
8.16.5 Basic management requirements of species: Pristine, wet ditches or bogs subject to acidic conditions.
8.16.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Ensure management of all habitat known to hold this species and reinstate to two sites by 2000”.
8.16.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Maintain distribution of the species at 2005 levels. • Increase the availability of suitable habitat for the round leaved sundew to encourage the spread of the species. • Raise public awareness of the round leaved sundew.
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Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake a survey of Survey of Owlsmoor, 2011 BFBC, BBOWT, MOD key bog areas for Crowthorne Woods round leaved sundew Bog and Wishmoor Bottom Communication Include information Information about the 2006 BFBC, BBOWT about the round species included in at leaved sundew in least one public public events and event/publication publications In the last two years
8.16.9 Further Reading: Rose, F. (1981) The wild flower key. Werne, London: p. 214.
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8.17 Silver-studded blue butterfly, Plebejus argus Species Action Plan
8.17.1 Habitat: Heathland and Bogs
8.17.2 Current National/ European Importance
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Schedule 5; sale only)
UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Species.
The silver-studded blue has suffered a more than 50% decline in numbers and range in Britain in the last 25 years and is listed as nationally scarce. Remnant populations occur on the heaths of Berkshire. Strongholds for the species are the acid heaths of west Surrey, Hampshire and Dorset. It also exists in smaller numbers in some other habitats.
Within Berkshire this species is now confined to remnant colonies on the heathlands bordering Hampshire and the mosaic of heathland and forestry found on the Berkshire/Surrey border between Ascot and Sandhurst.
8.17.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Still occur in good numbers on Broadmoor Bottom (MOD and BBOWT owned sections). Small numbers recorded within the last three years on Wildmoor Heath, Edgbarrow Hill and Heath and Kings Ride. These sites appear to have suffered a decline in silver studded blue numbers over the last 10-15 years thought to be caused by a decline in the availability of early succession heather.
8.17.4 Ecological information: The silver-studded blue requires flat or gently sloping heathland, and usually chooses areas that are sheltered and south facing. It needs a warm microclimate with a high proportion of bare ground and sparse, low vegetation. There must be a continuous supply of pioneer heathland (heathland with young, regenerating plants), dominated by bell heather (Erica cinerea) or with a range of other caterpillar foodplants such as heathers (Calluna vulgaris, Erica spp.) and gorse (Ulex spp.). Also essential are older, taller plants to provide shelter and roosting sites, along with middle-aged plants for nectar. The caterpillars of this butterfly also benefit from the presence of the correct species of black ant. The caterpillars feed the ants with secretions from special glands on their back, and in return gain protection from predators. The presence of ants may be critical to colony survival. Sites with the highest proportion of bell heather, bare ground and short vegetation have the greatest numbers of ants (Lasius niger and L. alienus) and, in turn, silver-studded blue butterflies.
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8.17.5 Basic management requirements of species: Active management to maintain a mosaic of varied age/height structure heathland is essential to the continued existence of populations. Open/disturbed ground is beneficial both for the germination of heather seeds and the requirements of the associated black ants.
8.17.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire Heathland HAP includes the following objectives and targets:
Ensure that all the extant colonies of the species are managed sympathetically and that management to expand colonies is carried out where populations are sub-optimal
Set up monitoring of all colonies.
Investigate possible locations for re-introduction of the species.
The UK Biodiversity Action sets the following targets: • Maintain populations at all known sites.
• Restore populations to former sites occupied post-1970 by 2010, using reintroductions if necessary.
8.17.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets • Maintain populations at all sites where they were recorded in 2003 survey. • Improve habitat to encourage an increase in populations at all sites. • Encourage public involvement in species monitoring. • Raise awareness of the specie’s requirements amongst landowners.
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Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake annual Wildmoor Heath, 2007 BFBC, BBOWT, Butterfly monitoring of Broadmoor Bottom Conservation Upper populations and King’s Ride Thames Branch, monitored Crowthorne Natural History Society Maintain link between Co-ordination of 2007 Butterfly Conservation landowners and monitoring interest groups Habitat management Establish targeted Rotational cutting 2007 BFBC, BBOWT, Crown programme of programme in Estate heather cutting on operation on sites with populations Wildmoor Heath and King’s Ride Provide advice about On site meetings with 2011 Butterfly Conservation site management to all landowners at landowners least once in last 5 years Communication Include information At least one 2007 BFBC, BBOWT, Butterfly about the silver event/publication in Conservation studded blue in public last two years events/publications.
8.17.8 Further Reading: Butterfly Conservation (undated) The silver-studded blue butterfly conservation advice leaflet. Butterfly Conservation: Upper Thames Branch.
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8.18 Skylark, Alauda arvensis Species Action Plan
8.18.1 Habitat: Neutral Meadows and Pastures, Farmed Land, Heathland and Bog
8.18.2 Current National/ European Importance
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Schedule 2)
UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species
EC Birds Directive
One of the most widespread birds of the British Isles, with over 2 million breeding pairs, the resident population is joined in winter by a significant proportion of the northern European population - possibly up to 25 million individuals. Nonetheless, the UK breeding population of skylark on lowland farmland declined by 54% between 1969 and 1991. The population has also declined in other European countries.
8.18.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Present, primarily on agricultural land to the north of the Borough. Seven pairs recorded breeding at Lark’s Hill off Harvest Ride. The number increases to approximately 30-40 pairs during winter. A survey of 14 1km grid squares in 2003 recorded skylarks in just under half of the squares. Long term monitoring by Syngenta at Jealott’s Hill Research Centre has shown an increase in skylark numbers.
8.18.4 Ecological information: Skylarks can be found in open farmland with a covering of grass (including cereals) or low green herbage. They avoid trees, tall hedges and bushes. In winter, stubbles, root crops and cereals are preferred. Adults feed on a range of invertebrates and plants taken on the ground. Seeds and shoots eaten include nettle, dock, knotgrass, fat hen, mustard types, and grasses including cereals. The variety of invertebrates eaten includes beetles, ants, aphids, grasshoppers and spiders. It nests on the ground, in grass or crops, laying 3-5 eggs. The eggs incubate for 11-12 days, and the young fledge after 18-20 days. Chicks are almost entirely dependent on insects until fledging, after which shoots and seeds are gradually incorporated into the diet.
8.18.5 Basic management requirements of species: Extensive areas of open land under grass, rough grazing or crop stubble that has not been subject to insecticide or herbicide spraying or is adjacent to such areas.
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8.18.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the target “Restore to 1960s distribution by 2005” for this species in Berkshire.
The UK Biodiversity Action Plan sets the following targets: • Maintain the BBS population index for skylarks at or above the 1995 level.
• Maintain the number of wintering skylarks at or above 1997/98 level as determined by the JNCC/BTO survey.
• Maintain the range of skylarks as measured by the frequency of occupation in BBS squares at or above the 1995 level.
• Reverse the population decline on lowland farmland and other habitats, where found to be declining, as measured by BBS indices
8.18.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Maintain breeding population at 2003 level. • Seek to increase breeding population through changes in farming practice. • Seek to increase the number of landowners actively managing land for skylarks
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undetake skylark At least fourteen 1km 2010 BFBC, BTO, RSPB survey in conjunction grid squares with Berks Bird Index surveyed in potential skylark habitat Monitor skylark plots Annual monitoring 2006 Syngenta, BTO at Jealott’s Hill Habitat management Continue to manage Annually provide 2006 BFBC Larks Hill to rotation of winter encourage breeding stubbles and low skylarks density crop cover Communication Promote the At least one article in 2006 BFBC, FWAG importance of last two years. skylarks through local publicity Promote the use of All landowners 2006 BFBC, FWAG, DEFRA
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8.18.8 Further Reading: Gibbons, D. W. Reid, R.A. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T & A D Poyser, London: p. 272-273
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8.19 Small red damselfly, Ceriagrion tenellum Species Action Plan
8.19.1 Habitat: Heathland and Bogs, Rivers and Wetlands
8.19.2 Current National/ European Importance
Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Nationally Scarce (Notable) Category B
British Dragonfly Society and the Biological Records Centre rare species list
UK BAP as a Species of Conservation Concern
It is restricted by its dependence on quality heath and bog habitats, and is included in the British Dragonfly Society list of ‘key species’, requiring special survey and conservation effort.
8.19.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest Population size and range has fluctuated throughout the 1990’s. Records prior to 1990 indicated their presence at Swinley Brick Pits, Mill Pond, and Wildmoor Heath, however, in 1991, 1992, and 1994 no individuals were recorded in the survey of the Borough. In 1995 a breeding colony was recorded on the middle ponds at Swinley Brick Pits. Subsequently, the population has dispersed across the whole site. Annual surveys since 1995 have revealed the expansion of this species to 11 sites in Bracknell Forest.
8.19.4 Ecological information: The small red damselfly is a Mediterranean species whose northern most range extends into southern Britain. It requires warm, sheltered, sunny heathland habitats with low scrub (heathers, rushes, bog myrtle etc.) adjacent to oligotrophic acid pools and bogs, with Sphagnums and associated bog flora.
8.19.5 Basic Management requirements of species: Preventing development, drainage, scrub invasion or tree planting on known breeding sites, or where presence recorded, is essential. The high water table on these sites must be maintained or enhanced to allow for the acid pools required for breeding.
8.19.6 Current Objectives and Targets The Berkshire Biodiversity Challenge (compiled by Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Wildlife Trust in 1996) states: “maintain existing sites and establish an additional site by 2005.”
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8.19.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets: • Maintain population of small red damselfly at all known breeding sites • Seek to continue increase in distribution through habitat management and creation of additional bogs • Raise the publics’ awareness of the small red damselfly
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake survey at Annual survey 2006 British Dragonfly Society all known breeding sites Communication Include information At least one 2008 BFBC, BBOWT about the small red event/publication in damselfly in last three years publications/events Habitat management Refer to Heathland Habitat Action Plan
8.19.8 Further Reading: Allum, R. (2000) Small red damselfly species action plan – BFBC internal report.
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8.20 Stag beetle, Lucanus cervus Species Action Plan
8.20.1 Habitat: Woodland and Scrub, Farmed Land
8.20.2 Current National/ European Importance
Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive.
The stag beetle is rare and protected in some European countries, but is still widespread in southern England, especially the Thames Valley, north Essex, south Hampshire and West Sussex. It also occurs fairly frequently in the Severn Valley and coastal areas of the southwest. Outside these areas the records are sparse and often old, indicating some contraction of the beetle’s range.
8.20.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Local and national surveys have shown that the Borough is within the UK stronghold of this species. There have been numerous sightings and reports from around the Borough, including a number of breeding sites within urban gardens in Bracknell. A survey undertaken in 2002 contributed 30 local sightings for the national survey (Smith 2003).
8.20.4 Ecological information: Britain’s largest terrestrial beetle, it can be found in broad-leaved woodland, parks and gardens. Its distribution and abundance is limited by the availability of suitable habitat for the larval stage. Adults can be seen during summer months, and the males are often attracted to lights. Female lays her eggs in decaying wood, and it is here that the larvae spend their long growth stage. Large white grubs with stubby legs and a brown head, the larvae take at least 36 months to mature, before pupating for a few months and emerging as adults in May or June of their final year
8.20.5 Basic management requirements of species: Undisturbed, rotting dead wood located in dappled shade to maintain warm, damp conditions.
8.20.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Maintain present distribution through sympathetic deadwood management”.
The UK Biodiversity Action Plan sets the following targets for the stag beetle: • Maintain the population size at all key sites.
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• Maintain the current geographical range.
8.20.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Retain stag beetles at all known sites • Increase the distribution of stag beetles in the Borough through habitat creation • Increase the publics’ understanding of the stag beetle to reduce persecution
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake borough Public involvement 2007 BFBC, BBOWT, wide survey survey once in last 5 Bracknell Urban Wildlife years Group, TVERC Habitat management Promote the use of At least 10 local 2011 BFBC, BBOWT buried log piles within schools to have log school nature areas piles Communication Promote stag beetles Stag beetles 2007 BFBC, BBOWT through local mentioned in at least publications/events one publication/event in last two years Encourage schools to Provide curriculum 2008 BFBC, BBOWT include stag beetles linked education in environmental materials education work
8.20.8 Further Reading: Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts: p. 23.
Chinery, M. (1993) Insects of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins, London: p.148 & plate19
Smith, M. N. (2003) National Stag Beetle Survey 2002. People’s Trust for Endangered Species, London.
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8.20 Swift, Apus apus Species Action Plan 8.20.1 Habitat: Urban and Built Environment
8.20.2 Current National/ European Importance
Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981
The swift is not formally recognised as a bird of conservation concern although the British Trust for Ornithology has recently shown a 62% drop in the number of swifts recorded in Scotland; in England the drop has been 29%, backing up the long standing anecdotal belief that swifts have been declining.
A ‘Concern for Swifts’ project in Scotland and a London’s Swifts Project have been established to try and protect nesting sites from destruction or damage through practical action and the provision of advice.
8.20.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: A baseline survey of the Borough was undertaken in 2003. This identified 3 nesting sites and several foraging areas in the Borough in areas such as Binfield, Hanworth, Birch Hill and Wildridings. There are several reports of swift nesting sites being lost from buildings in the Borough because of renovation work.
8.20.4 Ecological information:
Swifts are summer visitors from sub Saharan Africa, arriving in mid May and leaving in August. Swifts fly approximately 14,000 miles every year between their breeding grounds in the UK and their over wintering grounds in Africa.
They spend the majority of their life in air, feeding and sleeping on the wing, only leaving to nest. They have adapted to nesting in man made structures and will typically nest in roof spaces, under tiles or in the eaves of buildings. Modern buildings often do not provide suitable crevices and because of this swifts have come to rely on older buildings, often those built before the 1940s. Swifts do not build nests; typically eggs are laid on flat areas with only a few materials gathered from the air such as grass and feathers stuck together with saliva holding them in place.
Swifts feed on flying insects, gathering as many as 40,000 in a day. They can be found foraging anywhere there are insects, frequently being found over water. Swifts can be heard screaming whilst in flight, swooping low around nesting sites before dusk.
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8.20.5 Basic management requirements of species: The availability of suitable nesting sites and an adequate supply of insect prey. 8.20.6 Current Berkshire objectives and targets: No current targets
8.20.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets:
• Retain all known breeding colonies. • Seek to fully understand the distribution of swifts in the Borough. • Seek to increase the availability of suitable nesting sites in the Borough.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake a Borough At least one survey in 2008 BFBC, Bracknell Urban wide survey using the last 5 years Wildlife Group, RSPB London’s Swifts and BTO survey forms Habitat management Install nesting boxes At least 50 nesting 2011 BFBC on BFBC Council boxes installed properties Communication Encourage private At least one article in 2006 BFBC householders to the last two years provide nesting sites for swifts through publicity Encourage Town Centre 2011 BFBC developers to include Redevelopment to swift nesting sites include provision for within new swifts development Produce guidance Leaflet distributed to 2009 BFBC leaflet for developers all major developers on how to incorporate as part of planning swift nest sites in new process development.
8.20.8 Further Reading:
London’s Swifts website - www.londons-swifts.org.uk
Concern for Swifts website - www.concernforswifts.com
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8.21 Violet click beetle, Limoniscus violaceous Species Action Plan
8.21.1 Habitat: Woodland and Scrub
8.21.2 Current National/ European Importance
Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
Listed as endangered in GB Red List.
Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive
The violet click beetle, which appears to be very rare throughout its European range, is known in the UK at only two localities: Windsor Forest, Berkshire and Bredon Hill, Worcestershire. It breeds in hollows in the trunks of ancient trees, beech in Windsor Forest and ash at Bredon Hill. It is probable that a site would require a large population of trees to support the species.
8.21.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: There are parts of Windsor Forest in the north of the Borough where the species is present. No detailed information on its abundance or distribution is known, however, it is subject to a species recovery program under the direction of the Crown Estates, which is supported by English Nature.
8.21.4 Ecological information: Current factors causing loss or decline: lack of suitable ancient trees at the current sites leading to habitat fragmentation.
8.21.5 Basic management requirements of species: Old standing oak or beech trees.
8.21.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Maintain populations through sympathetic management”.
The UK Biodiversity Action Plan sets the following target: • Maintain all known and newly discovered populations and the trees they inhabit.
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8.21.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets: • Retain population at Windsor Forest
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Survey of breeding Data submitted 2006 English Nature site within Windsor annually to JNCC Forest national database Habitat management Continue to maintain Continuing 2006 Crown Estate veteran trees within management Windsor Forest Education Use violet click beetle Include information 2006 BFBC as a ‘flagship’s on the violet click species for veteran beetle in veteran tree tree conservation related publicity
8.21.8 Further Reading: Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts: p. 20.
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8.22 Water vole, Arvicola terrestris Species Action Plan
8.22.1 Habitat: Rivers and Wetlands
8.22.2 Current National/ European Importance
UK priority species for conservation (UK Biodiversity Action Plan, 1995).
Formerly common along the banks of rivers, streams, canals, ditches, dykes, lakes and ponds throughout mainland Britain. However, research has shown that the species is suffering an accelerating rate of loss from sites throughout Britain. A nation-wide systematic survey of the species’ relative status and distribution carried out in 1989-90 found that it was missing from 75% of the sites it had occupied before 1939. The published distribution data on the species suggests that there has been a period of accelerated site loss through the 1980s and 1990s, according to the UK water vole steering group.
8.22.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Survey work carried out in 2004 found no evidence of water voles on the River Cut and Blackwater. The nearest confirmed sightings are from Eversley on the River Blackwater. There is some potential for water voles to be present on ditches away from the main rivers and there are unconfirmed sightings from Binfield. Water voles were recorded on the Wish Stream in 2002.
8.22.4 Ecological information: Water voles are herbivorous, and feed almost exclusively on waterside plants, and spends most of its life in a narrow strip of land at the water’s edge. In the winter months roots and bark of shrubs and trees form an important part of the diet together with rhizomes, bulbs and roots of herbaceous species. The water vole uses burrows in the riverbank, where the soil permits. These include residential burrows, comprising many entrances, inter-connecting tunnels, nest chambers and ‘bolt’ holes. Nest chambers occur at various levels in the steepest part of the bank and the nest consists of shredded grass. Breeding lasts from March to October, and the females may produce 2-5 litters annually, each of 5-8 young.
8.22.5 Basic management requirements of water voles: Unpolluted aquatic environments with aquatic vegetation. Earth bank sides with rough grass margin for cover and foraging.
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8.22.6 Current objectives and targets: The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) document “Biodiversity Challenge” includes the Berkshire target “Halt long-term decline. Ensure species retains present distribution”.
The UK Biodiversity Action for water voles sets the following targets: • Maintain the current distribution in order to arrest the decline of the species in Britain.
• Maintain the current abundance in order to arrest the decline of the species in Britain.
• Restore water voles to their former widespread distribution, using the Vincent Wildlife Trust survey of 1989/90 as a baseline, by the year 2010.
Objectives: • All areas identified as ‘Key Areas’ by BBOWT in 1998 re-populated by water voles. • Improve riverside and ditch habitat to enable re-colonisation. • Increase public awareness and involvement in water vole surveys.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Undertake survey of All survey sections 2011 BFBC, BBOWT River Cut and searched at least Blackwater once in the last five years. Habitat management Undertake Mink rafts used in 2009 BFBC, BBOWT, EA, programme of mink water vole ‘key areas’ private landowners trapping on River Cut and Blackwater. Review bank side Water vole 2006 Environment Agency management to requirements encourage the growth considered in setting of riverside annual riverside vegetation. vegetation management programmes. Communication Provide advice to Advice offered to all 2006 BFBC, BBOWT landowners on habitat known landowners. management. Promote water voles At least one 2006 BFBC, BBOWT through local article/event in last publications/events two years
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8.22.7 Further Reading: BBOWT (2000) Water Vole Recovery Project. BBOWT, EA, Thames Water, British Waterways.
Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts : p. 20.
UK Water Vole Steering Group (1997) Species Action Plan for the UK – Water Vole. EA.
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8.23 Wild service tree, Sorbus torminalis Species Action Plan
8.23.1 Habitat: Woodland and Scrub, Farmed Land
8.23.2 Current National/ European Importance Not protected
8.23.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest The abundance and full distribution of this species within the Borough is not fully known. However, individuals and small isolated groups currently occur predominately within woodlands to the northern and western regions of Bracknell, as well as Binfield, parts of Warfield and also in the Chavey Down area of Winkfield. Several populations within the Borough are known to have been lost to development in recent years.
8.23.4 Ecological information: The Wild Service Tree is one of our rarer native trees, which is considered to be an indicator of ancient woodland. It is often found growing in groups that have arisen from root suckers and this is thought to be because its seed does not germinate freely in this county under natural conditions.
Growing to an average ultimate height of between 18 – 20 metres, its lobed leaves are unlike those of any other Sorbus, and for this reason it is often mistaken for a maple. Creamy white flowers are produced in late May to June followed by small brown fruits between September and November. The Wild Services is also known as the ‘Chequers Tree’, a name thought to originate from the way the bark peels off in rectangular strips, producing a chequered effect.
8.23.5 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets: • Maintain all populations.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Habitat management Manage woodland Wild service tree 2011 BFBC sites where species Is referred to in site known to occur management plans Encourage the All planting schemes 2006 BFBC, Parish/Town appropriate use of in the vicinity of Councils local provenance wild existing populations service trees in new to include wild service planting schemes tree
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8.23.7 Further Reading: Rackham, O. (1986) The History of the countryside. Dent.
Rackham, O. (1988) Trees and woodland in the British Landscape. Dent.
Rose, F. (1981) The wild flower key. Werne, London: p.202
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8.24 Woodlark, Lullula arborea Species Action Plan
8.24.1 Habitat: Heathland, (and coniferous woodland)
8.24.2 Current National/ European Importance
Appendix III, Berne Convention
Schedule 1 protection from the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
Annex 1 of the EC Birds Directive.
Red-listed by the RSPB through concern over the contraction in the species range in Britain over the last 25 years.
A 1997 survey indicated that the British population of Woodlarks was 1552 pairs, representing a significant increase over previous surveys. However, despite this recovery, concern over the long-term stability of the Woodlark population continues. The trend over the last 50 years has been one of contraction in range to a few sites in the south of England.
8.24.3 Current status in Bracknell Forest: Breeding figures in the 1994 survey suggested a figure of 6 breeding pairs. Numbers have risen since that time due to wider availability of suitable habitat through increased felling activity on forestry plantation.
8.24.4 Ecological information: Woodlarks require warm, dry, well drained, sandy, bare soil that can be easily manipulated to form a ground nest scrape. However, taller vegetation is required for sheltered roosting, and a number of trees to act as song and lookout posts. Nesting begins in March, and 3-5 eggs are laid. The incubation period is 12-15 days, and fledging occurs after a further 10-13 days. Woodlark can raise 2, and occasionally even 3, broods in a single year depending upon the availability of food, and suitable climatic conditions.
8.24.5 Basic management requirements of Woodlark: A grazing regime to recreate a matrix of short vegetation and bare ground with areas of long grass or heather. Shrubs are used as song-posts. Human disturbance should be avoided.
8.24.6 Current objectives and targets: The BBOWT’s publication “Berkshire Biodiversity Challenge” includes the objective to “Halt the decline of the [Woodlark] and maintain a breeding population” (BBONT, 1995) The Berkshire Heathland BAP includes the following objectives and targets for Berkshire:
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Seek to continue sympathetic management of sites where Woodlark breeds. Where conditions are suitable, experiment with management to facilitate Woodlark nesting.
Integrate heathland conservation measures into coniferous forestry areas to ensure a sustainable availability of suitable nest sites.
Continue and enhance survey and monitoring of the species’ distribution and breeding success through IBA monitoring project.
The UK BAP sets the following targets for • Maintain a population of at least 1500 breeding pairs of woodlark.
• Maintain the existing range of at least 90 ten km squares.
• Increase the range of the woodlark from 90 to 120 ten km squares, including the re- colonisation of Wales and south-west England, by 2008.
• Increase the population size by 2008.
8.24.7 Bracknell Forest objectives and targets: • Maintain the borough population at 2005 levels. • Seek to increase the population and distribution through heathland restoration/recreation. • Raise public awareness of the importance of woodlarks and reduce disturbance during the breeding season.
Action Target Achieved by Responsible organisation(s) Monitoring Monitor breeding bird Swinley Forest, MOD 2006 BFBC, English Nature, through Thames Training Area and Crown Estate, Forest Basin Heaths pSPA Wildmoor Heath Enterprise, MOD, BTO Bird Monitoring adequately covered and RSPB Project by survey Habitat management Provide network of All SSSIs within 2010 English Nature, Crown breeding habitat pSPA to be in Estate, Forest within pSPA favourable condition Enterprise, MOD, BBOWT and BFBC Communication Promote woodlarks At least one 2006 BFBC, BBOWT through article/event in the publicity/events last two years to include information on the woodlark Increase the public Implement dogs on 2006 BFBC, BBOWT
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8.24.8 Further Reading: NCC & RSPB (1990) Red data birds in Britain. Poyser, London: p. 238. Betts, C. J. (1995) Protected British Species: a database of fauna & flora protected by British and international legal instruments. Betts: p. 123.
Gibbons, D. W. Reid, R.A. and Chapman, R.A. (1993) The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T & A D Poyser, London: p. 270-271.
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Appendix 1
POLICY EN3 Nature Conservation
2.38 THE FOLLOWING AREAS WILL BE SAFEGUARDED FROM DEVELOPMENT WHICH WOULD ADVERSELY AFFECT THEIR SPECIAL VALUE:
(i) EXISTING AND POTENTIAL SPECIAL PROTECTION AREAS (SPAs);
(ii) EXISTING AND CANDIDATE SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION (SACs);
(iii) EXISTING SITES OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST (SSSIs).
ENHANCEMENT SCHEMES (INCLUDING PUBLIC ACCESS MANAGEMENT) WILL BE EXPECTED.
2.39 Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) are sites of international importance. They are designated under EC Natural Habitat, Wild Flora and Fauna, and Wildbirds Conservation Directives, and are intended to protect the habitats of threatened species of wildlife. An area between Bracknell and Crowthorne has been identified as a potential SPA. Windsor Great Park has also been listed as a candidate SAC.
2.40 The above mentioned potential SPA and the whole of the candidate SAC are also designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).
2.41 SSSIs are areas of special interest by reason of their flora, fauna, geological or physiological features. SSSIs enjoy statutory protection from works likely to have an adverse impact on their special interest, under the provisions of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
2.42 Proposals for development which may affect a SSSI, SPA or SAC will be subject to rigorous examination. The Borough Council will take into account the reason for applying the international or national designations in determining the weight to be attached to nature conservation interests. Specifically, the Borough Council wishes to safeguard these sites from development likely to have an adverse impact on their special interest. Adverse impact from development proposals outside an SSSI’s boundary will also be taken into consideration where relevant.
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2.43 Whilst public access to these sites is sometimes desirable, this will be strictly controlled wherever overuse is likely to damage the ecology of the area. Some SSSIs are in private ownership. The designation of an SSSI does not necessarily signify a right of public access.
POLICY EN4 Local Nature Reserves, Wildlife Heritage Sites and Regionally Important Geological Sites
2.44 LOCAL NATURE RESERVES, WILDLIFE HERITAGE SITES AND REGIONALLY IMPORTANT GEOLOGICAL SITES WILL BE SAFEGUARDED WHEREVER POSSIBLE. DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS WILL BE ASSESSED HAVING REGARD TO THE NEED FOR NATURE CONSERVATION. WHERE APPROPRIATE, CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT SCHEMES (INCLUDING PUBLIC ACCESS MANAGEMENT) WILL BE ENCOURAGED.
2.45 The Borough contains a variety of different habitats. Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) contain habitats of local significance and can provide access to the countryside and assist in environmental education (see topic maps 3 and 4).
2.46 Wildlife Heritage Sites (WHS) define those areas which have been identified as having nature conservation interest according to criteria produced by the Berkshire Nature Conservation Forum. These criteria relate to both the intrinsic ecological value and/or the local community values of the sites for nature conservation. These sites are not afforded statutory protection through designation as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (see topic maps 1- 4). Where new proposals would affect an area which is essential for migration, dispersal and genetic exchange because of its linear and continuous structure or function as a stepping stone or other locally distinctive habitat, the Borough Council will ensure that these “corridors”, habitats and their related species are provided for through the preparation of a planning brief for the site (see policy H10).
2.47 The Borough Council will have regard to the relative significance of local designations in considering the weight to be attached to nature conservation interests. Specifically the Borough Council will seek to ensure that LNRs and WHSs are not affected adversely by development which is likely to have a detrimental effect on the nature conservation value of these sites.
2.48 Whilst public access to these sites is normally desirable, it may be restricted by ownership and in any event must be controlled, in order to preserve and protect the ecology of an area.
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2.49 Ecological appraisals of the plan area have been carried out, and the results of these surveys have been taken into account during the identification of the major residential sites identified in this Plan. Should other areas of ecological potential be identified in association with future development proposals e.g. ponds, unimproved grasslands, heathlands and geological features, the Borough Council will seek to retain these features as part of its development control function.
2.50 Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS) are locally designated and are encouraged by English Nature. It is likely that such sites will be designated within the plan period. The Borough Council will seek to ensure that RIGS are not adversely affected by development likely to have a detrimental impact on their special geological value.
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