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Status Competition Between the U.S. and China on the Stage of Africa Vanessa C Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-11-2016 Status Competition Between the U.S. and China on the Stage of Africa Vanessa C. Leon Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC000217 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Leon, Vanessa C., "Status Competition Between the U.S. and China on the Stage of Africa" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2505. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2505 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida STATUS COMPETITION BETWEEN THE U.S. AND CHINA ON THE STAGE OF AFRICA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Vanessa Leon 2016 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International & Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Vanessa Leon, and entitled Status Competition Between the U.S. and China on the Stage of Africa, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ John F. Clark _______________________________________ Erin K. Damman _______________________________________ Robert E. Gutsche, Jr. _______________________________________ Thomas A. Breslin, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 11, 2016 The dissertation of Vanessa Leon is approved. _______________________________________ Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International & Public Affairs _______________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2016 ii © Copyright 2016 by Vanessa Leon All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my husband, who would not let me give up, no matter how difficult the journey became, and to my children, who have made sacrifices to help me achieve this goal. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee for their encouragement, support, sharp eyes, and dedication to helping me be the best possible scholar. Dr. Thomas Breslin was exceptionally dedicated to ensuring I reached this goal, not only by constantly checking in, but by providing excellent advice and monthly meetings with other Ph.D. students. Dr. John Clark’s belief in my abilities has been a constant supportive presence. Dr. Erin Damman’s dedication to doing good and clear science helped hone my focus. Dr. Robert Gutsche’s journalistic eye helped me to clarify and sharpen my writing. Dr. Kathy Fitzpatrick’s early contributions to my committee helped clarify the public diplomacy focus. Dr. Shlomi Dinar provided helpful comments on the final draft. The Florida International University Department of Politics & International Relations staff and faculty have always been supportive and provided an excellent education. Drs. Rebecca Salokar, Harry Gould and Susanne Zwingel were excellent and informative advisors. The PIR staff, including Maria Wilkinson-Diaz, Martha Rodriguez, Maria Elena Gil and Kimberly Noy, were always helpful and caring. I am grateful for support given through three years’ worth of teaching assistantships. The professors I worked with, including Drs. Paul Kowert, John Clark, Astrid Arrarás, Naisy Sarduy, John Oates, Alexander Barder and Thomas Breslin, were always supportive. I am also grateful for my professors during my graduate career, including Drs. Thomas Breslin, Peter Craumer, Harry Gould, Paul Kowert, Felix Martin, Mohiaddin Mesbahi, Markus Thiel, and Julie Zheng. v Dr. Beth Elise Whitaker of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte provided assistance on polling related to Africa. Carlos Fernandez of the FIU library was helpful in providing research assistance. I would also like to acknowledge the University of Southern California’s support through their Center on Public Diplomacy grant, awarded in 2015. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION STATUS COMPETITION BETWEEN THE U.S. AND CHINA ON THE STAGE OF AFRICA by Vanessa Leon Florida International University, 2016 Miami, Florida Professor Thomas A. Breslin, Major Professor This case study traced the American reaction to Chinese activities in Africa from the year 2000 to the present. Two keys to understanding how this reaction might unfold were power-transition theory, which predicts that rising states will challenge the hegemon in an international system in order to revise the rules, and status-based competition theories. The U.S. appeared delayed in reacting to competition in Africa from its rising challenger there, China, until it understood that competition to be status-based. A clear, progressive reaction on the part of American leaders was traced. First, there was a split between the reactions of members of Congress and diplomats on-the-ground, who were concerned about China in Africa around the year 2005, and leaders in the White House and State Department, who publicly denied there was any kind of problem. White House and State Department leaders’ reaction then grew somewhat as relative gains concerns were activated by economic and power losses in Africa. These leaders then engaged in quiet diplomacy with China and Africa, perhaps to try to socialize China and to moderate its less favorable activities. The U.S. at this time did not seem to be fully aware of the status threat China was presenting. iii However, in about 2011, the U.S. appears to have begun to perceive the status losses it had sustained in Africa. Through policy changes, discourse, summitry and public diplomacy, including social media, leaders launched what appeared to be a public campaign, designed to position the U.S. as opposed to the values of China, and as a better partner for Africans. This can be seen as status competition because the U.S. had little to gain economically in Africa and its domestic public remained unconcerned with Africa. Loss of status appears to have motivated the U.S. to take action when nothing else had, inspiring policy changes vis-a-vis Africa, the first-ever U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit, two presidential trips to Africa, and a public diplomacy campaign designed to showcase American strengths. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 Significance of The Study ............................................................................................... 3 Statement of Purpose ...................................................................................................... 3 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 4 Research Outcomes/Hypotheses ..................................................................................... 4 Organization of The Dissertation .................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7 Rising States and Power-Transition Theory ................................................................... 7 Theories About China’s Rise .................................................................................... 10 China’s Peaceful Rise Strategy ................................................................................. 12 The Impact of China’s Rise on The U.S. .................................................................. 14 Prevention of Overt Competition .............................................................................. 16 Status Competition ........................................................................................................ 18 What is Status? .......................................................................................................... 18 The U.S. Values Status ............................................................................................. 20 Status Competition Between the U.S. And China .................................................... 22 Public Diplomacy.......................................................................................................... 26 What is Public Diplomacy? ...................................................................................... 26 Traditional vs. New Public Diplomacy ..................................................................... 27 Purposes of Public Diplomacy .................................................................................. 28 Public Diplomacy and Soft/Smart Power ................................................................. 29 Public Diplomacy Ideals ........................................................................................... 30 American Use of Public Diplomacy ......................................................................... 32 Table 1: U.S. State Department Actual Expenditures,
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