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A Review of the Pollinators Associated with Decaying Wood, Old Trees and Tree Wounds in Great Britain

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A Review of the Pollinators Associated with Decaying Wood, Old Trees and Tree Wounds in Great Britain A REVIEW OF THE POLLINATORS ASSOCIATED WITH DECAYING WOOD, OLD TREES AND TREE WOUNDS IN GREAT BRITAIN Steven Falk 2021 A report for the Woodland Trust Pollinators associated with decaying wood and old trees. Steven Falk 2021 Contents Summary 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………6 1.1 Background and objectives…………………………………………………………………………….…..6 1.2 What is a pollinator?...............................................................................................6 1.3 What is a saproxylic insect?………………………………………………………………………………..7 2 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..9 2.1 Ascertaining lifecycles…………………………………………………………………………………….…..9 2.2 Ascertaining flowers visited………………………………………………………………………………10 2.3 Taxonomic scope………………………………………………………………………………………………11 2.4 Geographic scope……………………………………………………………………………..………………12 2.5 Ascertaining conservation statuses……………………………………………….………………….12 2.6 Checking national distributions…………………………………………………………………………12 2.7 Format of species accounts……………………………………………………………………………….13 2.8 Nomenclature and naming conventions……………………………………………………………13 2.9 Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….14 3 Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..15 3.1 A provisional list of Britain’s flower-visiting saproxylics (Table 1)……………….……..15 3.2 General diversity……………………………………………………………………………………………….24 3.3 Ecological assemblages…………………………………………………………………………….……….24 3.4 Rare and threatened species……………………………………………………………………..……..25 4 A review of the Coleoptera (beetles)………………………………………………………………..…26 4.1 Aderidae……………………………………………………………………………………………………………26 4.2 Buprestidae…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………26 4.3 Cantharidae………………………………………………………………………………………………………27 4.4 Cerambycidae……………………………………………………………………………………………………27 4.5 Cleridae…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….39 4.6 Cryptophagidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………39 4.7 Cucujidae………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….40 4.8 Dermestidae……………………………………………………………………………………..………………40 4.9 Elateridae…………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..42 4.10 Eucinetidae……………………………………………………………………………………..………………45 4.11 Lycidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….45 4.12 Melandryidae………………………………………………………………………………………………….47 4.13 Melyridae………………………………………………………………………………………………………..48 4.14 Mordellidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 4.15 Nitidulidae…………………………………………………………………………………………..………….51 4.16 Oedemeridae……………………………………………………………………………..…………………..52 4.17 Ptinidae……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….54 4.18 Pyrochroidae…………………………………………………………………………………………….…….54 4.19 Scarabaeidae…………………………………………………………………………………………..………55 4.20 Scraptiidae……………………………………………………………………………………….……………..58 4.21 Staphylinidae……………………………………………………………………………………..……………61 2 Pollinators associated with decaying wood and old trees. Steven Falk 2021 4.22 Teneberionidae……………………………………………………………………………………………….61 5 A review of the Diptera (flies)…………………………………………………………………………..…63 5.1 Anthomyiidae………………………………………………………………………………………….………..63 5.2 Bibionidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….63 5.3 Bombyliidae………………………………………………………………………………………………………64 5.4 Calliphoridae………………………………………………………………………………………………….….64 5.5 Empididae……………………………………………………………………………………………………..….64 5.6 Fannnidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………………64 5.7 Hybotidae………………………………………………………………………………………………………...65 5.8 Keroplatidae & Mycetophilidae………………………………………………………………………..66 5.9 Lonchaeidae……………………………………………………………………………………………………..67 5.10 Muscidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………………67 5.11 Rhinophoridae…………………………………………………………………………………………………69 5.12 Sarcophagidae……………………………………………………………………………………………..….69 5.13 Stratiomyiidae………………………………………………………………………………………………...70 5.14 Syrphidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……70 5.15 Tachinidae……………………………………………………………………………………………………….91 5.16 Tipulidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………………92 6 A review of the Hymenoptera (wasps and bees)…………………………………………….….94 6.1 Apidae (sensu lato)…………………………………………………………………………………………...94 6.2 Chrysididae……………………………………………………………………………………………………..101 6.3 Crabronidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………….103 6.4 Pompilidae………………………………………………………………………………………………………107 6.5 Sapygidae……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…107 6.6 Vespidae…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..108 6.7 Hymenoptera Parasitica……………………………………………………………………………….…110 7 Important saproxylic features for pollinators……………………………………………………111 7.1 Living trees……………………………………………………………………………………………………..111 7.2 Dead trees and detached dead wood……………………………………………………………..115 8 Important flowers for saproxylic pollinators…………………………………………………….118 8.1 General………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..118 8.2 Spring-blossoming trees and shrubs…………………………………………………………..……118 8.3 Brambles and roses…………………………………………………………………………………..…….120 8.4 Ivy and other climbers/scramblers………………………………………………………………….120 8.5 Herbaceous flowers…………………………………………………………………………………………121 8.6 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………….…….122 9 Further discussion………………………………………………………………………………………..……123 9.1 Ecosystem services (pollination) provided by saproxylic pollinators…………..……123 9.2 Key places to see saproxylic pollinators………………………………………………..…………123 9.3 Areas for further study…………………………………………………………………………..……….125 10 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………....……………..126 3 Pollinators associated with decaying wood and old trees. Steven Falk 2021 11 References and further reading…………………………….…………………………………………127 Appendix 1 - Scientific names of trees and other plants mentioned……………….…….135 Appendix 2 Definitions of British conservation status categories……………..…………..141 Veteran beech trees at Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire. These rot-holes are used by scarce hoverflies such as Pocota personata and Mallota cimbciformis. All photos © Steven Falk unless stated. 4 Pollinators associated with decaying wood and old trees. Steven Falk 2021 Summary This review identifies over 320 saproxylic insects that visit flowers on a regular or occasional basis in England, Wales and Scotland. That represents 16% of Britain’s approximately 2000 saproxylic insects. However it does not cover saproxylic Hymenoptera Parasitica, the majority of fungus gnats or nocturnal flower-visiting by saproxylic moths, beetles and flies – due to such groups being either poorly studied or taxonomically challenging. That list comprises approximately 130 beetles, 85 flies, 35 bees and 75 wasps but it is not a sharply-defined list because species range from strongly saproxylic to weakly so, plus the flower-visiting credentials of some saproxylic insects are uncertain or presumed. The review highlights the tremendous variety of saproxylic microhabitats used by those species for larval development, including those associated with older living trees, as well as dead trees, detached dead wood, and wood- associated fungi. It also highlights the tremendous variety of flowers visited by saproxylic insects but shows the particularly high importance of common hawthorn, bramble and umbellifers such as hogweed, and stresses the need to promote suitable flowery habitat at sites with old trees or dead wood. The proportion of saproxylic flower-visitors with rarity grades or conservation statuses is shown to be unusually high for a habitat-based assemblage, reflecting the low coverage plus widespread decline and deterioration of habitats rich in dead wood and old trees. That, in turn, shows the great importance of ancient woodland, relict pasture-woodland and historic parkland for our scarcer saproxylic species and more exciting assemblages, some of which have international significance e.g. those of the New Forest and Windsor Forest/Great Park. Some recommendations for further work are suggested. 5 Pollinators associated with decaying wood and old trees. Steven Falk 2021 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and objectives Pollinating insects and saproxylic insects are both huge and important ecological assemblages in Britain with perhaps approaching 6,000 species in the first category (Falk, unpublished) and over 2,000 in the second (Alexander, 2002 updated by the Ancient Tree Forum https://www.ancienttreeforum.co.uk/ancient-trees/ancient- tree-ecology-wildlife/invertebrates/). These categories are not mutually exclusive - some of the most stunning flower-visiting hoverflies and beetles are well-known as being associated with the old trees of ancient pasture-woodland and historic parkland. We also know that many rare and threatened species fall into that zone of overlap. However, it appears there has never been a thorough review of all the flower-visiting saproxylic pollinators in Britain, one that includes the smaller, less conspicuous or well-known taxa as well as the large and showy species, and considers the conservation issues that might be associated with saproxylic pollinators as a whole. Such a review has two benefits. Firstly, it can allow us to assess the extent to which old trees, decaying wood, and associated microhabitats can help generate flower- visiting insects that can pollinate flowers in the immediate and wider landscape i.e. an aspect of the ecosystem services associated with those saproxylic pollinators. Secondly, it allows us to consider how we might design, manage and manipulate flowers in the landscape to serve the needs of saproxylic pollinator assemblages. Some of our rarest saproxylic insects have an obligate requirement for flowers to complete a lifecycle, and their floral requirements can be highly specific both in
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