SHARED DESTINY 共同命运

EDITED BY Geremie R Barmé WITH Linda Jaivin AND Jeremy Goldkorn

C h i n a S t o r y Ye a r b o o k 2 0 14 © The Australian National Univeristy (as represented by the Australian Centre on in the World)

First published October 2015 by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry

Title: Shared destiny / Geremie R Barmé, Linda Jaivin, Jeremy Goldkorn, editors. ISBN: 9781925022933 (paperback) 9781925022940 (ebook) Series: China story yearbook ; 2014. Subjects: China--Politics and government--2002- | China--Foreign relations--2002- China--Relations-- | Asia--Relations--China | China--Relations--Pacific Area Pacific Area--Relations--China. Other Creators/Contributors: Barmé, Geremie, editor. Jaivin, Linda, editor. | Goldkorn, Jeremy, editor. Dewey Number: 915.1156

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This publication is made available as an Open Educational Resource through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike 3.0 Australia Licence: http://creativecommons.org/licensese/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/deed.en

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Cover design, art direction and illustration by Markuz Wernli Typesetting by Lindy Allen and Sharon Strange Printed by Union Offset Printers, Canberra, Australia

The Australian Centre on China in the World is an initiative of the Commonwealth Government of Australia and The Australian National University

Contents

INTRODUCTION vi . Under One Heaven · GEREMIE R BARMÉ xxxviii . Acknowledgements xxxix . The Cover Image

FORUM · ALL THAT IS OLD 4 . Classic : On Acquiring Moral Character · BENJAMIN PENNY 14 . Institutionalising Filial Piety · ZOU SHU CHENG 邹述丞

CHAPTER 1 18 . Great Expectations · JANE GOLLEY

FORUM · MIXED ECONOMIC MESSAGES 42 . A Confusing Year for Business · ANTONY DAPIRAN 52 . Huayuquan 话语权: Speak and be Heard · DAVID MURPHY

CHAPTER 2 56 . Whose Shared Destiny? · RICHARD RIGBY and BRENDAN TAYLOR

FORUM · CHINA IN THE WORLD 78 . Sandcastles in the Sea · JOANNA (YEEJUNG) YOON 82 . Xi Goes to Modi 86 . Latin America · REBECCA FABRIZI 90 . PUP Barking · LINDA JAIVIN 94 . Xi, Putin and the Trouble with Crimea · REBECCA FABRIZI 98 . China and Europe · REBECCA FABRIZI

CHAPTER 3 106 . The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny · JEREMY GOLDKORN

FORUM · BEGGING TO DIFFER 128 . The in an Age of Shared Destiny · GERRY GROOT 136 . Occupy · MARK HARRISON

共 THE CHINA STORY 同 YEARBOOK 2014

CHAPTER 4 命 SHARED DESTINY 146 . Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors · GLORIA DAVIES 运 FORUM · XI WHO MUST BE OBEYED 174 . Big Daddy Xi on the Arts · LINDA JAIVIN 178 . Springtime for the Arts · LINDA JAIVIN 186 . China, Hollywood and Split Screens · QIAN YING 钱颖 194 . Looking Backward: in 2014 · CHEN SHUXIA 陈淑霞 200 . A Storm in a Chicken Cup: A Burgeoning Market · OLIVIER KRISCHER

CHAPTER 5 204 . Urban, Mobile and Global · CAROLYN CARTIER

FORUM · CAPITAL FLIGHT 230 . Chinese Families Going Global? · LUIGI TOMBA 240 . Buying up the Block · JEREMY GOLDKORN 244 . Chinese Families Going Global in Popular Culture 248 . Yao Ming, Wildlife Protector 252 . Shared Air, Shared Destiny · WUQIRILETU

CHAPTER 6 260 . The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice · SUSAN TREVASKES and ELISA NESOSSI

FORUM · THE RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF THE LAW 288 . Picking Quarrels and Provoking Trouble · JEREMY GOLDKORN 292 . Xu Zhiyong and the New Citizens’ Movement · SUSAN TREVASKES 296 . An Old Approach to New Protests · SUSAN TREVASKES 300 . The Execution of Street Vendor Xia Junfeng · LINDA JAIVIN 304 . Almighty God: Murder in a McDonald’s · AIDEN XIA 夏克余 308 . Terrorism and Violence in and from Xinjiang · JAY WANG 王造玢 316 . Orange as the New Black · JOANNA (YEEJUNG) YOON

CONCLUSION 322 . Bringing Order to All-Under-Heaven · GEREMIE R BARMÉ

330 . CHRONOLOGY 346 . ONLINE MATERIAL 342 . CONTRIBUTORS 348 . LIST OF INFORMATION WINDOWS vii CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven vi 2014 Geremie R Barmé INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION UNDER ONE HEAVEN

Geremie R Barmé

Image: Xi Jinping and Peng Liyuan disembarking in Moscow Source: Dai Ou/Flickr1 xiii CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven xii 2014 Geremie R Barmé of submission attendant on this ties ties this on attendant submission of sense The a subordinate. toward directed reward or investiture of act an denote also could it duty and the institution of proper government. This is reflected in the term term the in reflected is This government. proper of institution the and duty term term The brings. it what and luck of nature impermanent and variable the fortune, to thus and dynasties. In these changes or rotating phases, phases, rotating or changes these In dynasties. of decline and rise the or seasons the in as cosmos, the or life in cycles to refer can It The character character The Mingyun Yun The supposed moral nature of destiny gives gives destiny of nature moral supposed The lifespan. allotted one’s and of life nature ofpredetermined the sense inthe specifically more be an expression of the Mandate of Heaven. Heaven. of Mandate the of expression an be can destiny state, the and individuals both For affairs. human managing in legitimacy claims 命 predetermination and individual volition. and individual predetermination mutual benefit gional andbroader globalengagement at atimewhen thePeople’sRepub a concept a concept emphasised by Xi Jinping In the Under OneHeaven multilateral relationships were to bebasedonamity a seriesof ‘Confucian-style’positive expressions: one-word bilateraland engagement between thePeople’sRepublic anditsneighbours by using 2013, XiJinping further developed theideawhen hesummed up the inaugural Diplomacy Work Periphery Forum held in on 24 October the issue of China’s relations withthecountries that surround itat the Mainland andTaiwan formed aCommunity of SharedDestiny. Addressing pronouncements from asearly as2007when itwas declaredthat the Community of Common Destiny.featured Theexpression inChinese of a Community of Shared Destiny state, in October 2013 when he spoke of the People’s Republic being part , ‘Mandate of Heaven’, used when talking about the superior moral power of a ruler who who aruler of power moral superior the about talking when used Heaven’, of , ‘Mandate

运 He who does not words understand is incapable of understanding men. . ... agentleman as behaving of incapable is fate understand not does who He mingyun mingyun Shared Destiny hasbecomeacatchall category for re thecountry’s has the meaning of ‘to carry’ or ‘to transport’, but also ‘to revolve’ or ‘to move around’. around’. move ‘to or revolve’ ‘to also but transport’, ‘to or carry’ ‘to of meaning the has China Story Yearbook 2014: SharedDestiny, we take asour theme 命运 ming 命运 , the ‘Destiny’ in ‘Shared Destiny’ ‘Shared in ‘Destiny’ , the

惠

thus encapsulates the various tensions between fate and luck, as well as as well as luck, and fate between tensions various the encapsulates thus 命 andinclusiveness has the meaning of ‘a decree’ or ‘a command’. In early Chinese texts, texts, Chinese early In command’. ‘a or decree’ ‘a of meaning the has — Confuciu ming to the related meaning of ‘fate’ or ‘destiny’, often often ‘destiny’, or ‘fate’ of meaning related the to s in s in 命运共同体 容 ming 习近平 yun The Analects The . a place in debates concerning decision, decision, concerning debates in a place , by also refers to the vagaries of the times, times, the of vagaries the to refers also , the leader of China’s party-

Nathan Woolley Nathan , officially translated as a as translated officially , ,

20.3, translated by Simon Leys Simon by translated 20.3, 亲 , sincerity tianming

诚

天 - - , lic of China is under the leadership of a focused, powerful and articulate leader. It provides substance and diplomatic architecture to the revived concept of All-Under-Heaven or tianxia 天下, one which assumes a belief that China can be a moral, political and economic great power. In the China Story Yearbook 2013: Civilising China, we noted the efforts by Chinese international relations thinkers to rejig dynastic-era concepts and expressions so that the Communist Party can assert uniquely ‘Chinese ideas’ in world affairs. Otherwise vainglorious attempts to promote such formulations are now backed up by immense national wealth, and they may gain some traction. The historian Wang Wang Gungwu Gungwu 王赓武 has written incisively about All- Source: Flickr1 Under-Heaven in contemporary China; among his observations is the following:

From China’s point of view, talk of a ‘peaceful rise’ suggests that a future rich and powerful China might seek to offer something like a modern vision of tianxia. This would not be linked to the ancient Chinese empire. Instead, China could be viewed as a large multinational state that accepts the framework of a modern tianxia based on rules of equality and sovereignty in the international system today.

… this overarching Confucian faith in universal values was useful to give the Chinese their distinctiveness. As an ideal, it somehow survived the rise and fall of dozens of empires and provided generations of literati down to many modern with a sense of cultural unity till this day.

Worrying about China

But there is anxiety associated with tianxia and its Shared Destiny as well. These grand notions do not address the many concrete problems associat- ed with the pace and direction of the country’s reforms, about which many xiv CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven xv 2014 Geremie R Barmé society. Some were nationalists who opposed ‘pro-Western influences’ that moral decline caused by the commercialisation of both the economy and purpose and capable of taking action against endemic corruption and the there were thosewho wanted astronger Communist Party, one with more what happensin Chinaisof growing concernto peopleeverywhere. environment, socialchange, politicalmovements oreconomicgrowth, before, theseissues have aglobalimpact. Whether with regard to the its scale, its problems and its future. At the same time, more than ever China’: about ‘worrying thinkers Chinese sees century twenty-first the of China in therightdirection?Assomany earlierthe seconddecade eras, major world economy andpotential world power: were they even moving Party —to dealwith the vast array of challenges that China facedasa the abilityofof— theleaders thepoliticalclass theChineseCommunist a newwave of ‘Chinaworry’ was sweeping thePeople’sRepublic. of national self-congratulation in the lead-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, good reason to be worried. Even during the excitement and popular mood about China’. As theevents of 1989andbeyond would prove, peoplehad malaise of the Hu Jintao and longanalytical works theyabout theperceived raisedconcerns policy titure astheheadof China’s party-state andarmy Inessays in2012–2013. Chinese analysts expressed frustration in the lead-up to inves Xi Jinping’s and a sclerotic political system generated the first major wave of post- Mao ‘crisisconsciousness’ wave major first the generated system political sclerotic a and inequalities, environmental degradation, weakness ontheglobal stage began to remake the country, anxieties over socialchange, economic improving theregionalandglobalstandingof thePeople’sRepublic. sues, take an active role in the information revolution and be decisive in politicaland the country’s economic systems, address pressingsocialis They wanted the new leadership to confront the need to transform further Among themany critics who painted theHu–Wen decadeaslacklustre, Both publicly and privately, commentators expresseddoubts about In thelate 1980s,asadecadeof China’sReformpolicies andOpenDoor 胡锦涛 忧患意识 – , orwhat GloriaDavies calls‘worrying 温家宝 decade of 2002–2013. - - PUBLIC APPEARANCE, by Geremie R Barmé

In March 2014, President Xi Jinping and China's First Lady, Peng Liyuan 彭丽媛 , em- barked on a series of state visits, including to Belgium. Peng, who previously enjoyed a successful career as a singer, is known for her personal style and engaging manner. She was particularly prominent during the couple's European tour for her wardrobe.

'First Lady Diplomacy' and the dress of leaders' wives have a chequered history in the People's Republic. Wang Guang- mei 王光美, wife of president Liu Shaoqi 刘少奇, attracted considerable attention when she wore a white cheong-sam/qipao and a pearl necklace during a state visit to in April 1963. A few years later, she was subjected to cruel parody by Red Guards in the and suf- fered public humiliation by being dressed in a mock cheong-sam and made to wear a China’s President Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan in formal wear during their visit to Belgium necklace made out of ping-pong balls dur- Photo: press.cn ing a mass denunciation rally.

Jiang Qing 江青, 's wife and paragon of the Cultural Revolution, was known for her austere style of dress. She even had a hand in designing a 'national costume' 国服 for women in 1974 to parallel the 'Mao suit' (known in Chinese as the Sun Yat-sen or ' suit' 中山装 ).

The wives of party-state leaders have enjoyed a renewed public profile since Deng Xiaoping 邓小平, then among other things Chairman of the Central Military Commission, visited the US in 1979 with his wife, Zhuo Lin 卓琳. It was Jiang Zemin 江泽民, however, Chi- na's president and party leader from 1989 to 2002, who formalised First Lady Diplomacy, even though his wife, and that of his successor Hu Jintao 胡锦涛, left little impression on international audiences.

Peng Liyuan is the first leader's spouse since Jiang Qing to make a fashion statement and, in the March 2014 trip to Belgium, she appeared in a heavily embroidered traditional- style ensemble. For his part, Xi Jinping wore a reimagined Zhongshan suit, the four pockets of the Mao jacket being replaced by two pockets and a concealed pocket on the chest with a Western-style pocket square. The Chinese media extolled the First Couple for sporting 'Diplomatic Lovers' Wear' 外交情侣装. xvii xvi CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé Prosperity’ 世 Chinese TV Spring Festival Gala with therestof theworld. the solutionswillrelate, oneway or another, to China’sSharedDestiny aboutChina worry fromworry within or without, they areallaware that Party’s power. But whatever their ideological bent, and whether those who and ideological control orfor constitutionalreform andnewlimitsonthe and theirfates, bethey for arevival austerity, of Mao-era masspolitics two previous ChinaStory Yearbooks , we outlined many of thesehopes, managed by astrong partywas thebesthopefor China’s future. Inour media openness. Still others believed that a program of limited reforms of extensive political and legal reforms, greater official accountability and by thosewho hoped that achange inleadershipwould usherinaperiod encouraged the dangerous riseof civil society. Their views were countered 李敖 盛世大联欢 party-state — that China had entered a opposite— thisoneheartily sense embracedby the dented level of general prosperity alsofostered an the risingstandardofcresting, living andunprece Even asthe latest wave ofwas ‘crisisconsciousness’ The ProsperousAge of the Qing Tang dance performances was called‘GrandCelebration of theProsperous Age’ al moment of celebratory, national culturalunity — one of thefeatured the mostwatched television event intheChinesecalendarandanannu- enjoying its first true Prosperous Age Prosperous true first its enjoying Song Zuying shengshi , a ‘Prosperous Age’, or an ‘Age of Harmonious declaredinaspeechat TsinghuaUniversity inBeijingthat China was 唐 dynasties. (Ever thecontrarian, Li pointedly overlooked thezenith of Chinese history.) Alsoin 2007, thenationally famous singer . Two years later, the Taiwanese historian and writer Li Ao 清 和谐盛世 宋祖英

period, 1644–1911, commonly recognised as the third great sanginapaean to theSeventeenth Congressof the . In2005,during the Central 春节联欢晚会 shengshi shengshi

— 盛世

盛 - sincetheHan Source: Flickr1 Taiwanese writerLiAo 汉

and

Party that China was now ‘Walking Towards an Har- monious Prosperous Age’ 走向和谐盛世. Yet as applied to the ‘golden ages’ of the Han, Tang and Qing dynasties, shengshi refers to universally acknowledged periods of remarkable social grace, political rectitude and cultural richness. The self- proclaimed Prosperous Age of today’s People’s Republic has been nearly a century in the making; its achievement is far more contentious. The following semi-official statement provides a shorthand, popular definition of the term ‘Prosperous Song Zuying Age’ as it is presently used in the People’s Republic: Source: Flickr1

A nation can be said to be enjoying a Prosperous Age when it has re- alised certain achievements both in terms of its domestic affairs and international politics.

Internally it features economic prosperity, scientific and technological advancement, creativity and cultural efflorescence; inter- nationally it features military might; booming trade and considerable influence.

The general definition of a Prosperous Age includes the following measures:

Unparalleled military strength Unsurpassed economic prosperity Unsullied political life Unprecedented scientific and technological advancement, and Unprecedented international exchanges.

盛世，即一个国家内政外交均有建树时的状况： 内政方面：经济繁荣，科技发达，思想活跃，文化昌盛； 外交方面：军事强大，贸易繁荣，影响力大等等。 盛世的界定，一般来说为以下标准： xviii xix CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé China of strong leaders establishingtheirown LeadingSmallGroups to waxed and waned over theyears. However, there is ahistory inpost-1949 range of policyareas. bodies calledLeading Small Groups and outsideChina, asdid his rapid establishment of supra-governmental the Party, the state surprised and the military many both observers inside China sincethelate-nineteenth century. turally revitalised Chinesenation. Itisadreamthat hasbeendreamt in than thedreamof aneconomically, socially, politically, militarily andcul- ,the China Dream was lessabout individual aspiration ant albeitanxious. enlightenments,and revivals. renaissances The current moodisexuber- both governments andindividuals have beenhastyto announceandhail usuallyare in retrospect. farclearer InChina’smodernhistory, however, our.) Heroic figures, pivotal historical moments, crises and ‘tipping-points’ whethereconomic activity frenetic istheneplusultraof human endeav- Prosperous Age before it is over isill-advised. (Italsobegsthe question change — to be a Golden or era — especially one of rapid socio-cultural Common would sense suggestthat toa particularperiodoran declare to bethedecadeof his rule. Itwas the‘China Dream’ in November 2012,XiJinping announced theleitmotif Upon assuming the position ofof General Secretary the Communist Party Leading theChinaDream Such groups, large and small, short-term and semi-permanent, have The speedwith which Xinotonly took thereinsof power covering 对外交流空前活跃. 科技空前发达 政治空前清明 经济空前繁荣 军事空前强大 领导小组 to overseehis agenda ina of what isexpected 中国梦 . Unlike the push through change in the face of bureaucratic inertia or opposition. In the mid-1960s, Party chairman Mao Zedong 毛泽东 established a Central Cultural Revolution Leading Group 中央文革领导小组 to dismember both party and state mechanisms that he perceived as obstructing his radical socio-political agenda; he wanted the group to reinvigorate the revolu- tion and crush bureaucratic obfuscation. As a result, by the early 1970s, the Party and the state were in such disarray that Mao had to bring Deng Xiaoping 邓小平, a man who had early on fallen foul of his Cultural Rev- olution Leading Group but a capable bureaucratic manager, back from obscurity to help run the country. Deng himself established a series of leadership-like groups to for- mulate and implement policies for a country damaged by so many years of political extremism, educational collapse and administrative malaise. Although Deng was purged again in 1976, he returned to power and be- came the first major leader of the post-Mao era. The bureaucrats he had employed in leadership groups to rebuild a functioning state from the rubble of the Cultural Revolution would eventually guide the country into the new era of Reform and Opening Up inaugurated in late 1978. These achievements were documented in great (if highly fictionalised) detail in the forty-eight-hour docu-drama, Deng Xiaoping During the Historical Transition 历史转折中的邓小平. The series aired throughout China in August 2014 to commemorate the 110th anniversary of Deng’s birth and to celebrate his achievements in turning the coun- try away from Maoist ideology and launching the reforms that continue to transform the Communist Party-led People’s Republic of China. Directed by Wu Ziniu 吴子牛, a member of the once avant-garde Fifth Generation of Chinese film-makers, the series also extolled the establish- ment of China’s first Special Economic Zone in Shen- Director of Deng Xiaoping zhen under what it showed to be the far-sighted and During the Historical Transi- tion, Wu Ziniu sagacious leadership of Xi Zhongxun 习仲勋, an ally Source: scol.com xxi CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven xx 2014 Geremie R Barmé titles thanany rulerof China sincetheQingdynasty’s Qianlong party leadership since the1940sincluding of generations five the in leader any than powers formal and titles more going intheopposite direction.In titularterms alone,hehasamassed man power until his demise in 1997). Xi Jinping, however, appears to be posing for photographs with soldiers, workers, foreign leaders;demon- us ality cult? And why is the mainland media presenting him more asprim- his will on the system and encourage something reminiscent of a person- Why hasXiJinping acted with such pressing haste to amasspower, impose One amongMany long-term. policy options,and damage crucialinstitutional support in themedian- to of powerfulsuch predecessors as Mao, and Deng as well) did not narrow neutering of large swathes of thestate bureaucracy (thenemesisat times to callinghim,hadbecomeChina’sCoE, ‘Chairmanof Everything’. two years into power ‘BigDaddy Xi’ as well asthePeople’sRepublic itself,to seven smallleadinggroups. Only now effectively headof ten party-state bodies,from theParty andarmy, and his cohort are said to have realised and are planning to surpass. He is emperor in the eighteenth century, one whose Prosperous Age Xi Jinping Source: molihua.org Zhongxun father,Xi Xi Jinping’s than China’s primus inter pares?Heisomnipresent: making speeches; Yet speculation remainsrife asto Xi’smotivations, andwhether his if Denghimselfenjoyed level anextraordinary of one- who followed generally adhered to that approach (even mini-Maos would notappear. Theparty-state leaders the forging of an ethos of collective leadership that new personality cultof MaoZedong,and to ensure through new . of Deng Xiaoping — and the father of Xi Jinping, China’s Deng, in his day, worked hard to dismantle the 习大大 , as the official media has taken Mao. Hemay well have more 乾隆

Chairman of Everything

Xi Jinping was appointed General Secre- tary of the Party’s Central Committee in November 2012. He assumed top state leadership roles, as President of the Peo- ple’s Republic and Chairman of the Cen- tral Military Commission, the following March. Chinese President and Chairman of the Central Military He currently heads a number of Commission Xi Jinping visits the troops in province, on 30 July 2014. The visit came just days smaller decision-making bodies within before Army Day, which falls on 1 August and marks the the Central Committee. The Central Lead- founding of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Photo: Li Gang/Xinhua ing Group for Financial and Economic Affairs has traditionally been led by the General Secretary since Zhao Ziyang 赵紫阳 took office, but Xi’s leadership was only publicly revealed on 13 June 2014, when the 新华通讯社, which had already broken with tradition by publishing multiple reports on the group’s traditionally closed- door meetings that year, printed an article that provided titles for Xi and Deputy-Director 李克强.

As General Secretary, Xi also assumed leadership of the Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs, as well as the Central Leading Group for Foreign Affairs and its congruent sister organisation, the Central Leading Group on National Security. In November 2013, the Third Plenum of the Party’s Central Committee established the Central National Security Commission (CNSC) to consolidate decision-making on national security issues, a decision that Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang 秦刚 said ‘should make terrorists, extremists, and separatists nervous.’ The Politburo appointed Xi Jinping to head up the CNSC on 24 January 2014. Three additional leading groups were formed in the wake of the Third Plenum and its emphasis on deepening reform. The Central Leading Group for All-Around Deepening Re- form, established in December 2013, the Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization, established in February 2014, and the Central Leading Group for Deepen- ing Reform on National Defense, established in March 2014, are all led by Xi.

• General Secretary of the Party's Central Committee 中共中央总书记 • President of China 国家主席 • Chairman of the Party's Central Military Commission（ 党 、国 ）中 央 军 委 主 席 • Head of Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs 中央财经领导小组 • Head of Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs 中央对台工作领导小组 • Head of Central Leading Group for Foreign Affairs (head of sister organisation, the Central Leading Group on National Security) 中央外事工作领导小组（中央国家安全工作 领导小组） • Chairman of Central National Security Commission 中央国家安全委员会 • Head of Central Leading Group for All-Around Deepening Reform 中央全面深化改革 领导 小组 xxiii xxii CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé bile phoneappnamedStudy Xi Series of Important Speeches’ Jinping’s ‘Xi as theory body the of milestoneParty’s in fifth the as shrined larity issavvy and social media-friendly. His elucubrations arealready en- what Germanthinkerscalled theFührerprinzip once teria andadulation achieved by theMaocultin1960s, butsignsof personality cult,indeed, the popularity of Big Daddy Xistilllacksthehys Some might reason that underXi Jinping China is notwitnessing arevived other public declarations of loyalty andadoration of theleaderandsoon. of theleaderinParty history, theproduction ofentertainments songs, and of allforms of opposition bypolice, anexaggeration the secret of therole were used by bureaucrats as justifications for political action, the crushing as therepeated useof quotations from Stalin’s speechesand sayings that Stalin. Khrushchev includedinhiscondemnation such features of thecult then recently of deceased general theParty secretary and premier Joseph the Cultof theIndividual (or PersonalityCult)that had thrived underthe into hiswisdomontheflyand follow hisofficialitinerary. Source: DaiOu/Flickr1 Moscow inMarch2013 China’s FirstLadyPengLiyuanandXiJinpingarrivein In February 1956,theSoviet leaderNikitaKhrushchev denounced 习近平系列重要讲话 学习 to facilitate peoplewho want to delve Liyuan his celebrity-singer wife Peng holds up press the state-run use of classicalquotations, for itseruditionand canny lyse and praisehis language ana- commentators Official hoods and cheap restaurants. unannounced in neighbour- by showing up(relatively) strating his‘commontouch’ onslaught behind Xi’spopu womanhood. The propaganda icon andmodelof Chinese ; and there is even a mo 彭丽媛 (abeliefthat certain asafashion - - - gifted men are born to rule; that they deserve unswerving loyalty; and, that they take ab- solute responsibility for their leadership) are in evidence. This is hardly surprising in a country where the Crown A street poster in promoting ‘The China Dream’ Source: flickr.com/hj223 Jurist of the Third Reich Carl Schmitt enjoys considerable prestige among left-leaning thinkers. As we noted in our China Story Yearbook 2013: Civilising China, Xi Jinping says China must learn to tell The China Story better. But under his dispensation, in an increasingly ideologically policed China, there is an unsettling possibility that everyone may have to repeat the same sto- ry. In recent years, independent creative writing and reportage has flour- ished in China, so it is hardly surprising that now the pumped up deci- bels of the official China Dream as well as the crafted China Story of the party-state threaten to drown out the recent polyphony of the country’s online graphomaniacs. Will such renewed attempts to replace the many with the one enjoy success? It is worth noting that Xi has led the Communist Party’s Polit- buro in a number of study sessions devoted to Dialectical Materialism; it is equally sobering to recall what Simon Leys (the pen name of Pierre Ryckmans, the Australian-Belgian Sinologist who passed away in August 2014) said about this underpinning theory of the Marxist–Leninist state a quarter of a century ago (notwithstanding Slavoj Žižek’s dogged burlesque defence of an ideal Marxism–Leninism):

Dialectics is the jolly art that enables the Supreme Leader never to make mistakes — for even if he did the wrong thing, he did it at the right time, which makes it right for him to have been wrong, whereas the Enemy, even if he did the right thing, did it at the wrong time, which makes it wrong for him to have been right. xxiv xxv CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé Xi is photographed sitting cross-legged on a on cross-legged sitting photographed is Xi province Hebei county, Fuping in villages Impoverished December: 29–30 Shenzhencent’s headquarters. Ten giant Internet the and troops military visits also He up. opening and reform ther fire-heated bed) talking with villagers. with talking bed) fire-heated resources. natural and trade talk to visits State and Rica Costa Tobago, and Trinidad June: May–6 31 destiny. shared of communities of speaks he Africa and both In Africa. South Durban, in summit ca) Afri South and China India, Russia, BRICS (Brazil, fifth the attends Xi influence. tour, the European During and US to terweight diplomatic sphere are to develop a coun the in aspirations Xi’s suggests countries of choice The countries. four to visit state day nine- a is president as tour foreign first Xi’s (Brazzaville) Congo of Republic and ca Afri South Tanzania, Russia, March: 22–30 many peoples. non-Han home to China’s less developed northwest, in conditions living improve to promises Xi Gansu Province and Villages Communities in February: 2–5 2013 kang South the a Tour of as known tradition Qing and Ming imperial the in and Xiaoping Deng leader reformist of footsteps the in following Guangzhou, and Foshan Zhuhai, Shenzhen, of atour during is Party Communist the of Secretary eral Gen as appearance major first Jinping’s Xi South the of Tour 7–11 December: 2012 XI AT THE HELM: AN ITINERARY AN HELM: AT THE XI

炕 (traditional Chinese rural northern 南巡

. Xi commits to fur to commits . Xi

, BY AIDENXIA夏克余 , BY ------buns buns of meal a simple for queues Xi Buns Steamed Beijing, December: 28 island. Bali on Dua, Nusa in Summit APEC the attends and nesia Indo visits also He ties. military closer and pact trade ahuge with courts Xi Malaysia October: 2–8 and Indonesia Asia. central across belt economic Road aSilk proposes Xi Kazakhstan, Astana, In Kyrgyzstan. kek, Cooperation Shanghai the attends also He Petersburg. St in summit G20 the attend to countries Asian central of a tour from breaks Xi Russia burg, Peters St and Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, 3–13 Kazakhstan, September: . of province ern northeast the in base its at training, crew and testing undergoing still is which carrier, Xi visits the the visits Xi Province Carrier, Aircraft August: 28 Liaoning change’. never will China Red of colour ‘the that ensure to China urges He site. tourism’ ‘Red popular and base revolutionary mer a(rebuilt)for to visit asymbolic makes Xi Hebei :Xibaipo, 11–12 July talks. informal of days two for California, Springs, Palm near estate private Sunnylands the at iday hol on Obama Barack President US visits Xi USA June: 7–8 viral on the Chinese Internet. go event the of footage video and graphs Photo chain. restaurant Beijing owned 包子 in a branch of a low-end, state- alow-end, of abranch in

Liaoning Organisation summit in Bish in summit Organisation , China’s only aircraft , aircraft only China’s steamed steamed ------2014

6–8 February: Sochi Winter Olympics 3–4 July: Xi is an enthusiastic guest at the Winter Xi leads a delegation to South Korea in- Games. cluding representatives from more than one hundred Chinese companies including 25 February: Walking around Beijing Baidu and Alibaba. in the Smog After five days of heavy smog in Beijing, 13–23 July: , Brazil, Argentina, Vene- Xi is photographed walking around some zuela and Cuba of the city’s alleys and talking with En route to Brazil, Xi stops over on Rhodes residents without a face-mask. State media Island to meet the Greek Prime Minister headlines and social media promote the and discuss their countries’ deepening ties. images under the rubric ‘breathing togeth- In Brazil, Xi attends the sixth BRICS summit er, sharing one destiny’. in Fortaleza and spends three days with Pu- tin and other BRICS presidents. 22 March–1 April: Netherlands, France, Germany, and Belgium 30 July: Troops in Fujian Province On state visits to four European countries, Xi visits troops stationed in Fuzhou, Fujian Xi attends the third Nuclear Security Sum- province, a key military location across the mit in The Hague and a G7 meeting on the straits from Taiwan. Xi vows to strike hard side. against corruption in the military ahead of the eighty-seventh anniversary of the 27–30 April: Xinjiang founding of the PLA on 1 August. Xi vows to ‘strike first’ against terrorism during a visit to the Xinjiang Uyghur Au- 21–22 August: People’s Republic of Mon- tonomous Region, which he calls China’s golia ‘frontline of terror’. State media quotes him During a two-day state visit to Mongolia, Xi saying that China must ‘make terrorists be- agrees to give Mongolia access to China's come like rats scurrying across a street as northern ports and the two countries agree everybody shouts “beat them!” ’ He visits to double annual bilateral trade. a village and a school near Kashgar, chats 12–19 September: Tajikistan, The Maldives, with , inspects troops and watches Sri Lanka and India military training. Xi attends the Shanghai Cooperation Or- 20–21 May: Shanghai CICE Meeting and ganisation summit in Dushanbe, meeting Russia Gas Deal Putin before the summit opens. Other Xi meets Russian President countries in the group are Kazakhstan, Kyr- in Shanghai where they attend the Fourth gyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Xi then Conference on Interaction and Confidence- proceeds on a South Asian tour, with the Building Measures in Asia and oversee the final stop his first state visit to India. signing of a thirty-year gas deal between

China and Russia estimated to be worth US$400 billion. xxvii xxvi CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé 荣剑 including DengYuwen proliferated, ‘crisisconsciousnesswriters’, In previous years, when China’s many stories 1. reins of power: Chairman Xi’s unseemly haste since takingthe China. Here we positourown Ten Reasons for 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. as aperiodof strategic opportunity newmillennium the of decades two first the identified long have leaders Chinese the system, heknows hewill notachieve thesegoals. Unless he cansidelinesclerotic or obstructive forcesand elements of lead thenation and themasses—akindof secular Messiahcomplex. providentielhimself l’homme Men’, heconsiders salvation. Believing that in the theory history is created by ‘Great his missionisto restore thepositionof theCommunist Party asChina’s nomenklatura, encourages thepersonalself-belief ifnothubris that His status asamember of theRed ‘princelings’,orrevolutionary transformation of theChineseeconomy. nomic andsocialproblems, inparticularthecrucialnextstage inthe pelling China to confront anddealwith some of itsmostpressingeco internationalHe faces market andpoliticalpressures that arecom- and enhanceChina’sregionalglobalstanding. pursue anevolving agenda that aims to strengthen party-state rule He isriding a wave of support for change and popular goodwill to than thosearound him. the profound systemicfacing China crises the government XiJinping is moreaware of ious local,provincial andcentral levels of Given hishistory asacadreworking at var- China bestto advance itsinterests. and the globalbalanceof power enable 机遇期 , enumerated listsof ten problems facing during which regional conditions 邓聿文 andRong Jian 战略

dhnews.zjol.com.cn (bottom) Source: news.takungpao.com(top); Deng Yuwen (top);RongJian(bottom) whose destiny isto

- 7. He is aware of the seriousness of the public crisis of confidence in the Party engendered by decades of rampant corruption. 8. He is sincere in his belief in the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist worldview, which is tempered by a form of revived Confucian statecraft that is popularly known as ‘imperial thinking’ 帝王思想. 9. Resistance to reform (including of corrupt practices) by the bureau- cracy can only be countered by the consolidation of power. 10. The consensus among his fellow leaders that China needs a strong figurehead to forge a path ahead further empowers him.

In the process of expanding his power, Xi and his Politburo colleagues were handed a windfall when, in early 2012, the Chongqing security boss Wang Lijun 王立军, said to be in fear of his life after falling out with the city’s powerful Party Secretary 薄熙来 and his (as it turned out) homicidal wife, Gu Kailai 谷开来, fled to to seek asylum at the American Consulate. These bizarre events gave the incoming leadership a chance to purge a potentially dangerous (and popular) political rival all in the name of dealing with corruption and the abuse of power. Following the consolidation of his power, Xi proceeded to undertake a gradual elimina- tion of prominent party and army leaders implicated in corrupt dealings (some would note that it was surprising that, given their prominent role in central politics, neither he nor his predecessor, Hu Jintao, had effective- ly addressed the problem before). By September 2014, some forty-eight high-level Communist Party cadres, military officials and party-state bureaucrats (that is, those ranked at deputy provincial or ministerial level or above 副省、副部、副军级以上 干部) had been swept up in the post-Eighteenth Party Congress anti-corruption campaign led by Xi and 王岐山, Secretary of the Party’s Central Commis- sion for Discipline Inspection. The highest level targets of the purge were the Hu–Wen-era Party Politburo mem- ber 周永康 and the People's Liberation PLA General Army (PLA) General Xu Caihou 徐才厚. As this Yearbook Source: tw.aboluowang.com xxviii xxix CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé Second Generation’ similarly humble origins. None camefrom theranksof Xi’speers,the‘Red they of the ‘Office-holders' Second Generation’ Second ‘Office-holders' the of they from theYan’an erathrough to theearly People’sRepublic. Neither were Tigers Too BigtoCage vealing state secrets(terminal cancerallowed Xu to escapeprosecution). was going to press,Zhou was sentenced to life andre injailfor bribery It isnoteworthy ‘Tigers’ that allforty-eight above RankThirteen intheTwenty-four RankCadreSystem as defined (then cadres high-level of generation first the of members of officials, are reportedly from ‘’ from reportedly are officials, the conclusionto ourChinaStory Yearbook 2012:Red Rising,Red Eclipse. The China Story Project for someyears, and they featured in ‘Red Eclipse’, business of corruption.Membersof thisgroup have beenof interestto party-state went to ontherecord state why they areabove thegrimy two years of the campaign, members of the privileged families of the comfy: businessasusual.It’s allvery discreetly relocated, shunted into early retirement orquietly ‘redeployed’. to have campaign: being in the anti-corruption enjoyed a‘soft landing’ arerumouredto beimplicatedthey incorruptpractices, appear tigers andswat flies.) he fell foul of thesystem before XiJinping launched his campaign to kill Xilai belonged to theRed SecondGeneration andwas aPolitburo member, NationalPolitical Consultative People’s Committee(Although Bo in1954. 部制 of the ageing party gentry, their fellows and their families should not the closedsystem of China’s party-state theseseemingly defunctmembers What hasbeenrather moreunexpected, however, isthat after nearly And so while an impressive number of the progeny of the Party’s ) and members of the inaugural National People’sCongressand the 红二代 —childrenof theCommunist Party founders 老虎 平民 , that ishigh-level corrupt familieswith or 官二代 —thechildren 二十四级干

In - be underestimated; they cannot be dismissed, as some would have it, as marginal figures or has-beens. Nor is it wise to overlook the fury that their hauteur and unthinking air of superiority provokes among those members of the bureaucracy without such lofty connections, or among China’s aspirational classes more generally. In particular, members of the Red Second Generation, along with optimists of various backgrounds, privately argue that Xi Jinping has amassed power as a stopgap measure to enable him to deal with fractious Party colleagues. Among other things, and to assuage hardline attitudes at senior levels, he has conceded to repressive policies across the board of a kind not seen since the early months of Jiang Zemin’s 江泽民 decade of tenure from 1989. Over time, and with the inauguration of a new Polit- buro in 2017, it is reasoned, Xi will reveal his reformist agenda and guide China towards a major political transition. ‘Gorbachev Dreaming’ of this kind has offered respite for wishful thinkers for a quarter of a century. It continues to kindle hope even among some of the most hopeless.

Sagacious Revivalism

For the nomenklatura, the notions of All-Under-Heaven and Shared Des- tiny underpin the role of the Party in the state; they see these ideas as closely aligned with the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist ideology that justifies the Party’s leading role. While the formulation Shared Destiny might be relatively new, party thinkers have always emphasised that the Party gives political expression to a community of shared aspirations and val- ues. In earlier eras the vanguard of this community was the rev- olutionary workers and , and later the worker-peasant- soldier triumvirate of the Mao era. In the post-1978 reform era, Deng Xiaoping added intellectuals to the community and the Jiang Zemin dec- ade of the 1990s folded business people and capitalists into its embrace as well. Under Hu Jintao, who led the party collective in the first decade xxxi xxx CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé ter, Deputy Director of the China Mayors’ Association Association Mayors’ China the of Director Deputy ter, 副会长 Ye Xiangzhen Tigers Explain Tigers and eldest daughter of Marshall Ye Jianying Ye Jianying Marshall of daughter eldest and the founders of the PLA): Head of the All-China Academy Academy Confucius All-China the of Head Tao Siliang 协会 Photo: powerapple.com niece ofZhouEnlai Zhou Bingdeisthe : pursuing campaign anti-corruption the out carrying in Jinping Xi Secretary General support and role positive natural, our play to us for time is It revolutionaries. of generation second the of] [a member I am, what just that’s because Generation Second aRed I’m that admit to willing I’m forward. it carry will we because lustre, its lose ever will gene this that are not easily corruptible. easily not are speaking, relatively and, fathers their by influenced profoundly are They nation. the for themselves tyr mar and blood shed to willing were they that fact the generation, parents’ their of struggles and ity frugal the witnessed Generation Second Red The to bequeathed parents our blood of heritage the and revolution Through , member of the Fourth Generation of film-makers of film-makers Generation Fourth of the , member 陶斯亮

叶向真 reform to the end. the to reform

, the pre-1966 Party elder Tao Zhu’s Tao Zhu’s elder Party pre-1966 , the , also known as Lingzi Lingzi as known , also us the Red Gene Gene Red the us Agency and niece of former premier Zhou Enlai Enlai Zhou premier former of niece and Agency Zhou Bingde placing the People and the Nation above all. of parents their from tradition the inherited have they that is corruption in involved rarely very only are background Generation Second aRed from bureaucrats that reason The 周秉德 红色基因 叶剑英 中华孔子学会 凌子 , former Deputy Chief of the China News News China the of Chief Deputy , former , Deputy , Deputy . I don’t believe believe . I don’t (one of 陶铸 - - 中国市长 daugh Photo: Sina.cn business powerful inbothpoliticsand remains oneofChina’smost Ye Xiangzhen.TheYe family -

com Photo: zhts20062006.lofter. Tao Siliang 周恩来 :

Hu Muying 胡木英, the daughter of Party prop- agandist and writer extraordinaire Hu Qiaomu 胡乔木, and the organiser of The Children of Yan’an 北京延安儿女联谊会:

The Centre under General Secretary Xi Jinping has raised high the banners of ‘Opposing the Four Winds’, Anti-Corruption Pro-Frugality and Mass Line . These Three Banners are backed up by real action against the ill-winds ‘It is for real now! The breeze is blow- ing away the evil air,’ said Hu Muying and pernicious miasma that has suffused when she convened The Children of our world for many years, and he has taken the Yan’an at Spring Festival in 2014. Hu Muying is the daughter of the late Hu knife to both Tigers and Flies. Qiaomu, a former politburo member and writer who served both Mao This is a Life and Death Struggle! I sincerely Zedong and Deng Xiaoping Photo: dvpd.com.cn hope that our Red Second Generation will clearly recognise the [gravity of the] situation, and during this struggle firmly support and closely coordinate with our Central Committee led by General Secretary Xi Jinping so that we can contribute our meagre energies, carry on the revolutionary legacy of our fathers’ generation of party members, pass on and enhance the positive energy of the past, discover and support all of society’s healthy energies, not create interference by means of distracting broadsides, not create more problems than we help resolve, not believe in or spread rumours, not interfere with the strategy of the Centre and, like our fathers before us, and for the sake of the enterprise of the Party and the greater good of the People, to cast aside our individual needs, overcome our present or historical resentments and grudges, unite as one and work to make China wealthy and strong and realise the great dream of the renaissance of the Chinese nation. xxxiii xxxii CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé mon’ or ‘co-joined’. From the Red SamaritanLeiFengmon’ or‘co-joined’. collective suffuses thepublic life of thePeople’sRepublic. Thecontributors Jinping’s China‘WestJinping’s Korea’ of conscience in every sphere, have even led some Beijing wits to call Xi 1989 purge, uprooting thesprouts of civil societyandpersecutingpeople Internet, dissent repressing with a vigour notseensincethe post-4 June ty, on traditional values over Western norms,onquelling the boisterous ite terms inaword cloudintheshapeof theChinesecharacter Shared Destiny. Thecover of thisYearbook dists preferto days,it these call issuffused withideasof collective and martyr party member JiaoYulu Source: chineseposters.net Emulate Comrade JiaoYulu, GoodStudent Comrade MaoZedong’s Party education and propaganda, or ‘publicity’ as China’s propagan - 西朝鲜 焦裕禄 . , to PLAheroics, the ethosof the includes many of theirfavour - collective, on Party probi- newed emphasis onthe ty legitimacytoday. Are forms thebedrock of Par- of Chinese society, that communities and strata 中华民族 ests of the‘Chinese nation’ Party represents theinter- is just thisclaim,that the revolutionary edge. But it Union of having lostits when accusingtheSoviet as revisionist inthe 1960s denounced his colleagues Maoand — anexpression a party of ‘all the people’ became finally Party nist ry, theChineseCommu- centu- twenty-first the of 雷锋 includingallthe to themodel 共 ‘com- - to this Yearbook examine this topic from various angles. Paradoxically, it was under the rubric of collectivity during the Maoist era that the greatest damage was inflicted on Chinese individuals and families. Today, China promises that its revived collective mentality, shored up by a piecemeal use of traditional political thinking, is the only way to realise national goals, even as many observers note that the collective aspirations articu- lated and pursued by the state will come at a high cost, perhaps making it impossible for Chinese society to become mature, modern, self-aware and politically responsible even as it becomes rich and prosperous. In its stead, we see another Chinese leader drawing inspiration not only from modern political ideology but also from the tradition of state to promote their vision for China. In our 2013 Yearbook, Civilising China, we noted attempts in the 1930s by the Nationalist lead- er Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 to modern- ise the Republic of China by employing ideas and values from the Confucian past in his New Life Movement 新生活 運動. Today, Xi Jinping refers to the body of thinking and practice that was used by dynastic leaders for over two millennium to re-introduce Confucian ideas about virtue, morality, hierarchy, acceptable behaviour, social cohesion and prosperity (the countervailing ele- ments of Confucianism that supported dissent, criticism of excessive power and humanity are quietly passed over). A punctilious Xi Jinping has also called for the institution of new state ceremo- nies that will intermesh with numerous new regulations regarding how public Jiao Yulu, the model cadre officials should comport themselves Source: chineseposters.net xxxv xxxiv CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé a Greater EastAsiaCo-prosperity Sphere perialism andimposing itsown rule,announcedthat itwould construct omy was bestplaced to lead the region by expelling Western im- made itclearthat as Asia’ssuperior power/econ nation/race/military gional harmony, in 1940 the Japanese imperial government, which bly Hsi-sheng ghost-written partytheorist,T’ao by Chiang’s Kai-shek’s 1943 wartime book Chiang of echoes find we pronouncements such In funds. public use and internally, as well as externally. While many in Asia and the Pacific may Pacific the and Asia in many externally.While as well internally,as every sphere of activity — will continue to shape the country’s behaviour of China’s Maoistera—that of the collective outweighing the individual in China more confidently engages in global governance, anand as abiding element discourse, official Chinese in embedded further becomes theme nity of SharedDestiny during the APECSummit held inBeijing. As this that earlier era. Shared Destiny, somerecallthe grand rhetoric, and failed ambitions, of talk of creating inEastAsiaaharmoniousregionorCommunity of Realms Under One Rule. It is hardly surprising then that with renewed All-Under-Heaven. InJapanese this was calledhakkō ichiu Japanese versionof thetianxia wouldan age-old realise Source: blog.goo.ne.jp/nihon-revival ichiu hakkō Eight RealmsUnderOneRule Prior to Chiang Kai-shek’s talk of destiny, joint concerns and re In November 2014,XiJinping returnedto thetopic of theCommu-

八紘一宇

China’s Destiny Communist Party. the Chinese of vision fining entirely theincreasingly con- partners will want to share China’s neighboursortrade lic, itishardly certainthat destiny to thePeople’sRepub bound by aneconomicshared indeed concede that they are 《中國之命運》 大東亞共榮圏 八紘一宇 陶希聖 . Thesphere (most proba- vision of ). , Eight - - -

China’s Destiny: Quotations from Generalissimo Chiang To make China strong and independent, it is necessary that all citizens, from the highest to the lowest, must be united in one purpose; that we rouse ourselves for thorough reform, eliminate frivolity by insisting upon honesty, and discourage indolence by upholding active endeavor. Our thinking must be realistic, our living disciplined; our duties must be per- formed with a sense of responsibility, and our actions must be orderly; and we must seek the truth through practical work, and progressively strive for improvement. Only in this way can China stand on a footing of equality in the Family of Nations and share the responsibility for permanent world peace and the liberation of mankind.

Our Chinese nation must crystalise into a solid, rocklike body of national defense, needless to say, no individual may Nationalist Party leader Chiang Kai-shek’s 1943 wartime book enjoy the ‘freedom’ of a loose grain of sand. …[I]n the rela- China’s Destiny tion between the individual and the state, whether during or Photo: bbs.tiexue.net after the war, ‘individual freedom’ of the type of loose grains of sand cannot be tolerated.

If China’s adult citizens cannot unite on a large scale, our unity cannot long endure, and we shall experience the humiliation and shame of being ‘a pan of loose sand’ [一盤散沙] and be laughed at for our ‘five minutes of boiling blood’ 五分鐘的熱血[ ].

If our internal affairs are unified, if the strength of our state is centralized, and if, in ad- dition, all the citizens can join in a united effort, then China’s destiny may be epitomized by the following words: ‘Be sincere and united, uphold the Government and obey the law’; and in that event, China’s destiny will be independence and liberty.

It has been previously stated that the inherent virtues of the Chinese people consist of the ability to endure humiliation, accept responsibility, understand thrift, and possess a sense of honor. Because the Chinese people possess these virtues, they are not afraid of strong enemies, and do not take advantage of minorities and the weak, but rather apply their traditional principle of magnanimity, and treat others as they wish to be treated themselves. For this reason they have been for thousands of years the leaders of the people of Asia in ‘preserving the perishing and sus- taining those that might be destroyed’, and in ‘helping the weak and assisting the fallen’. As a consequence, there is no historical evidence of economic exploitation or of po- litical domination of the peoples of Asia during the period when China was strong and prosperous; nor was there any imperialism or colonialism.

[A]fter China has become independent and strong, she will definitely not wish the sufferings she has endured to be

Chiang Kai-shek inflicted upon other countries, and furthermore, after the Source: chenmodemaque.blog.163. overthrow of Japanese imperialism, she will not even con- com sider assuming the mantle of Japanese imperialism with the idea of ‘leading Asia’. xxxvii xxxvi CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé value for theengaged public. sciences. The resulting admix has, we believe, both policy relevance and by supportingthat research humanities-led engages actively with the social CIW encouragespolitical, economicandculturalrealities. such anapproach while attempting to understandthebroad spectrumof China’s socio- one thatthe forces, considers and ideasatpersonalities work inChina allow for amoreholisticapproach to thestudy of contemporary China: Seventieth George E Morrison Lectureat ANU. The Centre was created to minister, theHonKevin Rudd MP, inAprilofon theoccasion 2010 the ment–ANU initiative that was announcedby thenAustralian prime from various otherperspectives. CIWisaCommonwealth Govern- China Story It ispartof(ANU). abroad undertakingaimedat understandingThe on China in the World (CIW) at The Australian National University China Story Yearbook isaproject initiated by theAustralian Centre The politics, social activism and law, , the Internet, cultural mores China in theWorld. They survey China’s regional posture, urban change, Destiny greater insightsinto andnecessary Chinaanditsplaceintheworld. international academy,metrics-obsessed but they may readily fail to offer who pursue narrow approaches disciplinary to China today well serve the Socialism with Chinese Characteristics thinking and agendas in the guise ofan understanding of neo-liberal the dialecticprestidigitations of MaoZedongThought. Similarly, itrequires and ideas Marxist-Leninist of influence abiding the appreciate literature, China toChinese thought,history befamiliarwithbasicclassical and Chairman of Everything requires the serious student of contemporary China is agifttoXi Jinping’s theNew Sinologist, for theworld of the the disparate living traditions of Chinese thought, language and culture. Sinology, that isastudy of Chinaunderpinned by anunderstanding of

Most of thescholarsand writers whose work features inShared The Australian Centre on China in the World promotes a New China Story Yearbook are membersof orareassociated with the Australian Centre on 中国的故事 , both as portrayed by official China, and China, official by portrayed as both , 具有中国特色的社会主义 . Those and arts, history and thought during the second year of Xi Jinping’s tenure as party-state leader. Their contributions cover the years 2013–2014, updat- ed to December 2014, and offer an informed perspective on recent develop- ments in China and what these may mean for the future. Shared community, shared values, the imposition of collectivity — it is under such a system that difference is discriminated against, policed and co- erced. The account in this Yearbook is a sobering one. We position our story between two plenary sessions of the , the Third Plenum of the Eighteenth Party Congress in November 2013, which focused on economics, and which is the topic of Chapter 1 by Jane Golley, and the final chapter by Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nesossi, which concentrates on the new legal regime under Xi Jinping, the theme of the Party’s Fourth Ple- num in October 2014. In Chapter 2, Richard Rigby and Brendan Taylor look more closely at Xi’s foreign policy, an area which saw some major missteps in 2013 and 2014, perhaps due to what we might well call the Maoist style of Xi and his advising generals. This approach has been celebrated in the official Chinese media as a form of ‘foreign policy acupuncture’ 点穴外交. I would suggest that the general tactics used — action, reaction, recalibration, withdrawal — is a disruptive style that recalls Mao’s famous Sixteen-charac- ter Mantra 十六字诀 on guerilla warfare: ‘When the enemy advances, we re- treat; when the enemy makes camp we harass; when the enemy is exhausted we fight; and, when the enemy retreats we pursue’敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌 疲我打，敌退我追. It is an approach that purposely creates an atmosphere of uncertainty and tension. To appreciate the mindset behind such a strategy students of China need to familiarise themselves with such Maoist classics as On Guerilla Warfare《论游击战》and On Contradiction《矛盾论》. Chapter 3, by Jeremy Goldkorn, looks at the cordoning of the Chinese Internet from a world wide web that proffers a community of shared infor- mation, while in Chapter 4, Gloria Davies considers how official China talks to and about itself. In Chapter 5, Carolyn Cartier examines the shared desti- nies of people flooding Chinese cities from the countryside and the common spaces shared by Chinese tourists and immigrants around the world. xxxix xxxviii CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Under One Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé rials areavailable onlineat: http://thechinastory.org/dossier/ under discussion.Footnotes andtheCIW–Danwei Archive of sourcemate The Chronology at theendof thevolume provides anoverview of theyear of finally,topic the Tomba,and, Luigi by global Li Ran Wernli designed thebookandcover image. uscript, and to Lindy Allenand Sharon Strange for typesetting. Markuz her extensive and painstaking editorial work on various drafts of the man- formation windows in chapters. We aredeeply grateful to Linda Jaivin for vant to theproject, aswell ashelped to compile thematerial usedinthe- — who provided updates and English-language material of Chinese- rele codify family values, in particular in XiJinping speeches by Benjamin Penny; anessay onrulesthat seekto These includeanoverview of andculturalreferencesliterary theclassical chapters oroffer a dedicated discussionof atopic of relevance to theyear. tics, people and events. Forums, or ‘interstices’, expand on the contents of information windows that highlight particular words, issues, ideas, statis leagues at Danwei MediainBeijing — Joel Martinsen,AidenXia Linda Jaivin and Jeremy Goldkorn, has worked closely with Jeremy’s col- The editorial group that hasoverseenthis project, GeremieRBarmé, Acknowledgements policy ontheartsby LindaJaivin; Chinesecinemaby QianYing Groot; thepoliticsofGerry protest inTaiwan by Mark Harrison;official by Rebecca Fabrizi; by David relations Murphy; and Sino-European portraitsof Sino-Russian temporary Chineseartby ChenShuxia a meditation on the concept of the right to speak or huayuquan look at confusingtimesfor foreign businessinChina by Antony Dapiran; Chapters arearranged thematically and they are interspersed with 李然 , Jay Wang a discussion of the United Front work of the Party by 王造玢 , Tessa Thorniley and Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon filial piety, by Zou Shu Cheng 陈淑霞 shared airby Wuqiriletu. ; Chinesefamiliesgoing . 钱颖 邹述丞

夏克余 话语权 ; con- ; a - - - ,

The Cover Image

The Yearbook cover consists of a word cloud

in the shape of the character 共 gong, ‘shared’, 集体主义共亲亲 假公济私 敬大臣 修身同呼吸同圈 子 意 识 柔远人 自同生同死 立 共 同 前 进 大 义 灭 亲 忧 患 意公 识 柔远人 诚信 信 来百工共 共公而忘利 同呼 命 运 吸 力 圈 子 意 识 双 赢 同 呼 吸 同生同死 ‘collective’ or ‘common’, followed by the three 铁面 治民富民 修 身 无私 大我小我 双 烹小鲜 共同命运 赢 尊贤 族群意识 自立自强 假同呼吸 公 济 私 廉洁奉公 体群臣 共同繁荣族群意识 动真格的 服务国家 大我小我 铁面无私 同舟 自 共济 尊 普强 天 同 庆 亲 烹小鲜 体群臣 修 贤 亲 铁面无私 身 亲 亲 尊 诚共 信 共同前进贤 共 患尊贤 遇柔 难 人 other characters that make up the expression 诚 信公信力 执行力 ·公 信远 力

普 天 同 庆 亲亲

烹 小鲜 Shared Destiny 共同命运, the theme of this 藏 污 纳 垢 治民富民·爱民敬民·动真格的·服务国家 孤掌难鸣 诚 信 克 己 复 尊 同 呼 吸 礼 贤 铁 面 无 私 损人 公 克 集体 铁 信 集体主义 修身 主义 力 损公亲 亲 克己奉公 损公肥私 爱民敬民 治民富民 风雨同舟 面 肥私 公而 忘利 己 普 天 同双 庆 体群臣柔远人 服务国家 爱民敬民 共 复 无 修 子庶民 执行力 赢 个人主义身 多难兴邦利己礼 烹 私鲜 book. 共 诚尊贤 信诚信尊 贤小 公 信力尊 贤 执 行 力 自私自爱 子 庶 民 共

圈 一 心 为 公 亲 同 前 进 子 自私风雨同舟 亲 亲 意 集体主义·惠诚睦和 自利 廉洁 烹 小 鲜 The word cloud features expressions and 识 亲 奉公 尊 修身、尊贤、亲亲、 体群臣、子庶民、柔远人。 诚信 贤 执行力 尊 圈子意识同呼吸 共同繁荣 贤 烹小鲜 亲亲 公而忘利 克己奉公 廉洁奉公· 惠诚睦和 廉洁奉公 同呼吸 柔远人 怀诸唯我独尊侯诚 惠诚 修身 信 修身 共同 家园 亲亲 睦和 尊贤体群臣 多 难兴邦共 克己复礼 official clichés that have gained purchase, or 集体主义 共同命运 惠诚睦和 同呼吸 renewed currency in the Xi Jinping era. For example, the top left-hand corner of the char- acter gong includes such terms as: ‘self-culti- Edited by Geremie R Barmé with Linda Jaivin and Jeremy Goldkorn Cover of the China Story Yearbook vation’ 修身, taken from the Confucian clas- 2014 with a word cloud, featuring expressions and official clichés in sic The Great Learning《大学》; ‘breathing the shape of the character 共 gong Artwork: Markuz Wernli the same air’ 同呼吸; ‘sincerity and trust’ 诚 信; and, ‘advancing together’ 共同前进. Or, in the top right-hand corner: ‘self-reliant and self-strengthening’ 自立自强; ‘exploit the public to benefit the private’ 假公济私; and, ‘mollify people from afar’ 柔远人. Other terms date from the Maoist era (1949–1978) of the People’s Republic or earlier, expressions that feature in Xi’s remarks on the Community of Shared Des- tiny, or in pronouncements contained in his ever-expanding ‘series of im- portant speeches’. As mentioned earlier, the Xi era is a boon for the New Sinologist: in today’s China, party-state rule is attempting to preserve the core of the cloak-and-dagger Leninist state while its leaders tirelessly repeat Maoist dicta which are amplified by socialist-style neo-liberal policies wedded to cosmetic institutional Confucian conservatism. The Yearbook word cloud cover, which employs the white-on-red palette used for billboards featuring party slogans and exhortations, was designed by Markuz Wernli and succinctly reflects this exercise in the incommensurable. x CHINA STORY YEARBOOK FORUM 1 2014 All That is Old l FORUM FORUM ALL THAT IS OLD

Classic Xi Jinping: On Acquiring Moral Character · BENJAMIN PENNY

Institutionalising Filial Piety · ZOU SHU CHENG 邹述丞 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Classic Xi Jinping 5 4 2014 Benjamin Penny CLASSIC XI JINPING: ON ACQUIRING MORAL CHARACTER

Benjamin Penny

n September 2013, Reuters reported and prescribing a treatment of faith, I‘three independent sources’ as say- Xi seems to go one step further. This ing that Xi Jinping believes China is does not herald a wholesale liberal- ‘losing its moral compass’ as a result isation of the party-state’s approach of the country’s extraordinary eco- to religion. Rather, Xi reportedly said nomic growth and the national mania that while ‘traditional cultures will not for making money. Xi believes that be comprehensively popularised … Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism attacks on them will be avoided’. For can help to provide a moral bulwark the leader of an officially atheist ruling against corruption. One of Reuters’ party to make these statements is, if sources claimed that Xi realises his true, extraordinary. anti-corruption campaign can only Xi’s respect, even reverence, for ‘cure symptoms’ while ‘reform of the traditional Chinese cultural traditions political system and faiths are needed (and their usefulness in the present) to cure the disease of corruption’. extends to and phi- Former president Hu Jintao had losophy: he leavens his political es- famously claimed that Confucianism says, speeches and commentaries on would help construct a ‘harmonious contemporary society with quotations society’. In diagnosing a moral illness in literary Chinese from both pre-mod- at the heart of contemporary China ern and ancient texts. No leader in CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Classic Xi Jinping 7 6 2014 Benjamin Penny 2014. tions from which are translated here, appeared in the six selec of the articles, firstbehaviour feature This officials. public and ofparty cusses itsrelevance to China today, with a focus onthe appropriate values and forquotation,source translationeach the a into dis briefly and Chinese modern the people’ and ‘the principles of government’. The ‘All-Under-Heaven’ officials’, of virtues ‘the ‘learning’, cles grouping Xi’schosenquotations undertheheadingsof ‘cultivating morality’, People’s Republic of China’sfirst,MaoZedong. China has so ostentatiously drawn from the Chinese literary tradition since the Source: paper.people.com.cn useofclassicalaphorismsaspromotedbythe Xi Jinping’s In MayDaily 2014,thePeople’s 人民日报 People’s Daily People’s helpfully published six feature arti- People’s Daily

天下, ‘thefoundations of People’s Daily editor provides on 8 May - - The Chairman says: Xi Jinping quotes the classics

Wherever the will urges, no- As if we were on the brink of a where is too far to venture: deep gulf,

Neither mountains nor seas can As if we were treading on thin contain it. ice.

If there is will, no barrier can The Book of Songs, stop it: Zhou dynasty, translated by James Legge The best armies and toughest armour are no defence.

The Complete Anthology of Quoted in Xi Jinping’s speech at Aphorisms, the celebratory conference mark- ing the eightieth anniversary of the Quoted in Xi Jinping’s speech at the establishment of the Central Party National Organisational Work Confer- School, and the opening ceremo- ence, 28 June 2013. ny of the 2013 Spring Festival term, 1 March 2013. Commentary:

Why does one become an official? Commentary: What is being an official for? Is it just When Xi Jinping quoted these words to secure a job for life and profit from he was explaining that leading cadres a steady flow of cash? Or is it to take of the Party should always revere the hold of an official seal and use power authority that is granted to them by for personal gain? Or is it to serve the the people and respect the confidence people? One’s values determine the that is placed in them by the organisa- answer to these questions. Leading tion. They should use that power with cadres all face the three big questions: great caution and never become even ‘Who is it for?’, ‘Who can I rely on?’ the least bit lazy. and ‘Who am I?’ Before answering these three questions, they must first ask themselves, ‘Where is my will?’ CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Classic Xi Jinping 9 8 2014 Benjamin Penny 2007. whether you feel guilt. stantly consult your conscience to see el for peoplepastand present. Con- Oneself when Alone’ has been a mod- slipped into the abyss. ‘Watching Over their good heart, they would nothave restrained their greed and guarded of goodness. Ifthey had promptly thisuneaseistheroot felt ill-at-ease: they abribe, taking first or after later, sooner that say officials corrupt In their letters of repentance many Commentary: Conversations inZhejiang Oneself WhenAlone”’from hisNew the Elevated Realm of “Watching Over Quoted in when heisalone. man iswatchful over himself, minute. Therefore thesuperior ing moremanifest thanwhat is than what issecret,andnoth- There isnothingmorevisible translated by James Legge Xi Jinping, ‘Seeking Out Western Handynasty, The Record of Ritual

之江新语 , the morethereisanoverdraft ontrust. reality. The more beautiful the words, trusted as they are notgrounded in wise, but those opinions can never be making unfounded opinions sound across many people who are good at social interaction. Inreality, we come Trust is the foundational morality of other. each in confidence express we continuous interchange, and it is how We understand each other through bles the transmission of information. people from theanimals.Speechena- through speech. This is what separates People aresocialanimalswho relate Commentary: Cases, Escapefrom OldModels,2006. Quoted inXiJinping, Act onReal speech? out trust,how canitbeconsidered trust. Ifsomethingisspoken with speech to bespeechbecause of considered aperson?We consider unable tohow canhebe speak, because of speech.Ifapersonis We considerpeopleto bepeople The GuliangCommentary onthe Spring andAutumn Annals, Warring States period

-

Following goodness is like climbing a mountain, following evil is like being swept away in a landslide.

The Discourses of the States, Warring States period

Quoted in Xi Jinping’s speech at the Symposium for Outstanding Youth Delegates from All Walks of Life, 4 May 2013.

Commentary:

If people are strictly disciplined almost any problem can be overcome. But if there is no external supervision, it is very hard to overcome moral inertia and always to be aware of nurturing a good heart. If people want to abandon Classical clichés: moon, bamboo, scrolls and scholars Source: cpc.people.com.cn evil and follow good, they have to have a powerful faith in their hearts for a bulwark. They also need good teachers and helpful friends for mutual criti- cism. They must be strong in their res- olution, and careful with the friends they make. This is especially important for young leading cadres. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Classic Xi Jinping 11 10 2014 Benjamin Penny ume theheavy responsibilityof history? courage. Ifnot,thenhow willwe ass- surmounted and we canadvance with ambitions thenallobstaclescanbe If leadingcadresholdtrueto their people lookingonfrom thesidelines. ten facedoubtsandevasions, andsee In thiscrucialperiodof reform we of Commentary: 1990, from Castoff , 1992. Taking up a Government Post’,March Quoted in man cannotbetaken from him. but thewillof even acommon a large state may becarriedoff, The commander of the forces of The Analects,Zhoudynasty translated by James Legge Xi Jinping, ‘A Discussion on the aphorisms,publishedby a publicationinspired by XiJinping’s Photo: pph166.com Calm the World — Classical Chinese Governance and Wisdom and Governance Chinese Classical — World the Calm People’s Daily Daily People’s - their hearts. anchor of morality and justice’ is in ‘the where themselves ask first must situations without complaint, they difficult the and arrogance showing To handle theeasy situations without cult tasks, but also many temptations. diffi- and dangerous many with faced In this new period, leading cadres are Commentary: 1 March2013. ny of the2013SpringFestival term, School, and the opening ceremo establishment of theCentral Party ing the eightieth anniversary of the the celebratory conference mark speechatQuoted in XiJinping’s Overseas Publishing House in 2015 Overseas PublishingHouse in2015 and force to make himbend. from principle,andof power condition to make himswerve sipated, of poverty andmean and honoursto make himdis To beabove thepower of riches Mencius, Warring States period, translated by James Legge , - - -

You may shatter rock but you The gentleman constantly cannot take away its hardness, examines himself for transgres- you may grind cinnabar but you sions cannot take away its redness. Kangcangzi, Tang dynasty The Springs and Autumns of Mister Lü, Qin dynasty Quoted in Xi Jinping, ‘Being a Man and Being an Official’ from hisNew Conver- Quoted in Xi Jinping’s speech at the sations in Zhejiang, 2007. Meeting for Summarising the First Commentary: Stage of the Mass Line Educational Campaign and Planning the Second Capable men are tolerant so they are Stage. unwilling to point out your short- comings. Lesser men flatter you as they Commentary: have a favour to ask. Relatives will sub- mit to your whims because they cher- Hardness is an intrinsic quality of ish you. Over time, these conditions rock, and red is the natural colour of can easily give rise to an illusion of cinnabar. It is impossible to change perfection. The process of cultivation these characteristics with force. Ap- must be like looking into a mirror, con- plying this to people, is it possible for stantly reflecting on yourself, inspect- leading cadres to withstand trials and ing yourself for insufficiencies. tribulations in today’s comprehensive deepening of reform? Faced with com- plex situations and all kinds of induce- ments they must first ask themselves, ‘What are the intrinsic qualities of a Communist Party member?’

Classical Aphorisms of Xi Jinping, published by the People’s Daily Overseas Publishing House in 2015 Photo: theory.people.com.cn CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Classic Xi Jinping 13 12 2014 Benjamin Penny of theancients. es that come directly from the wisdom with virtue.Inthisthey follow practic- integrity, concerned and are primary pay great attention to both ability and the central authorities employ peoplethey when Nowadays, official. an as and a prerequisite for seekinga career plishment for thoseingovernment, ulate the body’ is an essential accom- ing able to ‘cultivate the heart and reg- individuals isthemostbasicthing.Be real people.The cultivation level of tem is, it must be put into practice by exquisitely organised apoliticalsys The Chinese understandthat however Commentary: sations inZhejiang, Being an Official’ from his Quoted inXiJinping, ‘BeingaManand to govern All-Under-Heaven. the body, thenyou willbeable Cultivate theheartandregulate Book of History, Songdynasty Wang Anshi,Commentary on the ‘Great Plan’sectionof the 2007. New Conver- - - tions. institu- and ideology our in confident our path of development, andremain contemporary realities,stay sure on ourselves in historical conditionsand Wemestic circumstances. must base faces complex international and do development China’s profit. a make to reform, and all manner of temptation offace allsorts cadres dilemmas in around. In this new period, leading and tough when buffeted and blown is infertile, and remains stubborn Bamboo grows tall even in soil that Commentary: 2014. inspecting PekingUniversity, 4May speech whenQuoted in Xi Jinping’s are blown inalldirections. beatings, nomatter that you ter 1000buffetings and10,000 Remaining hardandstrong af Zheng Banqiao, ‘BambooRocks’, Qing dynasty - -

CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Institutionalising Filial Piety 15 14 2014 Zou Shu Cheng 邹述丞 INSTITUTIONALISING FILIAL PIETY

Zou Shu Cheng 邹述丞

drunken man surnamed Dong an amendment of the original 1996 A walked into a Chongqing po- law of the same name that identified lice station one evening in late 2013, the rights and responsibilities of old- shouting, ‘I’m denouncing my son in er citizens. These include the respon- the name of righteousness!’ 大义灭亲. sibility of the state to provide His son’s ‘crime’ was to have invited as well as social programs that utilise his mother, who had abandoned the the expertise and knowledge of the el- family ten years earlier, to his thirtieth derly. birthday dinner. Mr Dong had stormed out of the dinner and gone straight to the police station. He felt entitled to denounce his son for neglect because the traditional supreme Confucian vir- tue of ‘filial piety’孝 , the responsibility of sons and daughters to respect and look after their parents, is enshrined in the amended Law of Protection of the Rights and Interests of Elderly Peo- The burden of filial piety Source: China Youth Newspaper, edu.163.com ple 老年人权益保障法, which came into effect on 1 July 2013. The 2013 law was CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Institutionalising Filial Piety 17 16 2014 Zou Shu Cheng 邹述丞 的美德 one childto lookafter them. parents in the future will only have policy means most elderly one-child recognising that the long-standing shoulder more of the burden of care, and encourages localgovernments to toaccess andpensions socialservices improvescessions on basic services, parents. The law also increasescon- responsibility of children to their elderly’ turing theelderly and assisting the virtues of respecting theelderly, nur- as ‘promoting the Chinese nation’s Source: gz.xinhuanet.com Stone sculpture of a filial son, Fenggang county,Guizhouprovince Stone sculptureofafilialson,Fenggang The 2013law states itspurpose . Key provisions relate to the 弘扬中华民族敬老养老 、 助老 on thefamous‘Twenty-four Filial Acts’ ucation campaign about the newlaw governments based a 2013 public ed- ty (221–206BCE).Fifteen majorcity behaviour date backto theQindynas ‘unfilial’ for children their nouncing than 200million peopleover the age today’s law. In2013,therewere more ic representation. for example) promoted through graph - his father’sto faeces his health, assess tasting son (a behaviours filial tesque 1368), exemplary andoccasionally gro 二十四孝 Practical considerations guide Legal casesinvolving parents de

of the Yuan dynasty (1271– - - - of sixty in China, some fifteen percent capable of looking after their parents. of the population. By 2030, roughly Although the law divvies up respon- one in four Chinese will be over sixty. sibility for caring for the elderly be- Widespread media speculation about tween individuals, local and national a pension fund deficit created panic governments, the burden falls most and led the Ministry of Human Re- heavily on those born in the 1980s and sources and Social Security to claim in beyond. Others, including micro-blog- February 2014 that the fund was 400 gers, claim the law sets the bar too billion yuan in surplus. Still, the case high, leaving most children vulnerable highlights some of the challenges the to accusations of being ‘unfilial’ — a country faces. complaint made about the original Critics of the filiality law argue Yuan-dynasty precepts as well. that the primary responsibility for As for Dong, it turned out that he aged care ought to lie with society, not was only fifty-eight. His son is safe for individuals, many of whom may be in- another two years, at least legally.

Filial piety set in stone Source: haiwai.people.com.cn CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 19 18 2014 Jane Golley MARKUZ CH 1 GREAT EXPECTATIONS Jane Golley THIRD PLENUMS, typically held a year after the instalment of a new team of Com- munist Party leaders, had delivered major breakthroughs in the past. Deng Xiaoping fa- mously initiated the process that would be- come known as Reform and Opening Up at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Commit- tee in December 1978. And both President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang had signalled a strong commitment to reigniting the reform process. The pressure was on.

Image: The Square and Circle Mansion, Shenyang, Liaoning province Source: Aaron Sorell/Flickr CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 23 22 2014 Jane Golley that: ‘Overall, the Plenum results present a necessary but not a sufficient a not but necessary a present results Plenum the ‘Overall, that: and International Studies in the , for example, to conclude in theResolutionto enable DanielRosenfrom theCentrefor Strategic howshould be run.Thereappearedto economies beenoughevidence about ideas neo-liberal with agenda reform China’s of confluence parent shape, even ifthedifficulttask of implementation remains. sides, therhetoric of adecisive role for markets hasbegunto take practical vironmental management (No. 53).Ineach of these, and many more be (No.zones and implementing 25) user-pay systems forand en- resource market mechanisms(No. 12), acceleratingof theconstruction trade free financial perfecting 11), (No. areas rural and urban in development for regulation of markets (No. 9),uniform regulations for theselling of land These included guaranteeing property rights (No. 5),fairand transparent of the‘SixtyDecisions’that appearin the Resolution’s sixteen sections. many in reflected was this that argued He economy’. the in intervention relation- ship between government and market, andto reducedirectgovernment the redefine to need ‘the emphasised it, saw he as vision, The blueprint for reform, but rather a‘visionstatement plusaTo-Do list’. ented economicreform’. a prolonged processof restoring credibilityandmomentum to market-ori- milestone ‘a in becoming it’, on expectations placed the ‘basicallyfulfilled University of California, SanDiego, declaredthat theThird Plenum had Naughton,March 2014,Barry aspecialistin the Chinese economy at the how this would beachieved. Writing in the ChinaLeadershipMonitor in excitement, with analysts scouring thelengthy document for evidence of assigned a‘decisive’ role for themarket in China’s economy caused much ly Deepening Reform’ (henceforth ‘the Resolution’). That the Resolution tee passeda‘Resolution Concerning someMajorIssues in Comprehensive On 12November 2013,theThird Plenumof theEighteenth Central Commit The ResolutionandtheNeo-Liberal ChinaDream A numberof Western (andsomeChinese)analysts celebrated theap Naughton explained that the Resolution was not a comprehensive - - - -

Joe Hockey at the meeting of the G20 finance ministers Photo: cairnspost.com.au roadmap to economic development convergent with the interests of other economies, including the United States.’ Yet there is no perfect consensus about what these interests are, despite the frequent use of language that implies there is. At a meeting of the G20 finance ministers in Washington DC in March 2014, Joe Hockey, the Treasurer of the conservative ruling Australian Liberal Party, said that all nations should be urging China to move to full deregulation and open trading of its currency, claiming that ‘We all want it to move quicker… .’ (my italics) Ronald McKinnon, Emeritus of International Macroeconom- ics at Stanford University, however, argues forcefully that exchange rate stability, not flexibility, is optimal for China. He also contends that floating the RMB would do little to improve macroeconomic problems elsewhere. For McKinnon, the possibility that the Resolution might not produce ‘dra- matic breakthroughs’ on interest rates, the exchange rate and the capital account (the net change in private and public investments flowing in and out of the country), as Naughton suggests is likely, may not be such a bad thing after all. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 25 24 2014 Jane Golley ‘right path’ as defined by neo-liberals, ‘right path’you’ll bedisappointed. asdefined by neo-liberals, Itisn’t. onthe is China that evidence find to hoping Resolution the read you If num Decisions which is less consistent with this liberal camp, as Daniel Rosen put it, ‘there is plenty of language in the Ple they notbeignored. ological contributionsbut insiststhat predecessors, of allof XiJinping’s tion of aSocialistHarmoniousSociety).Itnotonly acknowledges theide construc the in balance emphasises (which Development Scientific and mote advanced socialist, Marxism-based culture and the serve ‘People’) must develop theadvanced productive forcesin China’s economy, pro ory, aswell astheThree Represents that (JiangZemin’s thePartytheory from Marxism-Leninism,MaoZedongThought and DengXiaopingThe The comprehensive deepening of reforms must take guidance,it insists, cialism with Chinese Characteristics under the leadership of the Party’. revolution’ to ‘develop and strengthen self-confidence in the system of So It stresses that the process of reform and opening up is a ‘new magnificent The first section of the Resolution lays out the guiding ideology for reform. System The ResolutionandChina’sPolitical-Economic cal System’ (VIII), ‘Strengthening and Restricting Supervision Systems for such as ‘Strengthening the Construction of the Socialist Democratic Politi - ument reiterates the centrality of the Party’s leadership roles in sections vides afundamental basisfor understanding where Chinaisheaded. the Resolution. Idonot seethisideology asbeingpurely rhetorical. Itpro ownership and state economic planning. All of these resonate throughout rule,public ownership of land,adominantare: single-party role for state While the Plenumprovided some degreeof satisfaction for theneo-

The principle of single-party rule is not open for discussion. The doc- The principle of single-party The four key principlesof Socialismwith Chinese Characteristics happy story’ (my italics). ------The Third Plenum of the Chinese Communist Party’s Eighteenth Central Committee concludes in Beijing Photo: Xinhua the Operation of Power’ (X) and the final section on ‘Strengthening and Improving the Party’s Leadership over the Comprehensive Deepening of Reform’ (XVI). This final section calls for the establishment of a Communist Party Central Leadership Small Group (LSG) for the Comprehensive Deepening of Reform, which will have responsibility for the general design, overall co-ordination and implementation of reform. This LSG model has already spread throughout the Chinese political system — the provinces, prefec- tures, cities and central ministries — with Xi expecting the government to take the lead in economic reform at all levels (see Introduction ‘Under One Heaven’, p.vi) Naughton describes the LSG model as ‘mobilising through Communist Party channels in order to ensure that the government does less’. He then comments: ‘This is a peculiar approach to economic reform, and it might not work’ (my italics). Reflecting on nearly four decades of gradual and experimental reforms that, under its rule, have generated the longest peri- od of sustained growth in history, the Party could be forgiven for thinking that it just might. Section II of the Resolution on ‘Persisting in and Perfecting Basic Economic Institutions’ explicitly calls for ‘persisting in the dominant posi- CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 27 26 2014 Jane Golley ‘fundamental’ role they were given in the Third Plenum of 1993? Wasn’t for market forces as promoted in this Plenum mean much more than the and development of thelastthreeandahalfdecades?Does adecisive role acteristics. economic planning, the fourth principle of Socialismwith Chinese Char- in be 2016): it released is in itself acriticalcomponent of China’s state to full-scaleprivate landownership intheforeseeable future. lead not will simply reforms below), more which (on system this in flaws Whether you accept Ho’s argument or not, and regardless of the many China’s capital accumulation anddevelopment over thepastdecades’. security andtransparency, landhasbeenandstillis other market participants. Heasserts that ‘despite the lack of formality, agement system stems from endogenous interactionsbetween state and the Netherlands, for example, maintains that China’s evolving landman- of ChineseEconomy andDevelopment atUniversity Delft of Technology in sion and mortgaging of land — but notably and explicitly not ownership. transmis profit, use, possession, the to regard with rights greater enjoy ciple of ‘persistinginthecollective ownership ofwill ruralland’, farmers invest in and expand their on- and off-farm enterprises. Under the prin- rural householdstotheir incomefrom increase landrights,sothey can tion of landisnotanoption.TheResolution grants greater autonomy to duction, is an anathema For to neo-liberals. the Party, however, privatisa- public financesandimproving company governance structures. incometo bereturnedtosupervision, raisingtheshareof state-owned asset state-owned strengthening rights, property clearly-defined lishing estab include These economy’. state-owned the of influence and control ures that will be directed towards ‘incessantly strengtheningthevitality, tion of public ownership’. The section lays out the range of reform meas So, doestheThirdPlenumrepresent a milestone inChina’s reform Finally, the entire Resolution will inform the next Five-Year Plan (to Not everyone in the world finds this problematic. Peter Ho, Professor Public ownership of land, like state ownership of the means of pro a core drivera core of - - - -

The Rise of Chinese Internet Finance by Aiden Xia One area of applied science and business where China is a world-leading innovator and early adopter of new technologies and ideas is Internet-based financial services. These range from ‘wealth management products’ 理财产品 to mobile phone payment systems. Baidu 百度 , Alibaba 阿里巴巴 and Tencent 腾讯 (aka the BAT companies, see Chapter This building in Shenyang, Liaoning province, is known as the Square and Circle Mansion. It was en- 3 ‘The Chinese Internet: Unshared Desti- visioned by its Taiwan designer C Y Lee & Partners ny’, p.106) all operate mobile phone apps by to convey the city’s financial aspirations. It is in the shape of an ancient Chinese coin, known as a bi 币 which users can send money electronically to Photo: Aaron Sorell/Flickr friends, or pay taxis, restaurants and shops. The technology and platforms are already in place for large numbers of Chinese people to use their phones as virtual wallets. The only obstacles are government regulations and the reluc- tance of companies and merchants to accept a new form of payment. There is enthusiasm in some quarters of the government for the innovation that technology companies will bring to fi- nance: the big Internet companies are successfully applying for a growing range of licences that permit them to operate credit cards and other financial services. However, the very newness of the industry means regulators remain wary; for example, in March 2014, the central bank demanded Tencent and Alibaba halt their mobile payments systems, citing concerns over the security of their verification procedures. As of publication of thisYearbook , those payment sys- tems are working again, but the authorities have not issued clear guidelines for such services. The BATs also all offer online investment products that have so far yielded better interest rates than bank savings accounts. Alibaba’s Yu’ebao 余额宝, launched in 2013, was the first Internet-based fund. By June 2014, it claimed one hundred million users with 574.1 billion yuan under management. The company says most investors are under the age of thirty, and that they enjoyed an average annualised yield of 5.5 percent. The funds are friendly to small investors: some individuals invest as little as one hundred yuan. The companies invest a large part of the funds in intermediate- or long-term deposits at commercial banks to take advantage of high interest rates. Many traditional funds that hold a portfolio of shares in listed Chinese companies have begun to offer investment packages via online marketplaces like Alibaba’s Taobao. As for the Internet company products, minimum entry requirements for these are also very low. Another category of Internet finance is peer-to-peer or P2P lending. Websites such as PPDai.com allow investors with cash to connect with individuals and small businesses who need loans. Finally, China has a thriving market in Bitcoin. The Central Bank barred financial institu- tions from handling Bitcoin transactions in December 2013, ending a speculative boom by making it difficult for Chinese people to get cash into or out of the Bitcoin system. But the cryptocurrency itself is not illegal and there are still enthusiasts and startup Internet compa- nies offering related services such as the Bitcoin marketplace BtcChina.com. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 29 28 2014 Jane Golley points out: McNally as economy. Yet political sustainable and equitable efficient, an discussed in last year’s Yearbook, believe that only free markets can create ambitious and comprehensive reform agenda that theResolution setsout. 2012.’ For me,thecontinuity with the pastisjust as strikingdespite the just beginning to fathom, China different in2014isvery from China in in the Resolution lead Naughton to concludethat: ‘Inways that we are about strengthening the role of markets anyway? The details contained the Party’s decisionto reform andopenup the economy from 1978all As henotes, many including observers, Yasheng Huang which isessentially what theThird Plenum reform agenda isallabout. who hasanalysed China’s effortsto its politicaleconomy rebalance — economist Christopher McNally of Chaminade University of Honolulu, Xinhua’s Xinhua’s exceeding one hundred percent. assets) total to debt total of ratio 3,465 (the ratios that debt have showed governments also township and report town The 2014. August in Office Audit National the by released areport to according payments, aid in billion 46.1 and guarantees in yuan 11.6 owe billion and yuan, billion 307 of debts outstanding have these Collectively, districts. and counties under units administrative fourth-level townships, and towns 41,636 of a total has China Local Government Money. ‘No Debt: Really, No Money’ just twelve years ago but was already 700 million yuan in debt by last year. One official official One year. last by debt in yuan million 700 already was but ago years twelve just established was that China southern in city prefecture-level anew example an as named newspaper percent. The us.’ than shape worse in are twenty-five places of — lots least at worst-off the by not we’re drop And will year this revenue financial our prices, land ing no money. Really, no money. If ‘There’s you believedon’t me, check a creditor: it tell out with the China financebureau.’ northern in district urban an of head the hearing described reporter One services. basic deliver to order in more borrow to unable are debt, standing out old repay to struggling are who authorities, local some that also but economy, down a cooled- in unsustainable proving is borrowing land-based of practice old the that only not discovered reporters newspaper China, across provinces ten to visits In problem. ous The extent of local government debt has been in the news for some time. On 4 August, 4 August, On time. some for news the in been has debt government local of extent The A development zone official in Liaoning province told the newspaper: ‘Because of fall ‘Because of zoneAdevelopment official Liaoning in newspaper: theprovincetold

My line of reasoning above is consistent with that of the political Economic Information Daily Daily Information Economic 经济参考报 经济参考报 described how this has become adanger become has this how described , by Jeremy Goldkorn Jeremy , by 黄亚生 , whom I - - - Instead of a singular reliance on liberalization measures, the Chinese government seems to be intent on statist solutions, including efforts to recentralize, standardize and better regulate various aspects of the political economy. This parallels earlier major reform initiatives in China that have consistently balanced liberalization measures with concerted effort to sustain and strengthen state control. I therefore argue that Chinese policies … are highly unlikely to follow a liberal US-inspired approach, as advocated by Huang and many observers in the West. Quite to the contrary, China is pursuing a model of state capitalism.

McNally tells it how it is, rather than how he thinks it should be. He describes ‘Sino-capitalism’ as a hybrid political-economic system that com- bines socialist and capitalist principles with Western neo-liberalism, Asian developmentalism and ‘Dengist gradualism’ in ways that reflect Chinese

said: ‘Without any money, we have to sell land, even if the price is low. If the capital chain is broken, and we’re blacklisted by financial institutions, we’ll be even worse off.’ Thanks to stricter lending regulations, loans are difficult to come by even for governments that are in relatively good financial shape. This is not nec-

essarily a bad thing in the context of the ‘bad loan Local government debt in China has problem’. But it is hard on local governments. As the reached crisis point. Some local author- ities are unable to borrow money to vice-mayor of a prefecture-level city in Hunan told deliver basic services since they have old the newspaper: ‘Bank financing is increasingly hard debts that they cannot afford to pay Source: bwchinese.com to get, which forces the government to spend all day searching for additional collateral… . Lots of places are being forced to use intermediary agencies with grimly high interest rates, as high as fifteen percent for short-term bridge financing. The money you get lands in the account minus interest, and the rest goes to repay the old [loans].’ To deliver services, officials revealed, county, city and district governments are levying fees, collecting excessive taxes and performing other financial trickery. There’s no easy solution in sight. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 31 30 2014 Jane Golley expectations aboutwhere Chinaiscomingfrom, andwhere itisheaded. acteristics’.As such, itprovides anexcellent basisfor forming realistic hensive than, the four principleslaid out in ‘Socialism with Chinese Char- iscompatible with, but also morecompre The conceptof Sino-capitalism capitalism’. and state-guided unique form state-co-ordinated of ‘state-led, omy with a bottom-up, market-driven private economy and constitutes a econ- state-controlled works andglobalisation. Itcombinesatop-down, disappear. Theintroduction of thehukou would inequalities these term, longer (unspecified) the In unequal. and conceded that rural–urban relations would be unavoidably exploitative and workers leading peasants respectively. Initially, the Party countryside’ inbotheconomicandpolitical terms, leading with industry without fundamentally changing it. ‘Sino- call facing China’s leaders in 2014 and beyond, as they to try reform thesystem I or what officials, capitalist urbanisation’ —provides furtherinsight into thechallenges party by Characteristics’ Chinese with China’s particular pattern of urbanisation — referred to as‘Urbanisation (2014–2020) The ‘NationalNew-Type UrbanisationPlan’ tred onthethree‘institutionalspheres’of thestate, politicalguanxi historicalThe resultingand culturalnorms. legacies dualsystem iscen- hukou separating Chinesepeopleinto two distinct groups —thosewith rural registration inthelate 1950scemented theseinequalities, strictly rural to urbanmigration, thissystem limited urbanpopulation growth. possess, use and benefit from the rural land assigned to them, but could but them, to assigned land rural the from benefit and use possess, ownership of land.Allurban land was state owned. Rural collectives could In 1949, official party ideology claimed that ‘cities would leadthe would that‘cities claimed ideology party official 1949, In

Another criticalfeature of theMaoisteconomicsystem was the public residency andthosewith urban hukou 户口 residency. By preventing

system of household net - - not dispose of it. According to the first Constitution of the People’s Republic (adopted in 1954), the state had the right to expropriate collectively owned rural land if it was deemed in the public interest. In the decades that followed, industrialisation proceeded without urbanisation: in 1980 just 19.4 percent of China’s population lived in urban areas, even lower than the 19.7 percent in 1960, while industry’s share of GDP increased from 28.3 percent to 43.9 percent over the same period. By contrast, during the reform period, the pace of urbanisation has been dramatic: the urban population increased by 47 million in the 1980s, 110 million in the 1990s and 211 million in the 2000s. In the space of three decades, the percentage of China’s population living in the cities went from 19.4 percent to 49.9 percent. The unleashing of market forces and the globalisation of China’s economy have both played important roles in this, particularly in coastal provinces where rapid industrialisation has at- tracted millions of rural migrant workers and billions of dollars of foreign direct investment. These have fuelled export-led economic growth, while setting in motion a cumulative process of urban expansion. By both shaping and constraining the pattern of urbanisation, the state has managed, by and large, to avoid some of the problems that have plagued other urbanising countries — such as high urban unemployment, urban poverty and urban . But Sino-capitalist urbanisation has also

Urban construction Photo: Aaron Webb, Guangzhou/Flickr CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 33 32 2014 Jane Golley rebalance theeconomy towards domesticdemand. modernisationcountry’s drive andat thecentre of itsongoing efforts to and Sustainable Urbanisation’), the Plan considers urbanisation key to the tre of the State Council of China (‘Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive and ajoint reportby theWorld BankandtheDevelopment Research Cen- Plan’). Building on thedirectivesforth ‘The contained in the Third Plenum Nationalreleased ‘The New-type Urbanisation Plan’for 2014–2020(hence well aware. InMarch2014,theCentral Committee and the State Council created somemajor, unresolved problems, of which China’s topare leaders Chief among theseis the that thereform processhas created for thepattern of urbanisation to date. unable to or discouraged from migrating in the first place by their ineli- their by place first the in migrating from discouraged or to unable derly parents. Hundreds of millions of otherwould-be migrants are either their rural homes to raisefamiliesorcarefor ‘leftbehind’ children and el- these have been‘temporary’ orcircular migrants, eventually returningto into Chinese citiesinrecent decades, because of thehukou in education, employment, healthcare,pensionsandhousing. for without urban vents rural migrant workers from integrating properly into urban areas, or deniespeopletherightto live legally inoneplaceoranother. This pre

Even though some 260million migrant workers have made their way The Plancandidly acknowledges someof the major contradictions hukou, they have limited access to basic public services hukou system, through which the state assigns system many of - - Local governments have expropriated more than 4.2 million hectares of rural land for urban growth between 1990 and 2008 Photo: Lee Wu (Western Regions)/Flickr

gibility for urban hukou, despite the lure of higher wages in urban areas. The hukou system is therefore a major contributor to rural-urban income inequalities today. It has also limited the pace of urbanisation, which at fifty-four percent in 2013 lies well below that of other countries with sim- ilar levels of per capita income (counting only those that have permanent urban residency, the rate is even lower at just thirty-six percent). The second major contradiction is that ‘land urbanisation’ has proceeded at a faster rate than ‘population urbanisation’. City-level governments have relied excessively on the expropriation of rural land to promote urban construction. As a result, development zones and industrial parks that cover vast areas proliferate: between 2000 and 2011, urban ‘built-up’ areas expanded by 76.4 percent, far higher than the urban population growth of 50.5 percent. This poses risks to local government finances, results in sub-optimal population densities, and significantly reduces the amount of arable land, threatening national food and ecological security. Sociologist Sally Sargeson pushes this contradiction even further with her view that China’s urbanisation process constitutes ‘violence as devel- opment’. Her argument begins with the revenue shortfalls and economic CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 35 34 2014 Jane Golley tom up, butby anumberof forces operating from thetop down instead. urbanisation processhas notbeendriven by market forcesfrom thebot ial standing and self-respect’. This suggests that at leastsomeof China’s pected life course,capacityto contribute to theirfamilies,socialand famil- ful removal of peoplefrom their landto disruptionsto their‘socially-ex urbanisation process.These range from the physical and sometimes force idly depictsthevarious forms of ‘violence’that have accompanied China’s knowledging that many villagers became landless by choice, Sargeson viv- millionvillagers landless.Whileac- 1990 and2008,making eighty-eight ofmore than4.2millionhectares rurallandfor urbangrowth between growth targets of localgovernments, which prompted themto expropriate While some villagers have become incredibly wealthy in the process, this province. the into investment direct foreign of inflows rapid of result the The companies have capitalisedontherisingvalue of theirland,partly socialist unitsinto shareholdingcompanies.land by converting Mao-era depict village collectives that have retained collective ownership of their Model of Urbanisation’, the authors Him Chung and Jonathan Unger, Photo: MarkTuinier/Flickr Haphazard andchaotic constructionofslum-likeapartmentbuildings Not all ruralcommunities have fared so badly. In ‘The is astherepresentative first ‘The roles: multiple companies juggle their tiative’, asshareholding collective economicini a ‘majorreassertionof city’. The result hasbeen emerging ‘villages in the ings’ like apartment build otic constructionof - the ‘haphazardandcha problems —for example, model is not without its in thehundredsof ------of all indigenous villages. A sec- ond is as a power broker situat- ed between the government and the former villages, and the third is as a business firm wanting to undertake profitable activities.’ This is an excellent example of Sino-capitalist urbanisation at work, and illustrates how it dif- fers from other models of urban- 260 million migrant workers have moved to Chinese isation. cities in recent decades Photo: Don/Flickr The Plan outlines a compre- hensive reform agenda for better integrating urban and rural develop- ment in the future, but not in strong convergence with neo-liberal ideals. For starters, there are no plans to abolish the hukou system. Instead, the Plan sets a numerical target for urbanisation of sixty percent by 2020. This will involve the ‘orderly transformation’ of the rural population into ‘ur- banites’ with a target of granting a total of one hundred million migrants urban hukou by 2020. To accomplish this goal, the Plan divides cities into four categories. In ‘fully open’ small cities and ‘orderly’ mid-size cities, there will be a relaxation of the hukou system to allow more people ac- cess to it, while large cities and megacities will continue to manage their hukou strictly as in the past. The government has no intention of leaving rural-urban migration completely to the market yet. This is understandable given the enormity of the challenges in deal- ing with the largest migration flow in global history. A ‘big bang’ approach to granting urban residency to anyone who wanted it, in any city they wished to live, is not a realistic option. The pressure on cash-strapped, city-level governments would be far too great. Although new ways for them to raise funds are under way — including tax system reforms and the establishment of financial institutions to support infrastructure and housing — these will clearly take time. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Great Expectations 37 36 2014 Jane Golley Privatisation of thelandisstilloff theagenda. has been requisitioned, and limiting the construction of new urban areas. land management rights,protecting thelivelihood ofwhose farmers land stringent farmland protection and conservation, safeguarding farmers’ citizens)ruralChinese whoof don’t make (already the grade. second-class out an create to likely are they efficient, appear may systems ucation andotherattributes cangainanurbanhukou. Althoughpoints who achieve a certain number of points based on their employment, ed- introduced in Shanghai in 2004 and then in Guangdong in 2010. Migrants reform’. as good asitsword, thiswould represent ahuge breakthrough for hukou out inhis2012bookChina’sUrban Billion points Miller privilege. As that Tom with go that benefits the all receiving million farmers, to move freely into the city and register asurban citizens, rural land for urban housing, allowing all Chengdu citizens, including five a new system of land credits in 2010 that enables farmers to swap their wards amoremarket-based economy and experimental way that hascharacterised China’slongtransitionto ahead. Yet, as Yu Yongding ing China towards morebalancedandsustainable growth in thedecade cate that the Party iswell aware of the many challenges it faces in guid Deepening Reform’ andthe‘National New-Type Urbanisation Plan’ indi Both the‘Resolution Concerning SomeMajorIssues inComprehensively Expectations Realistic ExpectationsMayBetheGreatest World Economicsand Politicsat the ChineseAcademy of SocialSciences, Land management reforms, meanwhile, will be directed towards Other experiments include the use of points systems for migrants, first Instead, hukou reform is likely to continue in the gradual, piecemeal 余永定 , former Director of the Institute of . Chengdu, for example, announced : ‘IftheChengdu government is - - - Urbanisation in Chengdu Photo: blichb/Flickr pointed out: ‘Although the resolution’s general message is encouraging, a shopping list of reform objectives is not a strategic analysis of the contra- dictions that are undermining China’s development, let alone an action plan for responding to these contradictions. Indeed, for China’s new lead- ership, the successful completion of the Third Plenum is only the first step in a new toward a more stable, prosperous future.’ There will never be perfect consensus on just where that long march should finish, either within the ranks of the Party or beyond. Still, the policies of 2014 are not so different from the past. It is more useful to have realistic ex- pectations about what the Xi–Li era can and will deliver, rather than great expectations that may well result in disappointment. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK FORUM 39 38 2014 Mixed Economic Messages FORUM FORUM MIXED ECONOMIC MESSAGES

A Confusing Year for Business · ANTONY DAPIRAN

Huayuquan 话语权: Speak and be Heard · DAVID MURPHY CHINA STORY YEARBOOK A Confusing Year for Business 43 42 2014 Antony Dapiran A CONFUSING YEAR FOR BUSINESS

Antony Dapiran

IME IN THE business world in the first year of the new Xi Jinping ad- TChina used to be marked by ministration, the Communist Party of progress: each year seemed to bring China held its Third Plenum. The Third more reforms, more opening up, new Plenum of each five-year Party Con- ventures, new possibilities. This was gress traditionally focuses on business the case throughout the 1990s and and economics. The Third Plenum of especially in the years surrounding the Eleventh Party Congress in 1978 China’s accession to the World Trade is generally regarded as the begin- Organisation in 2001. ning of Deng Xiaoping’s Reform and Recent years, however, have Open Door policies, which changed seen a different kind of progression. the course of modern Chinese history. The last twelve months have featured Observers who saw Xi as a reformer crackdowns, high-profile govern- expected that he would take the oppor- ment-instigated cases against foreign businesses and a sense that doing tunity of the Third Plenum of the Eight- business in China is getting harder, eenth Party Congress last November not easier. to provide new impetus to economic Yet the year had begun with reform in China following the stasis of much promise. In November 2013, the previous decade under Hu Jintao. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK A Confusing Year for Business 45 44 2014 Antony Dapiran ing nature of thereforms itembodied. role,and thepotentially ground-break timated bothitsimportant symbolic and tors inThe Shanghai FTZ, including commenta- overstated’. Many ofof thecritics the be not ‘can significance its that stated Shuli ential Chinesebusiness journalist Hu influ reform, meaningful to lead to ‘damp squib’ and itspoliciestoo timid The Economist for furthermarket-led reform. While the hopes of the business community Zone lishment of theShanghai Free Trade State Council approved the estab Shortly beforethe Third Plenum, the for Reform The ShanghaiFTZandNew Hope Photo: 126.xingshuo.net Kong-likefreetrade areainmainlandChina the ShanghaiFree-Trade Zone(FTZ).Itisthefirst the StateCouncilapprovedestablishmentof Shortly beforetheThirdPlenuminNovember2013, The Wall Street Journal 胡舒立 上海自由贸易区 Economist, , writinginCaixin dismissedtheFTZ as a (FTZ),raising Financial Times Financial , underes 财新 - - - - , businesses orindustriesontheneg foreign investors from engaginginany list’ ticular theintroduction of the‘negative private enterprise recedes’ dead, aswas the‘state advances and espoused by Boandhiscronies was that the style of economic neo-Maoism Xilai, that Xiwas incharge now and cluding former allies of the ousted Bo a message to Xi’s political rivals, in foreign investment again.Itwas also era was over andChinawas open to sage to foreign investors that theHu of thosethreecategories ispermitted. and provides that anything notinone stricted’ and‘prohibited’ categories, ance Catalogue’ ‘Foreign Investment IndustrialGuid as being little different to the current ness withintheFTZ.Somecriticisethis free to operate any othertypeof busi ative list,butleaves themotherwise set thescenefor theThirdPlenum. back on top of theagenda. This helped approach of Hu Jintao: reforms were tive listforindeed entire theFTZare 录 are potentially very significant, in par in significant, very potentially are business sectors into ‘encouraged’, ‘re inplacenationwide, which divides 负面清单 The reforms proposed for theFTZ The Shanghai FTZ sent a mes The items onthe current nega- system, which prohibits 外商投资产业指导目 国进民退 ------ly consistent with the ‘restricted’ and the legal paradigm of the People’s Re- ‘prohibited’ categories under the old public upside down, limiting the scope system, forbidding foreign business to of government power and therefore enter sectors such as Internet and tel- limiting the scope of administrative ecommunication services and restrict- discretion. To the extent that the FTZ ing investment in the financial and serves as a laboratory for future re- certain other sectors. To this extent, forms to be rolled out across China, it does not allow foreign investors to this may well be its true significance. do anything new. However, to dismiss the negative list on this basis alone The Third Plenum profoundly misunderstands its signif- The Third Plenum did not disappoint. icance, which is that it sets the limits Its policy statements, while vague and of government power in China for the broadly worded, reiterated the na- first time. tion’s commitment to the path of re- In developed nations, and in par- form and opening up, and denied any ticular under Anglo-American legal possibility of a drift back to the new systems such as in the US, the UK and leftist economic policies espoused by Australia, the law follows the princi- some of Xi’s deposed rivals. ple of ‘whatever is not prohibited is In particular, the Plenum’s em- allowed’. However, in China, law and phasis on the state exercising its role regulations operate on exactly the op- in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) as a posite underlying assumption: ‘what- ‘shareholder’, a new policy of ‘mixed ever is not allowed is prohibited’. If you cannot find a legal or regulatory source giving explicit permission to do something, you cannot do it. Under this model, government power is ‘infinite’, not circumscribed by the boundaries of the written laws. There is also sig- nificant scope for administrative dis- cretion to grant ‘special’ approvals.

This is why the negative list is such Hu Shuli is an influential Chinese business journal- ist and editor-in-chief of Caixin Media a ground-breaking development. It tips Photo: Weibo CHINA STORY YEARBOOK A Confusing Year for Business 47 46 2014 Antony Dapiran ‘decisive role’ sector and a focus businesses onthe couraging private investment in public 由市场决定价格的机制 ownership’ has targeted foreign investors incam- operations inChina. The government ing crackdown on foreign business The pastyear hasseenanintensify - jective Enforcement’? The Crackdown: ‘Selective andSub more puzzling. rendered subsequent events even sector. This renewed push for reform isation and corporatisation of the SOE unprecedented move towards market ket andmarket pricingmechanisms Photo: CCTV illegally boughtandsold privateinformationonChinesecitizens ities. Humphreyconfessed onstatebroadcasterCCTV tohaving er whohadreporteditsallegedcorruptpractices totheauthor was employedbyGlaxoSmithKline thewhistle-blow toidentify Peter Humphrey,aShanghai-basedBritishprivate investigator, 混合所有制 决定性作用 suggested an for SOEsen- of the mar- - - Price-fixing investigations have tar- have investigations Price-fixing • • US technology giants Microsoft and • Food safety checkshave focused on prominent examples: punished. mestic companies who have gone un- arguably worseoffenders among do unfair trade practices,often when there are other and price-fixing olies, paigns against corruption,monop turers, resulting in reducedpricesfor geted foreign automotive manufac- ly investigations. government raidsandanti-monopo Qualcomm have both been subject to foreign fast-food operators. - - To identify just a few of the more for Bloomberg data terminals delaying or cancellingorders institutions financial owned tivities in China, with state- ac- its business in difficulties • Bloombergcontinued faces secrets’. grounds of protecting ‘state and Consulting on the McKinsey as such firms ing ican management consult SOEs from employing Amer- • Thegovernment hasbanned vehicles andspare parts. - - - - after the company’s news arm pub- ment in which lished a series of investigative reports hospitality and in 2012 on the financial interests of gift-giving is now the families of Chinese leaders. effectively im-

The American Chamber of Com- possible. merce in China surveyed its members and issued a report in September 2014 Sex and Drugs charging that China was less welcom- Former CEO of GSK’s All of these China operations Mark ing of foreign business than before, Reilly was arrested for themes — the bribery of healthcare and that foreign companies were be- professionals targeting of for- Photo: news.com.au ing singled out for ‘selective and sub- eign businesses, jective enforcement’. Chinese govern- the anti-corruption crackdown, the ment spokespeople responded that lack of transparency and the unpre- the accusations were ‘groundless and dictable nature of the Chinese legal baseless’ and that the Chinese govern- and regulatory system — converge in ment actions were ‘transparent, fair and done in accordance with the law’. the case that has most dramatically The ongoing anti-corruption gripped the attention of the foreign campaign, a flagship and extremely business community in China in the popular policy of Xi’s administration, past year: that of UK pharmaceutical has also had a significant impact on company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). foreign businesses. Some of this was The GSK story has all the hall- expected: luxury goods companies marks of an airport thriller: an inter- have seen a sharp drop-off in sales, for nal whistle-blower raises allegations example (see Chapter 5 ‘Urban, Mobile to senior management that the compa- and Global’, p.204). Some came as a ny is engaging in the systematic brib- surprise: the government has banned ery of healthcare professionals in Chi- government officials from accepting na. The whistle-blower alleges that the scholarships to attend MBA programs. mastermind is the CEO of GSK’s China And as the campaign has continued, operations, Briton Mark Reilly. The Chinese and foreign businesses have whistle-blower’s claims are dismissed. had to learn to navigate a new way of Shortly afterwards, a sex video emerg- building relationships in an environ- es of Reilly with his Chinese mistress. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK A Confusing Year for Business 49 48 2014 Antony Dapiran strong localpartyconnections. with GSK at officer relations ernment who may ormay not be a former gov- mation’ relating to the whistle-blower, with ‘illegally obtaining private infor- Humphrey and Yu, charging them their investigations’. They also arrest China while he ‘assists authorities in They prohibit Reilly from leaving of extensive and corruption. bribery executives and accuse the company severalities arrest GSK China senior found noevidence of wrongdoing. gation allegations of has thebribery thatannounces theirinternal investi - tigate this ‘security breach’. GSK also fapiao to obtaincashreimbursements 虞英曾 Humphrey and his wife Yu Yingzeng investigation company runby Peter GSK thenretainsChinaWhys, aprivate 发票 called invoices, official obtain which enabled the GSK executives to for travel, training or other expenses, ise sham conferences and to over-bill aries such as travel agencies to organ ecutives worked withlocalintermedi formal charges. Theallegation isthat GSKex file will authorities Chinese na isongoing, and itisexpected the . The GSK executives used the In thesecondact,Chineseauthor- The investigation into GSKChi , bothforeign citizens,to inves fapiao - - - - -

years. five of period a over bribery such into that asmuch asUS$490millionwent The Chinese authorities have said doctors to useorprescribeGSKdrugs. and officials hospital to bribes as paid which theyfrom allegedly GSK, then sage to asawhole the industry to fall care sector, using GSKto send ames country’s systemically corrupt health- government’s attempt to cleanup the generally regard the case as part of the GSK case. There are many ways to interpret the Why GSK? commonly engage insuch practices. firms investigation private domestic was illegal,andthat bothforeign and unaware that what they were doing with their argument that they were him. Thecourtwas notimpressed two years for her, two andahalffor sentenced to prisonin August 2014 — Humphrey andYu were convicted and ‘Orange as the New Black’, p.316). tion ofForum Chinesecitizens(see bought andsoldtheprivate informa- on garb, confessing to having illegally Television showed Humphrey, in pris The foreign andChinesemedia In themeantime, China Central - - into line. According to this ‘killing the Corrupt Practices Act and ensuring rooster to frighten the monkeys’ 杀鸡 that their securities offerings do not 惊猴 narrative, the audience is pri- breach the US Securities Act. The reg- marily domestic, and GSK is the soft ulatory power of the US and the EU re- foreign target that can be pursued to quire companies everywhere who are make a point without unduly disturb- contemplating mergers or acquisitions ing domestic patronage networks. It to obtain anti-trust clearances from is also politically expedient: it permits the US Federal Trade Commission and the government to demonstrate to the the EU Competition Commission. Chinese public that it is not handing China sees the global respect paid any free passes to foreign companies to these regulators — and the regulato- that are misbehaving. ry power they exercise — and wishes However, there is another narra- to enjoy similar respect, power and tive, for which the primary audience is influence. Seen in this context, inves- global. One of the Party’s fundamental tigations and enforcement actions strategic objectives is to achieve status against foreign businesses is not about for China as a ‘great power’. Success ‘discrimination’ for the benefit of Chi- would cement the Party’s legitimacy as nese companies. Nor are such actions China’s rightful rulers. intended solely to score political points National power is commonly with the Chinese public. Rather, their measured in terms of economic, mili- purpose is to demonstrate China’s ex- tary and cultural (or ‘soft’) power, and ercise of regulatory power to an in- in all these areas China has been clos- ternational audience. There is every ing the gap with the US and other ma- reason to expect continued and more jor powers. However, another aspect muscular exercise of such power in of power, frequently overlooked by future. commentators but not lost on China, is that of regulatory power. The New China Risk Regulatory power is the power to regulate actors outside a state’s own There is one final lesson for foreign borders. It is US regulatory power that businesses in the GSK/ChinaWhys has companies around the world con- case. Foreign business people have, cerned not to breach the US Foreign rightly or wrongly, tended to regard CHINA STORY YEARBOOK A Confusing Year for Business 51 50 2014 Antony Dapiran in China, particularly with regard to al laws didnotapply to foreigners. wherebyconcessions’, China’snation- and early ‘foreign twentieth-century territorial system of the nineteenth- enjoying a continuation of the extra- led someto believe that they were thorities over a banquet or karaoke, with a nodand a wink from localau- which they operated theirbusinesses, munity inChina. The ‘Chinarules’by themselves as enjoying a kind of im- This has meant that human rights

business inthePeople’sRepublic. is frighteningly relevant to thosedoing imprisoned. Suddenly, human rights non-transparent judicial system and aware, tried in an unpredictable and es of laws of which they were not ing detained,charged withbreach - of profit. easy to glossover abuses in its pursuit na. Thebusinesscommunity found it rarely personalfor foreignersin Chi the operation of itsjusticesystem, was Now, foreign executives arebe - -

CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Huayuquan 话语权: Speak and Be Heard 53 52 2014 David Murphy HUAYUQUAN 话语权: SPEAK AND BE HEARD

David Murphy

UAYUQUAN 话语权 is the right to the importation of raw materials as Hspeak and be heard, or to speak exacerbating China’s vulnerability to with authority. It is also the power to exploitation. They believe foreign sup- lead and guide debate, or to set the pliers of these goods and their finan- parameters of acceptable discourse. cial and government backers have In the past few years, prominent Chi- used their influence over global mar- nese intellectuals have adopted this ket institutions to rig prices to China’s second understanding of huayuquan to detriment. explain, with mounting urgency, how Much analysis published in Chi- the country’s lack of influence in inter- nese academic journals and industry national financial, trade, security and newsletters is devoted to denounc- media institutions translates to unfair ing global cartels. But there is also a treatment in China’s interactions with growing body of commentary in Chi- the world. na explaining how factors defining China’s lack of huayuquan in glob- the structural architecture of global al commodities markets is a particular trade inherently disadvantage Chi- focus of anxiety. The People’s Republic nese customers. These factors include has become the largest global consum- the predominance of the US dollar as er of commodities ranging from soya a trading currency and the influence beans to copper. Some analysts per- of Western-based financial institu- ceive this escalating dependence on tions on commodity indexes. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Huayuquan 话语权: Speak and Be Heard 55 54 2014 David Murphy fairs Commentary expense of Chinesebuyers. markets, which distorts prices at the encourage speculation incommodities laxly regulated by Western powers, markets, financial global that contend University professor Huang He attacks on market freedom. On these treatment as constituting aggressive resenting China’s objectionsto unfair mental masters, deliberately misrep behalf of theircorporate andgovern- Western news organisations actingon ‘China threat’. This allegedly involves media of conniving to manufacturea dominant, English-language global political economist,alsoaccusesthe Source: ZhouHansheng/manhua365.com be heard’ all havetherighttospeakand phone. Thecaptionsays: ‘We In thiscartoonpeoplearetalkingintoaWeibo 微博 In a 2013 articlein Some commentators, like Fudan 外交评论 Foreign Af Huang, a 黄河, - -

micro- ation system setiron oreimport prices both when the old benchmark negoti thinks China has had to put up with he rawdeals the for sector financial and itsrelatively closed andimmature ganised and fragmented huayuquan. HeblamesChina’sdisor markets would strengthenChina’s rapid development of Chinesefutures the as well as capital, of flow free the and markets financial open that lieves that guideglobaltradeandcommerce. speak and be heard by the institutions global markets with China’s ability to Chinese of interests the conceptof huayuquan and othertopics thesewritersemploy iron ore is a case in point. Huang be China’s dependenceonimported ders. Itisoneof many steps he movement of capitalacross bor to remove restrictionsonthe na. Thiswould requireBeijing buyer should be located in Chi which China is the principal ore and other commodities for termine global prices of iron the futuresmarkets that de stake in commodities markets, commensurate withits rising for Chinato enjoy ahuayuquan have succeeded it. In his view, and in the arrangements that firms trading in trading firms import sector to link the ------believes must be taken to ‘build a sys- tem that allows China to be heard glob- ally, so that the normal demands of China can be made with its own voice’. Others call for a more actively de- fensive strategy. On the same question of iron ore, for example, Jiao Yushu 焦 玉书, a consultant to the China Metal- lurgical Mining Enterprise Association, In this cartoon a cleaner is seen sweeping away ‘rumours’ pushes for import substitution. He be- Source: opinion.people.com.cn lieves that domestic exploration and production of iron ore ‘must exceed For Wang, the solution lies in China the fifty percent threshold needed to sourcing thirty to forty percent of its break the global cartel’. This thinking imported iron ore from what he calls appears to be gaining favour in policy ‘overseas bases’, mines in which there circles. In March 2014, the State Coun- is Chinese investment. He predicts that cil commissioned a plan to lift domestic over ten years, savings ‘would exceed iron ore production dramatically over US$220 billion’. the next ten years — despite Premier What Huang, Wang and Jiao Li Keqiang’s declaration of a ‘war on have in common is a conviction that pollution’ just weeks before. China’s lack of huayuquan is a quan- Wang Jionghui 王炯辉, a senior tifiable liability. To strengthen China’s aide to the president of mining giant huayuquan is to redress the injustice Minmetals, rejects import substitu- inherent in the global status quo. The tion, insisting that the costs of bringing increasing use of huayuquan in Chi- more low-quality Chinese iron ore to nese discussions around international market would push prices even higher. As global iron ore capacity expands, he trade parallels and aligns with a more expects that the larger international robust foreign policy. The urgency firms could ‘band together to restrict with which huayuquan is invoked, production, artificially creating a con- however, comes more from a height- striction of supply, maintain high pric- ened sense that the lack of it imposes es and thus seize monopoly profits’. economic costs. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Whose Shared Destiny? 57 56 2014 Richard Rigby and Brendon Taylor MARKUZ CH 2 WHOSE SHARED DESTINY? Richard Rigby and Brendan Taylor THE ‘COMMUNITY OF SHARED DESTINY’ is not a completely new concept in Chinese foreign policy — the Communist Party first used the term in 2007 in relation to cross- Strait relations. But it is one that has gained greater prominence over the past year. A key development during this period was Xi Jinping’s October 2013 keynote speech at the ‘Workshop on Diplomatic Work with Neighbouring Countries’ 周边国家外交工作座谈会, during which he elaborated on the ‘shared destiny’ theme (sometimes translated into English as ‘common destiny’): it was then that the term officially entered the Chinese foreign policy lexicon.

Image: Clashing martitime interests in the Source: vnexpressnews.net CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Whose Shared Destiny? 61 60 2014 Richard Rigby and Brendon Taylor held their so-called ‘Sunnylands Sum- held their so-called when presidents Xiand BarackObama to work towards a‘commondestiny’ China andtheUSmighthave beenable June 2013, hopeswere high that even Yet,egy of ‘re-balancing’. asrecently as todirect response theUS‘pivot’strat or munity of shared destiny’ represents a its neighbours. tice, with the result that ithasalienated, alarmedandinfuriated many of publicrhetoricand whatgap between Beijing’s ithasbeendoinginprac- period, inrecent history at least,where therehasbeensuch asubstantial a recall to difficult is Ironically,it countries. neighbouring with relations China’s external strategic environment through the development of good ty of shared destiny’ is essentially about ensuring peace and stability in munity’ and ‘harmonious world’. At its heart, the concept of a ‘communi- ‘Asia-Pacific Com- an of vision 2008 Rudd’s Kevin or example, for world’, president Hu Jintao’s contemporaneous formulation for a ‘harmonious China in 2005to becomea‘responsiblestakeholder’ andthecallof then ofcision. Think of state thenUSdeputy secretary Robert Zoellick’scallon China is hardly aloneinembracingforeign policyconcepts that lackpre Source: TheWhiteHouse Annenberg RetreatatSunnylandsinCalifornia In June2013,presidentsObamaandXimetforatwo-dayinformalsummitatthe For somecommentators,the ‘com- - Source: reddit.com of buildingasecondaircraft carrier mours arerifethatChina isintheprocess into commissionon25September2012.Ru - China’s firstaircraft carrier Liaoning went went - mit’ in California. Some observers even went so far as to liken the meeting to the Mao–Nixon diplomacy of the 1970s in terms of its geopolitical sig- nificance. Ultimately, however, the outcomes of the summit were modest and relations between Beijing and Washington took on an increasingly competitive edge over the following twelve months. In December 2013, for instance, a standoff occurred in the waters of the South China Sea be- tween an American Aegis cruiser, the USS Cowpens, and vessels escorting the Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning. Chinese official media responses to this standoff asserted that ‘Washington has to understand that Beijing has the right to grow its national defence capacity in accordance with its own legitimate demands to protect national interests’.

New Models?

Relations between Beijing and Washington became even tenser in 2014. In May, the US Justice Department took the unprecedented step of indicting five officers of the PLA from the so-called ‘Unit 61398’ in Shanghai, on charges of hacking into the networks of American com- panies dealing with aero- PLA ‘Unit 61398’ has allegedly hacked into the networks of space, telecommunications, more than 140 Western firms in pursuit of corporate secrets to support the Chinese government’s political and economic aims information technology, Source: wantchinatimes.com satellite and other sensitive areas, also including Westinghouse Electric and US Steel Corp. The charges were largely symbolic given that the US does not have an extradition trea- ty with China — and in any case, China denies the army unit even exists. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Whose Shared Destiny? 63 62 2014 Richard Rigby and Brendon Taylor compensation claimdating backto themid-1930s,when Japan leased two against Japan designedto seizethedisputed islands. war’ sharp a‘short, fight to preparing of PLA the accusing were officials disputed Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. By February 2014, seniorUS military fication Zone (ADIZ) Zone fication November 2013, China controversially declaredanewAirDefence Identi- powers of East Asia have deepened and may even descend into conflict. In over the past twelve months, tensions between the two historical great concept of the New Model Asan Institute for PolicyStudies inMarch2014advocates applying the seized a Japanese cargo ship, Relations worsened in April 2014 when the Shanghai Maritime Court Sino-Japanese Understanding tions’ threats’. Chuck HagelDefense to Secretary thegathering as‘fullof hegemony and central foreign policy concepts, or the ‘New Model of Great Power Rela the previous twelve months. Source: hk.crntt.com: Wang Guanzhong A policypaperpublished under theauspices of theKorean-based 新型大国关系

Taken together, the rhetoric associated with another of Xi Jinping’s , seems far from the reality of Sino-US relations during , seemsfarfrom therealityof Sino-US 防空识别区 ed’ remarks describinganearlier speechby US Wang Guanzhong deepening tensions. There,PLADeputyChief between BeijingandWashington — displayed ful barometer for readingthestate of relations an annualAsiansecuritysummit that isause cus. One month later, the Shangri-La Dialogue — calling in the US Ambassador to China, Max Bau of the indictment, denouncing the charges and Nevertheless, Beijing responded within hours to relationship. the Sino-Japanese However, Baosteel Emotion over theEastChina Sea andcovering the 王冠中 , in relation to an unpaid delivered ‘unscript - - - - Tensions between Beijing and Washington escalated during the course of 2014 Source: tieba.baidu.com

Silent Contest, by Jeremy Goldkorn 较量无声 is a low-budget gung-ho film produced by the General Logistics Department of the PLA and the National Defence University in mid-2013. It surfaced on the Internet in October 2013 only to be deleted soon after. Set to a portentous musical score, the film decries the collapse of the and accuses America of undermining the rise of China through military exchanges, consular activities, non-governmental organisa- tions (NGO) and the propagation of Western values as well as Christianity. Among others it attacks the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright Scholarship program, the Carter Center, law professor and judicial reform activist He Weifang 贺卫方, eighty-four-year-old liberal econ- omist Mao Yushi 茅于轼, electronic music and luxury brands as all harmful to the rule of the Communist Party and China’s future. The central thesis of the film is that the collapse of the Soviet Union was not caused by the end of the Cold War but rather the other way round, in other words, infiltration, ideological softening and sympathy for Western ideas destroyed the Soviet Union. Although the production date is unknown, the two-part ninety-three min- ute film is assumed to have been made sometime after Xi Jinping’s inauguration as state leader in March 2013. The central thesis of the film harks back to the 1950s Cold War policies of John Foster Dulles and his brother Allen Dulles, who promoted peaceful evolution as well as covert activities to undermine countries in the socialist camp. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Whose Shared Destiny? 65 64 2014 Richard Rigby and Brendon Taylor South Korean Coast Guard. Park’s decision, following the some commentators interpreted as China taking advantage of President vesselsoperating illegally in South Korean waters —adevelopment that fishing Chinese 1,000 than more discovered it when May in Beijing with disenchanted further was Seoul Rock. Ieodo/Suyan from kilometres fifty and Russian forces staged amajorjoint exercise military approximately attaché to lodge aprotest. This issue reignited inMay 2014when Chinese ed by expandingitsown ADIZandsummoning theChineseDefence Koreansand theChineseSuyancalled Ieodo Rock.Seoulrespond- Senkaku Islandsbutalsoanothersetof disputed isletswhich the YetChi intimacy. growing this na’s ADIZdeclaration upset Seoul: it covered notjust the Diaoyu/ reinforced only speak Stand- fluently to Chinese president ard Korean South first the is Guen-hye Park ed was repeated againinmid-June. operating neartheDiaoyu/Senkaku Islands,atactictheJapanese alleged portedly flewasclosethirtymetresfrom a Japanese surveillance plane re fighters SU-27 Chinese when 2014 May in occurred encounter deadly million required to securethereleaseof theship. Apotentially farmore er,Ltd,swiftlyLines Mitsui OSK resolved paying conflict by the US$29 the Chinese shipsandlater lostthemat sea.BaosteelEmotion Source: 3news.co.nz Park Guen-hye President ParkChung-hee is thedaughterofformerSouthKorean Korea’s firstfemalepresidentin2013.She was sworninasSouth Sewol sinking ferry disaster, to dismantle the Japan. The fact that the recently elect mutual antipathy and suspicions toward Seoul seemed to be drawing closer in their somewhat puzzlinggiven that Beijingand Korea.ofIn thecase theSouth,thiswas east Asianneighbours, South and North aged to alienate two of itsotherkey North- Over thelastyear Beijing has alsoman- Peninsula Matters

’s Japanese own- - - -

President Xi’s July 2014 visit to South Korea led to a downplaying of these tensions and also to commentary suggesting that China was intent upon driving a wedge between the United States and one of its key North- east Asian allies. This possibility was apparently not lost on senior Amer- ican officials. Testifying before Congress in June, for instance, Assistant Secretary for East Asia and the Pacific Daniel Russel described Xi’s visit as ‘an extraordinary milestone’. The persistence of the existential North Korean threat to the South suggests that the prospects for an imminent strategic shift on Seoul’s part are remote at this juncture. Indeed, poll- ing conducted by the Asan Institute suggests that, while perceptions of China are warming, the US remains South Korea’s most popular country and most important ally. If anything, the real historic significance of the Xi trip lay in the fact that he was the first Chinese leader to visit the South having not first visited the North. The continued downturn in China’s relations with its longstanding North Ko- rean ally continued to surprise. A signifi- cant factor was North Korean leader Kim Jong-un’s execution of Jang Sung-taek — his uncle and the reclusive regime’s point man on China policy. One of Jang’s crimes was reportedly his closeness with China. Beijing appeared to have been completely Sino-North Korean relations deteriorate: In blindsided by this development. Then, in December 2013, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un ordered the execution of Jang Sung- March 2014, reports emerged that a North taek — his uncle and key policy advisor on China policy Korean missile test, of which Pyongyang Source: Unknown had failed to warn Beijing in advance, missed a commercial Chinese jetliner carrying 220 passengers by a num- ber of minutes. In May 2014, the Japanese press reported the existence of leaked Chinese contingency plans preparing for the collapse of North Kore- an regime. Although Beijing vociferously denied these reports, Sino-North Korean relations grew even more strained. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Whose Shared Destiny? 67 66 2014 Richard Rigby and Brendon Taylor when the state-owned China NationalOil Corporation Offshore when the state-owned deployed Thomas shoal. forces2014, blockaded Filipino military stationed at the disputed Second March in and, areas disputed the in fishermen Filipino harass to tinued take partinthisarbitration vessels process. con - Chineseparamilitary to refused flatly Beijing tribunal. Nations United a through Sea China economic sanctions, to challenge China’s territorial claims in theSouth proceeded, inthefaceof strong Chineseoppositionincludingthreatened wrath inMarch2014when itPhilippine Sea).ManilaincurredBeijing’s these related to theSouthChinaSea(which thePhilippinescallsWest ed badly duringthelasttwelve months over othermaritimedisputes, China’s relations with thePhilippinesandVietnamhave alsodeteriorat All atSea after investigators discovered that he had used his personal flight simulator to prac to simulator flight personal his used had he that discovered investigators after suspect’, a‘prime Shah Zaharie pilot deck. called flight government the from Malaysian the June, late In tampering by caused been have may that flight the in early outage power unexplained an revealed June late in Bureau Safety Transport Australian the by report a in Evidence place. first the in course its from away turned or autopilot on was it why explain doesn’t still —which coast Australian the near somewhere crashed and anti- with flared media social sentiment. Malaysian Chinese and Malaysia, of criticism voiced also media state Chinese protests. staged and information, on passing in delays and transparency of lack perceived its including affair, the of handling government’s Malaysian the with angry and debris. any discovering without Bengal, of Bay the and Sea Andaman the to of coast the from searched Vietnam, and Korea South US, the Japan, by aided governments, Australian and Chinese Malaysian, the by organised team Asearch China. from them of —152 nations fourteen from passengers 227 and members carry crew was Malaysian plane The twelve ing departure. its after hour an than less control traffic air with contact lost Beijing to Lumpur Kuala from MH370 Flight Airlines Malaysian the 2014, 8 March On MH370 One plausible theory held that the plane was flying on autopilot, but ran out of fuel fuel of out ran but autopilot, on flying was plane the that held theory plausible One distressed increasingly grew China in passengers missing the of friends and Relatives Tensions similarly intensified between Beijing and Hanoi in May 2014 , by Linda Jaivin Linda , by - - - tise journeys over the Indian Ocean. But there is no other evidence, no clear motive, and the case remains far from solved. On 14 July, sixteen family members of victims went to the Malaysia Airlines’ office in Shunyi, Beijing to demand On 25 March 2014, family members of passengers on board flight to see official video footage MH370 marched on the Malaysian Embassy in Beijing demanding of passengers boarding the answers from the authorities Source: Zhang Lintao flight, which the airline had previously refused to release. The reported that police arrived and detained all of them, and that two other female relatives of passengers alleged they were beaten by police officers ‘after asking for the release of two other relatives — a father and daughter — who had been detained on a separate occasion’. The grieving families’ demand is simple — in theory, at least: if the passengers are alive, they want to see them; if they are dead, they want to see the bodies. a deep sea oil rig in the vicinity of the disputed Paracel Islands 西沙群岛, with a supporting force of at least eighty ships including military vessels. Both the Chinese and Vietnamese sides claimed that the other’s ships had been ramming their own. Large-scale anti-China protests erupted in Viet- nam targeting Chinese-owned businesses, causing a number of fatalities and serious injuries to Chinese nationals, and necessitating the evacuation by Beijing of more than 3,000 of its citizens. In October 2013, meanwhile, President Xi visited Malaysia on a trip that was hailed by the Chinese media outlet Xinhua as ushering in ‘a new era in Sino-Malaysian ties’. In 2014, the two countries would celebrate for- ty years of formal diplomatic relations. However, the mysterious disap- pearance of Malaysian Airlines flight MH370 with more than 150 Chinese nationals on board has strained mutual good will. China’s citizens were vocal in their anger at the lack of information coming from Kuala Lum- CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Whose Shared Destiny? 69 68 2014 Richard Rigby and Brendon Taylor her andaccused Australia of ‘jeopardising mutual trust’ and ‘affect[ing] months that followed. toin theSouthChina presence Sea intheweeks beefupitsmilitary and are part of the Riau Islands province of Indonesia.This prompted Jakarta claim now incorporated the waters around the Natuna Islands, which chief securityminister for defence strategic doctrine,noted that China’s March 2014,Commodore Fahru Zaini, assistant deputy to theIndonesian voked anequally hostilereactionfrom theIndonesiancapital,Jakarta. In ports anddepictingthoseclaimsasencompassing theNatuna waters pro the absenceof officialcommunications. Chinese authorities, who themselves often had to rely on media reports in pur anditsmishandlingofTheir frustration thesearch. was sharedby the week, herfrowningweek, Chinesecounterpart Wang Yi When Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Beijing the follow Canberra summoning the Chinese Ambassadorto expressitsdispleasure. more robust (and more sharply worded than that of even the US), with Australian response to China’s November 2013 ADIZ declaration was even to theuseof forceto change thestatus quointheEastChina Sea.The members of theTrilateral Strategic Dialogue, expressing theiropposition in conjunction with the US and Japan, as under Tony Abbottissued astatement the newly elected Coalition government partnership’. In September of that year, countries established a formal ‘strategic they enjoyed in April 2013 when the two also took a tumble from the high point Relations between China and Australia Threats andOpportunities A map of Beijing’s South China Seaclaimsincluded in Chinese pass A map of Beijing’s Source: diplomattimes.tv the Diaoyu/SenkakuIslands new airdefencezone established over nounced Australia’s criticismofChina’s Chinese ForeignMinisterWang Yide- Sino-Australian relationsworsenin2013. 王毅 publicly rebuked - -

The potential pipelines that will be used to deliver Russian natural gas to China under the new deal signed by Gazprom and the China National Petroleum Corporation in May 2014 Source: RT/Gazprom

Russia–China Pipeline, by Jeremy Goldkorn On 21 May 2014, on the sidelines of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building in Asia (CICA), Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping looked on as Gazprom and the China National Petroleum Corporation signed an agreement for Russia to supply natural gas to China. The deal had been under negotiation for around a decade. Putin described the thirty-year, US$400 billion deal as ‘epochal’. For Russia and China, who have long viewed each other as ideal energy partners, the mutual benefits appeared to be clear. Russia gained a new customer for its gas at a time when its relationship with the United States and Europe had become increasingly tense in the wake of Russia’s annexation of Crimea. China, meanwhile, is highly motivated to find sources of cleaner energy and the government had already pledged to more than double the country’s natural gas consumption by 2020. Gazprom CEO Alexei Miller told the media in Shanghai that the deal is Gazprom’s biggest ever. Russian news agencies said the contract, calling for thirty-eight billion cubic metres of gas a year from 2018, specified a price of about US$350 per thousand cubic metres, which is at the low end of what Gazprom currently charges export customers. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Whose Shared Destiny? 71 70 2014 Richard Rigby and Brendon Taylor in the relationship between Beijing and Canberra. relation to theSouthChina Sea —continued to highlight ongoing tensions the USonsidelinesof the2014Shangri-LaDialogue —thistimein of theyear. However, trilateral statements issued by Australia, Japan and end the by finalised be could Australia and China between negotiations visit even ledto speculation thatFree Trade Agreement long-stalled (FTA) this downwardarresting slide.With600businesspeopleintow, Abbott’s na (along with Japan and South Korea) appeared to go some way toward the sound growth of bilateral relations’. An April visit by Abbott to Chi but two letters of apology to theChineseAmbassador. ‘with a bit of anaccent’. The episode endedwith Palmer writing not one Chinese tourists and a place where Chinese children could learn English of Australia, while noting itwas adistant tradepartner, adestination for itsview reappraise should China that concluded words fierce some ing er’s insulting remarks’. The pressing China’s ‘strong indignation and severe condemnation’ of ‘Palm - remarks, and this was noted by the Chinese MFA spokesperson, while ex ister Abbott and Foreign Minister Bishop were quick to condemn these givenmilitary the threat of a ‘Chinese Communist invasion’. Prime Min- own people’. Lambie opined that Australia should double the size of its Palmer declaredpublicly that theChinesewere ‘mongrels’who ‘shottheir p.90).Barking’, Angered by a falling out with his Chinese business partner, er United Party, and his Senate colleague Jacqui Lambie (see Forum ‘PUP provided by businessman and MP Clive Palmer, of the eponymous Palm- worked hard to stabilise relations, afarcicalbut unwelcome episodewas fairs and Trade (DFAT) of and the Chinese Ministry Foreign Affairs(MFA) iterate theimportance of thebilateral relationship. Australian Prime Minister and senior government figures continued to re polling which indicates themajorityof Australians seeitasboth),andthe sees China’s rise asanopportunity rather than a threat (notwithstanding While serious peoplein the Australian Department of Foreign Af Global Timeswas less restrained,andfollow-

Officially, Australia still - - - - A Deal in the Making?

The only major coun- try with which Chi- na’s foreign relations do not appear to have gone backwards over the past year is Russia. Xi Jinping even chose Russia as the destination for Relations between China and Russia strengthen: Presidents Putin and Xi, his first foreign visit shown here at the 2014 APEC Summit held in Beijing. Their growing per- sonal relationship emulates their countries’ converging interests in trade, as president. During investment and geopolitics Source: People’s Daily Online that visit he pledged to President Vladimir Putin that he would ‘closely coordinate [with him] on international regional affairs’. Then, in May 2014, Putin visited China, where he signed a deal that was a decade in the making for Russia to sup- ply China with up to thirty-eight billion cubic metres of gas per year for thirty years starting in 2018. Putin also attended the fourth summit of the CICA in Shanghai. CICA is a multilateral organisation whose most influential members are China and Russia and which is being chaired by China from 2014 to 2016. Xi used his keynote address to the 2014 CICA summit to propose a new ‘Asian secu- rity concept’: that Asia’s problems should be solved by Asians themselves, not by external powers such as the United States. Putin’s visit coincided with the aforementioned week-long military exercise between Chinese and Russian forces in the Sea. Most international relations analysts outside China and Russia sug- gest that there is less than meets the eye to the warming of relations be- tween Beijing and Moscow and warn against over-exaggeration. Even if one accepts that Sino-Russian relations have made some gains over the CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Whose Shared Destiny? 73 72 2014 Richard Rigby and Brendon Taylor practice. There ismuch to expectinthis regard.’ plomacy isanartofand skillsaregainedthrough experience long-term of decision-making and implementation in a dynamic and smart way. Di- rect situational judgments and balance the timing, strength and rhythm cor make leaders to new the difficult for extremely is ‘it approach:policy national Relations inanessay (CICIR) hasobserved analysing Xi’s foreign As Zhai Kun in response. Itistruethat it is stillearly days for President Xi’sleadership. theirstrategiesquence, particularly asitsneighbours begin to co-ordinate ests The lasttwelve months have seen Chinaforcefullyits own assert inter- hotly contested, its potential consequences areclearer—and unsettling. mining Americanpower andinfluenceinthe Western Pacific. test suspect US alliances and strategic partnerships with the goal of under- Chinese foreign policyover thelastyear to a carefully calibrated effortto ence. TheAustralian defence analyst Hugh White, meanwhile, attributes influ and power growing still its of extent the misjudged has that ership Policy, by contrast,it asa‘premature sees power play’ by aChineselead- nomic growth. Rory Medcalfof Australia’s Lowy Institute for International resource and energy needs required to fuelthe continuedcountry’s eco approach asa ‘grand strategy disaster’ driven by a desire to securethe currentin foreignHonolulu, for policy instance,characterises Beijing’s International Studies Pacific and Strategic Center the for Forum, ofrector Not surprisingly, thereisnoconsensus.executive BradGlosserman, di- Shared DestinyorGrand Strategy Disaster? many of itsotherneighbourshave gone backwards. last year, the more pressingquestion is why relations with so Beijing’s à-vis those ofvis- its neighbours and become moreisolated as a conse If the reasoning behind Chinese foreign policy behaviour remains 翟崑 , formerly of the China Institute of Contemporary Inter- - - - - By the same token, Xi’s actions in this and other areas are not those of a fledgling leader struggling to find his way. The heated exchanges wit- nessed between China and both the US and Japan at the June 2014 Shangri- La Dialogue could well be a sign of things to come. If over the coming year the gap between China’s stated policies of good neighbourliness and the reality as perceived by others widens rather than narrows, the rhetoric of a ‘community of shared destiny’ may increasingly beg the questions: ‘Whose community? Whose destiny?’ CHINA STORY YEARBOOK FORUM 75 74 2014 China in the World FORUM FORUM CHINA IN THE WORLD

Sandcastles in the South China Sea · JOANNA (YEEJUNG) YOON

Xi Goes to Modi

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China and Europe · REBECCA FABRIZI CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Sandcastles in the South China Sea 79 78 2014 Yeejung Yoon SANDCASTLES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon

CCORDING TO WESTERN media reports and official sources in the Aand Vietnam, China is building artificial islands on reefs and protruding rocks in the South China Sea to bolster its territorial claims. In response to questions at a Foreign Ministry press briefing on 6 June 2014, spokesman Hong Lei 洪磊 said, ‘Anything China does on any of the islands or atolls is within its sovereign rights’.

Controversially, China has been building artificial islands in the South China Sea to increase its territorial claims Source: Philippines Foreign Ministry CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Sandcastles in the South China Sea 81 80 2014 Yeejung Yoon fishing boats that ply disputed waters. uninhabited on previously islands andinstallingGPSdevices with emergency communication systems in live to subsidies fishermen paying is government already inhabited islands in the area. Othermedia reports claim that the Chinese Source: dqt.com.cn impressionofanewairportandrunwayonanislandintheSouthChinaSea This isanartist’s The Chinese have alsoaccelerated the construction of new buildings on

CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Xi Goes to Modi 83 82 2014 XI GOES TO MODI

INCE THE ELECTORAL victory of al trade between the two countries, SIndian Prime Minister Narendra meanwhile, is expected to reach US$1 Modi in May 2014, China has been trillion by 2050. cultivating an amicable relationship On 18 September 2014, even as with Asia’s other giant. On a two-day officials were distributing happy-look- state visit to India, 17–18 September ing photos of Xi and Modi relaxing in a 2014, Xi Jinping committed China to in- garden with their wives to the media, 800 Chinese soldiers crossed the Line vesting US$20 billion in India over the of Actual Control (LAC) under the aus- next five years. Early reports had the pices of building a ‘provincial road’ in figure at US$100 billion, which would Ladakh. The LAC has separated Chi- have dwarfed the US$35 billion deal nese-held land from Indian territory secured by Modi in Japan at the end since the 1962 border conflict between of August. Nonetheless, US$20 billion, the two nations. The violation elicited a figure that includes both public and a strong response from India, which private investment, and will cover the dispatched 1,500 troops to the area. construction of high-speed rail links The Indian media reported on the in- and other infrastructure, represents a cursion while Xi was still in the coun- substantial increase from the US$400 try. Xi addressed an emergency meet- million that China has invested in ing of the country’s top military brass India over the past decade. Bi-later- when he arrived back in Beijing on 21 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Xi Goes to Modi 85 84 2014 Pakistan.’ particularly inNew Delhiand Kabul, terrorism on cross-border emanating from na hasappearedtoto rethinkitslong-heldreluctance discussregionalconcerns, on 31October, about which Ananth Krishnanwriting forToday India noted: ‘Chi direction was perhaps confirmed at a regional meeting on Afghanistan in Beijing ground-breaking for aChinese leader, was asmallstepThat inanewdirection. visit, Xi’s relations. Sino-Indian plagued historically have conflicts border going Lama in Dharamsala, China’s strong alliancewith India’s rival Pakistan and on- state relations remain relatively cool. Issues such as India’s hosting of the Dalai issue of borderagreements. Iftradeandinvestment arehottingup, state-to- chainofmilitary command. of thePLAtroop movements. Ifso, theincident highlights problems inChina’s September, sparking speculation intheforeign media that hehad been unaware Source: ptinews.com ing anamicablerelationshipwithIndiasinceModicametopowerinMay2014 In September2014,IndianPrimeMinisterNarendra ModihostedavisitbyXiJinping.Chinahasbeencultivat- Unsurprisingly, thetwo sidesmadenotangibleprogresson thesensitive - Another strategic alignment with China was announced ten days earlier on 21 October, when India and twenty other countries agreed to become founding members of the China-backed Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), a move seen as aimed at reducing the dependence on the Western-dominated World Bank and International Monetary Fund. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Latin America 87 86 2014 Rebecca Fabrizi LATIN AMERICA

Rebecca Fabrizi

RESIDENT XI JINPING’S tour of Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Venezuela in July P2014 confirmed the importance of China’s foreign policy to the region once thought of as America’s backyard. During the trip, Xi attended a meeting of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) group of emerging powers at Fortaleza, Brazil, as well as the first summit between China and the Community of Latin America and the Caribbean States (CELAC) in Brasilia, Brazil. Xi expand-

China unlocks the door to stronger relations with Latin America: railways Source: news.sina.com.cn CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Latin America 89 88 2014 Rebecca Fabrizi just asithasdone inAfrica. railwaysconstruct acrossSouth America,ostensibly to lowerof thecosts trade, Through CELAC, China has also offered up a US$20 billion infrastructure fund to American nations, especially with its biggest trading partner in the region, Brazil. Xi’s visitallowed China to work through tradeandinvestment issues withLatin that have stymied the flow of cheap Chinese manufactured goods into the region. to an economic downturn in China and protectionist policiesin Latin America the US. plant the European Union as Latin America’s second-largest trading partner after in theregionisnow approximately US$65billion.By 2016,China is likely to sup eted from US$12 billion to over US$261billion, while total Chinese investment to revitalise economic relations withkey tradingpartnersintheregion. in American countries during the ten-day journey. But his most pressing task was ed China’s bilateral agreements strategic with Lat partnershipsand co-operative Source: blog.sina.com.cn/sinolatinist inLatinAmerica The strengthofChina’s‘SoftPower’ However, thepaceof growth in tradehasslowed inrecent years, mainly due Between 2000and2013,tradebetween China and Latin Americaskyrock - - -

CHINA STORY YEARBOOK PUP Barking 91 90 2014 Linda Jaivin PUP BARKING

Linda Jaivin

N 18 AUGUST 2014, Clive Palmer, workers here to destroy our wage sys- Oa maverick Australian business- tem’, take over Australian ports ‘and man, Member of Parliament and lead- get our resources for free... . I don’t er of the Palmer United Party (PUP), mind standing up against the Chinese appeared on the popular and unscript- bastards and stop them from doing it’. ed, live-to-air Australian Broadcasting The Chinese response was imme- Corporation show Q&A, in which pol- diate: protests in front of Parliament iticians and others answer audience House in Canberra, and anger on Chi- questions. In response to a question nese social and official media alike. regarding allegations of improper The 环球时报 published electoral funding, he launched into an an op-ed calling it a ‘vicious attack’. off-piste attack on China that clearly But it saw in it a larger pattern: ‘Chi- shocked his fellow panellists and au- na must be aware that Palmer’s ram- dience members: referring to ‘Chinese pant rascality serves as a symbol that mongrels’, he explained: ‘I’m saying Australian society has an unfriendly that because they’re Communist, they attitude toward China’. While ac- shoot their own people, they haven’t knowledging that members of the gov- got a justice system and they want to ernment had scrambled to condemn take over this country. And we’re not Palmer’s remarks, it likened them to going to let them.’ He accused the Chi- ‘bitter remarks against China’ made nese government of wanting ‘to bring ‘without any reason’ by Prime Minis- CHINA STORY YEARBOOK PUP Barking 93 92 2014 Linda Jaivin orientate relations.’ Sino-Australian be the starting points for China to re- These basicunderstandings should take atripandlearnsomeEnglish. and a place where the Chinese can ‘Australia isaremote businesspartner, business. The its globalstrategy, includingthat of China to marginalise Australia in deliberately rileus’andcalledfor learn the ‘price they pay when they ‘prancing provocateurs’ neededto was Australia’s ‘bestfriendinAsia’. islands and Abbott’s claim that Japan regard to thedisputed Diaoyu/Senkaku both China’s claims andactionswith ferred to the vociferous criticisms of these were butthey undoubtedly re Julie Bishop. It didn’t specify what ter Tony Abbottand Foreign Minister Photo: AlexEllinghausen television inAugust2014 of apologytotheChineseAmbassadorinAustralia afterthecommentshemadeonlive Outspoken MPandleaderofthePalmerUnitedParty,ClivePalmer,hadtowritealetter The Global Timessaidthat these Global Times concluded: - ment withthedignitythey deserve.’ Chinese people and Chinese govern - cians could only be fair and treat the opportunity to grabthat ifour politi- Reds underthebed… . We’ve got the inAustraliathere’s agreat cry about investment inAustralia: ‘Suddenly al governmenton Chinese restrictions Kevin Rudd’s China policy and feder- then prime minister2009, pillorying ny. Heheldrather different views in disputeness with aChinesecompa- long-running and acrimonious busi- by hiscomments. regretted any ‘hurt or anguish’ caused any insult to theChinesepeople’and Australia to ‘sincerely apologise for letter to theChinese ambassadorto Palmer hasbeeninvolved ina On 25August, Palmer sent a

CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Xi, Putin and the Trouble with Crimea 95 94 2014 Rebecca Fabrizi XI, PUTIN AND THE TROUBLE WITH CRIMEA

Rebecca Fabrizi

LTHOUGH BEIJING has a long of state. Xi’s attendance at the Winter Ahistory of falling in and out of Olympics in February in Sochi was a alliances with Moscow, Xi Jinping is first for a Chinese president. giving the relationship a high and pos- Amidst all this cosiness, the sud- itive profile. He appears to admire the den Russian annexation of Crimea by Russian leader, who he has character- referendum presented China with a ised as having a similar personality to conundrum. On the one hand, China’s his own: ‘我和您性格很相似’. He made relationship with this useful partner Russia his first destination for a foreign within the P5 (the permanent five trip after becoming president, and his members of the UN Security Council) is first foreign visit of 2014. Addition- strategically important and favourable al bilateral meetings at international to itself. On the other, non-interference summits such as BRICS (the association in the internal affairs of another state of the major emerging economies of is a central principle of China’s foreign Brazil, Russia, India, China and South policy. Besides, and crucially, given its Africa), the Shanghai Cooperation Or- own issues with Taiwan, Tibet and Xin- ganisation 上海合作组织 and the G20, jiang, it does not support self-determi- as well as Putin’s state visit to China in nation. The US State Department was May 2014 mean Xi has spent more time not the only foreign observer to note with Putin than any other foreign head the parallels. CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Xi, Putin and the Trouble with Crimea 97 96 2014 Rebecca Fabrizi professorof international relations at settlement, to according ShiYinhong, a political a find to him urged and Putin Crimea last March, Mr. Xi called Mr. sia annexed theUkrainian region of ed in September that: ‘Just before Rus for itsstance. Ukraine thanked thePeople’sRepublic self on the fence when both Russia and knew ithadsucceeded in balancingit possible iftheUkrainegave in.Beijing olence, aworthy sentiment, but only parties to resolve theissue without vi- is happening in Crimea.’ It asked the vague: arereasonsfor what ‘There Source: Xinhua President XihasspentmoretimewithRussianPutinthananyotherforeignheadofstate Yet, China’s official line was suitably was line official China’s report - - - able to domuch aboutit. collateral damage, and nobody was tarian power got its way with limited tions of precedent: the large authori- defence sales.Asfor territorial ques Russia for delayed energy deals and been abletobetter secure terms from has been good for China in that it has as accusation’. But, for their‘one-sided ia, theUSandotherwestern countries Airlines Flight 17, criticisingAustral- Russia over thedowning of Malaysia lic. State media has even sided with There hasbeennohint of thisinpub Renmin University of China in Beijing.’ The Times article states, the conflict the states, article - -

CHINA STORY YEARBOOK China and Europe 99 98 2014 Rebecca Fabrizi CHINA AND EUROPE

Rebecca Fabrizi

N APRIL 2014, Xi Jinping made the in the name of ‘multi-polarity’, could Ifirst ever visit by a Chinese head potentially divide the ‘West’ and strike of state to the European Institutions a blow at US interests. Whatever the in Brussels. In a speech cum Chinese underlying thinking behind China’s history lesson at the Collège d’Europe policies towards Europe, the EU re- mains China’s biggest trading partner in Bruges, Xi called on Europeans to and both sides remained committed to ‘work together for all flowers of -hu developing that relationship. man civilization to blossom together’. That same month, China’s Min- istry of Foreign Affairs issued a poli- cy paper on the European Union (EU) titled ‘Deepen the China–EU Com- prehensive Strategic Partnership for Mutual Benefit and Win-Win Coop- eration’. It said the partnership was important ‘in China’s efforts to pursue peaceful development and multi-po- larity [in] the world’. It did not require a cynical reading to note that the paper distinguished the EU from the US and New visa policy promoted a bilateral relationship that, Source: hiberlin.com 101 100 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK China and Europe 2014 Rebecca Fabrizi ers. Chinese diplomats in the EU said na’s subsidies to solarpanelproduc- casestemming fromanti-dumping Chi the biggest trade dispute in history: an negotiators in August that year to end deal struck by European Commission EU membercountries approved the partner. ic powerhouse — remains apreferred though Germany —Europe’s econom- favours to European countries by turn, this competition, meting out special The Chinese government encourages ing the cohesiveness of the EU’s policy. they viefor China’s attention, challeng- between member states of the EU as and the US. This results in competition p.94), theotherASEANnations, Japan Putin andtheTrouble withCrimea’, bours including Russia (seeForum ‘Xi, relations with fourteen land neigh- energy to handling sometimes-tetchy na must devote considerable time and China’s top foreign affairspriority. Chi But Europe has no illusions that it is yet aspirations hasnomilitary inAsia. likes the fact that the EU is big and rich with its larger memberstates. China ing equally active bilateral relations stitutions in Brussels while maintain- been to engage with the EUanditsin-

In December2013,ministersof China’s Europe policy haslong - - press. Despite the breadthof the2020 keep the issue on the table and in the tion, China wants anFTA and will prospect of an FTA with circumspec- and academicexchanges. investment, food security and cultural frastructure development, trade and energy technologies,low-carbon in- of field the in exchanges and schemes itime securityto emissionstrading These included everything from mar- broad-rangingfor areas co-operation. to 2020,listingcloseto onehundred prospectuson EU–China engagement style summit document included a long meetingwith XiJinping. Thenew- but, unusually, included an equally mally hosted byLi Keqiang, Premier teenth EU–China Summit that was for- an Commission in Beijing for the Six between EUleaders—andtheEurope pean Council —aforum for discussion note, with the presidents of the Euro way for anegotiated settlement. dent José ManuelBarroso to pave the Li and European Commission Presi- phone conversation between Premier In thiscase,ittook anhour-longtele an issue could beworked out in Berlin. finally accepted that not every Europe privately that Chinese bureaucrats had

Although the EU treated the The year 2013 ended on a high - - - - - ‘roadmap’ and the existence of around seventy regular bilateral dialogues covering a whole spectrum of govern- ment business, for China the relation- ship remains primarily about trade and investment. In addition to trade, Chinese companies have been actively investing in Europe with 120 reported acquisitions in 2013 alone. The Brit- ish Ambassador to China, Sebastian Wood, told Xinhua in July 2014 ‘within The EU is China’s biggest trading partner Source: tieba.baidu.com the space of eighteen months we have seen as much investment [in the UK] arrangement, now in its second year from China as we had in the previous and involving a variety of interim thirty years’. Negotiations are also un- ministerial-level meetings. Brussels is derway for a new bilateral investment uneasy both about the creation of such treaty, although the Europeans want a large and unco-ordinated European to secure the sort of access to Chinese Union subgroup, and the fact that the markets that would make it worth agenda of their meetings is dictated their while. This is likely to make the entirely by China. But it has indeed negotiations difficult and protracted. been institutionalised, as the summit As the 2013 EU–China Summit for Co-operation Between China wrapped up, Li Keqiang, to the and Central and Eastern European annoyance of senior officials in Countries (CEEC), and will continue to Brussels, jumped on a plane to meet regularly. As with the EU proper, Romania for another meeting. This there is real interest here on both sides was with representatives of sixteen in trade and investment opportunities. European countries, including eleven CEEC is also looking into the idea of a EU member states as well as Serbia, ‘Eurasian land bridge’, an economic Montenegro, Albania, Bosnia and the corridor connecting China, Russia, Republic of Macedonia. Brussels had Central Asia and Eastern Europe. repeatedly asked both sides in this This engagement with countries ‘summit’ not to institutionalise this that have little political leverage and 103 102 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK China and Europe 2014 Rebecca Fabrizi well invite othersto join CEEC, or sim - with the Chinesepremier. China may ership) aprivate half-hour meeting antee any access to the Chinese lead- ment (who guar- could not otherwise each of thesixteen Heads of Govern- the sametime,arrangement gives EU policy.None have yet taken uptheoffer. At with conflict direct in be countries involved inCEEC that would investment fund for soft loansto the tions. China is offering aUS$10billion way canundercutjoint policyposi- risks that dealing with China in this countries involved acknowledge the the CEECcountries. onto theagenda of themeetingswith discussion of human rights never gets China, but negative for theEU, isthat and theUK).And,apositive anglefor ia, Croatia, Cyprus, Romania, Ireland EU membercountries except Bulgar- ty throughout theSchengen area (all residence, in turn, provides mobili permanent Such years. five for Bonds in Special Hungarian Government from China willing to tieup €250,000 going, permanent residencyto anyone Viktor allows Orban’sHungary on- to buy into Europe onitsown terms. fi- nancing offers aneasy way for China infrastructure for desperate are

Diplomats from some of the - and Chinaalone, includingafullex bilateral dialogues between Germany political engagement, with over sixty and overall EUpolicy, buttheintense ence between German goals for China terests.’In fact,thereislittlediffer - European strategic andeconomic in- is that itcouldundermine[broader] danger of thisnewspecialrelationship bilateral relationship with China. The mined by Germany’s rapidly evolving relationship with China will bedeter - Relations wrote that ‘Europe’s future of theEuropean Council for Foreign with Chinese leaders. Hans Kundnani enjoys frequent contact German trade;theChancellor European trade with China is actually policy towards China.Nearly halfof and the UK overwhelmingly guide EU cause theinterestsof Germany, France the newgroup isusefulfor thembe the CEEC arrangement maintain that year. Organisation of theUnited Nations last a group at theFood andAgriculture met with Chinese representatives as Cyprus andMalta),whogal, Greece, ern EUmembers(Italy, Spain,Portu- feelersto including sixsouth- others, Republic has already been putting out ilar groupings, infuture.ThePeople’s

Those eleven EU countries in - - ecutive-to-executive consultation pro- don, where he signed deals worth £14 cess not replicated by any other Euro- billion, including ones between BP and pean country, leads to the risk — or at Royal Dutch Shell on the one hand, and least the perception — that China will the China National Oil Offshore Corpo- prioritise Berlin over Brussels. Li Ke- ration on the other. qiang’s first overseas trip, in May 2013, Yet political tensions remained. took him to Germany, but no other EU Ahead of Li’s visit, Deputy Prime Min- country. ister Nick Clegg told the media he had At the moment, France also en- no regrets about meeting the Dalai joys high status with China. Following Lama and accused Beijing of ‘system- his attendance at the Nuclear Sum- atic human rights abuses’. Li spoke of mit in The Hague from 24–25 March wanting to address ‘misperceptions 2014, Xi Jinping visited Lyon and Paris. and ease misgivings’. Yet, shortly be- Putting 2008’s diplomatic spats over fore the Chinese Premier arrived in Olympic torch relays and visits by the London, Beijing put out a diplomati- Dalai Lama behind them, Chinese and cally assertive white paper that raised French leaders cordially celebrated questions about ’s auton- fifty years of diplomatic relations with omy. There was no evidence that his a strong push for increased bilateral hosts raised the issue during their trade and investment, reportedly sign- meetings. The joint statement issued ing some fifty deals with a total value by both parties at the end of the visit, of €18 billion. however, did affirm the principle of As for the UK, relations were ‘One Country, Two Systems’ for Hong frozen for sixteen months following Kong enshrined in the bilateral 1984 Prime Minister David Cameron’s meet- agreement over Hong Kong’s future ing with the Dalai Lama in London in under Chinese sovereignty. May 2012. Although Xi did not visit Political frictions aside, accord- London on his 2014 trip to Europe, and ing to the Pew Research Global Atti- the UK press has reported a rift in the tudes Project, some forty-eight per- Cabinet over UK policy towards China, cent of UK citizens have a favourable Xi and Cameron did meet in Beijing in attitude toward China (compared with December 2013. And in June 2014, Li twenty-eight percent in Germany and Keqiang made a three-day visit to Lon- five percent in Japan, for instance). 105 104 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK China and Europe 2014 Rebecca Fabrizi appeared to be an important partof has barely any politicalrole intheUK, while, wondered why the Queen, who mean- ing aboutLi’svisitto theUK, institutions intheEUareUK. Chinese students enrolled in tertiary panies inEurope. Nearly halfof the ment destination for China’s com- also makes the UK a favoured invest London’s endorsement oftrade free

British press commentators writ - - sixty-two years. who haslasted unchallenged for over a Party itisahead apparatchik, of state that ifthereisonething that interests nese leadership. Ormaybe itwas just status anxietyonthepartof theChi suggested it might reveal a continued Queen didn’t receive him.Iftrue,some had threatened to cancel the trip if the the itinerary. Rumour had it that Li -

107 106 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn

THE CHINESE INTERNET: UNSHARED DESTINY Jeremy Goldkorn UNDER XI JINPING, the party-state is reinforcing and extending the walls around the Chinese Internet. In early 2014, Xi assumed leadership of the newly formed Central Internet

Security and Informatisation Leading Small

Group 中央网络安全和信息化领导小组, whose members include Premier Li Keqiang and Liu

Yunshan 刘云山, former director of the Party’s

Department of Publicity (formerly Propaganda).

In a report published on 27 February 2014, Xinhua

News Agency quotes Xi as saying that China should

‘strive to become a cyber power’.

Image: Robin Li spruiking ‘cloud computing’ Source: tizenindonesia.blogspot.hk 111 110 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn prompt with the Didi Dache service) Putin. baby rats for feeding snakes, oracat scratch polethat resemblesVladimir industrial chemicals, organic vegetables, construction equipment, live toys, drones, Red Guard armbands from theCultural Revolution, obscure sex handbags, Gucci novels, fiction science second-hand purchase could possible desireandneed,legalotherwise. assistants had been replaced by scores of websites catering to his every itable garden of earthly delights, a shopper’s paradise where surly shop isn’t much moreexpensive thanamobile),MrJinwould discover aver- few hundredyuan.Onhisphoneorcomputer(a laptop screen oriPad up in 2014, Mr Jin could easily purchase a smartphone for aslittle as a nessmen andgangsters usedostentatiously inpublic. But when hewoke million WeChat accounts offering of prostitutes. theservices the phone, thencalledadageda 20,000 yuanincash(afortune at thetime),MrJinmighthave hadamobile don’t have it’. If he had the right paperwork or connectionsand around pre-emptive ‘meiyoupre-emptive ’ most commonanswer to any at enquiry aChinesedepartment store was a the Internet — and awoke twenty years later. The year he fell asleep, the access to able first were China in people of numbers small only when — Let’s imaginethat a man, call him Mr Jin, fell asleepin Beijing in 1994 The GardenofEarthlyDelights Internet users, around 500 millionof whom connect via mobilephones.It Government statistics from June 2014estimate that China has 630million Open Sesame using WeChat payto orsendgreetings Queenicecream for aDairy nearby strangers Global Times reported in January that the police had shut down twenty Mr Jin could also hail a taxi (offering a tip during peak hours to ensure On Taobao.com or JD.com, for example, with a tap of his finger, Mr Jin 微信 . Someof themmight do morethan just greethim back: 没有 , literally ‘none’, or‘whatever it is you want, we 大哥大 , aclunkybrick-like objectthat busi 嘀嘀打车 app on his mobile phone, - is the biggest Internet population in the world. The companies that serve them have become global titans: on 18 September 2014, a company called Alibaba that was founded by the former English teacher and Hangzhou native 马云 listed on the New York Stock Exchange, raising US$21.8 billion from international investors, more than Facebook and General Motors in their initial public offerings. Even before the initial public offering of shares (IPO), Alibaba was taking in money beyond the wildest dreams of the thieves in the epony- mous Arabian Nights tale: US$5.5 billion a year in revenue generated by a diverse range of popular services. There is the original English-language website Alibaba.com, which helps Chinese companies sell their wares to international markets; Taobao.com, an online marketplace where individ- uals can buy and sell, similar to eBay; and Tmall.com, an online store like Amazon. These three services dominate ecommerce in China. Alibaba also controls Alipay, the biggest online payments firm in China — Paypal, the international leader, is a minor player in China, used most- ly by the international customers of Chinese companies. Alibaba owns a large stake in Kuaidi 快递, the second of two dominant smart phone apps for hailing a cab. (Alibaba’s rival Tencent, which also owns WeChat, owns more than twenty percent of Didi Dache, mentioned above.) In 2013, Alib- aba became the first Chinese Internet company to launch an online wealth management product 理财产品, Yu’ebao 余额宝, which allows people to invest small amounts of money into a fund offering returns of around five percent, more than double the interest rates typically offered by Chinese banks. As of July 2014, Yu’ebao had around 500 billion yuan under man- agement, most of it from individual investors. Alibaba’s listing on the New York Stock Exchange means that China’s three biggest and most important Internet companies have all attracted foreign capital. The Chinese Internet industry often refers to this trio as BAT: B for the New York-listed search firm Baidu (often glossed as ‘China’s Google’), A for Alibaba and T for the Hong Kong-listed Tencent, 113 112 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn groups of usersinThailandandEgypt. for Thai-and Arabic-language searchsites, already being tested by small in Japan (thoughithasyet to becomeamajorplayer there)andhasplans intelli- artificial gence asitschiefscientist. Thecompany already operates asearchengine in researcher leading and staffer Google former a Ng, Andrew hired and Valley, Silicon in lab intelligence) (artificial learning’ All threeBAT companies planto invest abroad. Baidu has openeda‘deep BATs ontheWing high throughout periodsof globaleconomicinstability. call onebillion consumers, the share pricesof the BATs have remained With theChineseInternetusers. population headingfor what investors whether measured by market capitalisation, revenues ornumberof dominates mobile phone use with WeChat. The BATs are global in scale which made its early fortune ininstant messagingand gaming, andnow a computer button at thesametime. at service the PalacioBaidu’s Portuguese-language do Planalto by pressing on a state visit to Brazil, and Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff launched can accessBaiduCloud. Gear usesBaidu voice recognition technology and Samsung mobile users panies. Already, Samsung Baidu and Samsung workco-operation: inclose by working together they couldgainacompetitive advantage over UScom- South Korea’s advanced broadband and other infrastructure meant that search enginetechnologies, andthat China’s large Internet market and and South Korea are two out of only four countries in the world with core a state visitto SouthKorea. Ligave aspeechinwhich he noted that China a delegation of 250Chinesebusinesspeopleaccompanying XiJinping on In early July 2014, Baidu founder and CEO Robin Li By 17 July, Li was in Brasilia, where Xi Jinping, who happened to be 李彦宏 was part of Tencent, meanwhile, is aggressively market- ing WeChat throughout Africa, India, the Middle East, Latin America and Europe. In Africa, they are working in co-opera- tion with Naspers, a South Argentine soccer star Lionel Messi is a celebrity product endorser for WeChat African media company founded nearly a century ago and once a key voice of official South Africa in the apartheid years, but which is now a global corporation with inter- ests in print media, ecommerce and pay TV. Naspers owns a thirty-four percent stake in Tencent. Tencent itself holds ten percent of Digital Sky Technologies or DST, a Russian investment firm that owns significant num- bers of shares in Facebook and many other global Internet firms. In 2013, Argentine soccer star Lionel Messi signed on as a celebrity product en- dorser for WeChat. As for Alibaba, it perhaps remains the most ambitious of the BATs. Its founder Jack Ma wrote in a letter to investors that was released with the company’s prospectus:

In the past decade, we measured ourselves by how much we changed China. In the future, we will be judged by how much progress we bring to the world.

Internet Investors and Users: Different Destinies

Not only are the BAT companies globalised in a way that is unique among Chinese industries, but the Internet is the only sector of the economy in 115 114 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn in thefuture. to whom Bloomberg spoke predicted that thissituation willhave to change be left out of the company’s stock offering.’ At leastonesecuritiesanalyst Chinese consumers have‘Though driven Alibaba’s success, they’ll largely a Chinese company if you’re Chinese,’she said. As the article comments, worker calledMsZhou: ‘I’m a little confusedabout why you can’t invest in tember 2014.Itquoted adisgruntled would-be investor, aretiredfactory an articletitled‘Chinesegripeat beingleftoutof Alibaba IPO’ on15Sep published Bloomberg service news financial The equities. overseas buy side effects, asthelaw alsorestrictstheability of mainland investors to posed to be a protected industry. But it has some paradoxical and strange of profits to the foreign holdingcompany. ownership in the company, which is bound by contract to return a share ations. Typically, the founding entrepreneurs and their associates retain oper- mainland firm’s the owns wholly that company Chinese mainland Hong Kong- orforeign-registered company entersinto acontractwith a and Netease courted investment from the US. Under a VIE agreement, a Baidu Sina, Sohu, including companies, Internet first Chinese wave the of est Entity’dreamtThis isalegalstructure (VIE). when upinthe1990s around legallimitations by meansof somethingcalleda‘Variable Inter- ternetand media.ThemajorChineseInternet companies have worked together own morethanhalfof Tencent. Africa’s Naspers isjust one of several foreign institutional investors who South percent. twenty-four and with percent, thirty-four Yahoo with firm the largest aJapanesein Alibabawere shareholders Softbank, investment tional investors own more than forty-five percent of Baidu. Before the IPO, ket share.By contrast, foreign capitalplays amajorrole. Foreign institu- enterpriseswhich state-owned have failed to capture any significant mar- This legal loopholeallows foreign capital a large stake in what issup China places many on foreignrestrictions investment in Chinese In- - - If investors abroad can buy shares in Alibaba while Chinese citizens like Ms Zhou cannot, similarly Brazilians, South Koreans, Japanese can use local-language Baidu search engines, while Ms Zhou and her compatriots are blocked from accessing globally popular websites such as Youtube, Facebook and online media such as The New York Times (see Information Window ‘The Rise of Chinese Internet Finance’, p.27). Google famously shut down their mainland search engine in 2010, citing censorship and alleging Chinese government-sponsored hacking. Chinese Internet companies have flourished in a protected, as well as politically sensitive and highly censored environment. Although they may be popular with foreign investors, Chinese companies have had little success with ordinary Internet and mobile phone users outside of China. While Baidu can claim some significant inroads into the South Korean market, and WeChat is growing in Africa and the Middle East, it is rare to find anyone in the Anglophone world who uses a Chinese Internet service or even recognises brands like WeChat and Baidu.

Sovereignty and Cyberspace

In a report published on 27 Feb- ruary 2014, after having assumed leadership of the newly formed Small Group on Internet security, Xinhua News Agency quotes Xi as saying that China should ‘strive to become a cyber power’. But the article also reported the govern- ment’s worries about Internet- , a member of a newly formed Small Group on Internet related threats to national security security Source: news.sohu.com and the control of information on the Internet generally: 117 116 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn Xinhua published an article (since deletedXinhua published (since an article butstillavailable onGoogle’s announced inJanuary 2010that itwas shuttingdownin China, itsservers plying it was something that allcountries did. For example, after Google censorship and other controls over the Chinese Internet defensively, im- discussed officials years, previous In pp.172–173). 2013: CivilisingChina, ic participation and constructive attitudes (see the meanwhile, is one of Xi’sfavourite terms, and it refers to a concept of civ- pornographic, or socially dangerous content. ‘Positive energy’ ed thetwoof concerns national securityand‘cleaningup’ criminal, Source: zt.dahe.cn The ‘Godfatherofthe Great Firewall’,FangBinxing tion of key infrastructurefacilities,andcleaningupcyberspace. draft laws andregulations onmanaginginformation online,protec- … Themeetingwas alsotold that theremust belegislative effortsto across countries andsteers technology, fundingandtalents …. means no modernisation,’ Xi said, noting that cyber information flows ‘No Internet safety meansnonational security. No informatisation ‘Cyberspace shouldbemadecleanandchipper,’ Xisaid. line opinionsinterms of timing,intensity andimpact. stimulate positive energy while maintaining proper guidanceof on- Xi calledfor innovative methodsto spreadmainstreamvalues and Chinese government statements onInternet controls have longcit Ministry spokeswomanMinistry Jiang Yu own cache)that quoted Foreign 姜瑜 article alsoreported Jiangsaying healthy development.’ The deleted a favorable environment for its its development and has created government always encourages ternetis openinChina, where the as telling journalists: ‘The In- astelling journalists:‘The China Story Yearbook 正能量 - , Major Global Websites Blocked in China, by Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon The Great Firewall, planned and developed in the first few years after the Chinese public began to access the Web in 1995, is a cordon sanitaire that prevents unhealthy foreign influences from corrupting the minds of China’s Internet users. From the start, it blocked websites run by banned religions and cults, those advocating Tibetan and Taiwan independence and the sites of some Western news organisations. The New York Times site, walled out in the 1990s, was back in by 2001, reportedly on the orders of then president Jiang Zemin. In the run up to the 2008 Olympics, the government unblocked a number of sites, some only temporarily. In 2009, as the role social media played in the Arab Spring led to talk of Facebook and Twitter-led ‘revolutions’, and riots broke out in Xinjiang (where some advocates of Uyghur independence communicated via Facebook), the Great Firewall blocked Facebook, Youtube and Twitter. Since Google shut down its Chinese search server in 2010, many Google sites and services have been inaccessible. The firewall had previously barred Wikipedia but restored access in 2014 while denying access to dozens of individual articles on topics concerning recent Chinese history. Investigations into the wealth of the families of party leaders by Bloomberg and The New York Times in 2012 resulted in the banning of their websites, while , The Wall Street Journal and Reuters have all seen their websites blocked intermittently over the course of 2013 and 2014. The authorities also deny access to Taiwan- and Hong Kong-based news sites including the Apple Daily, United Daily News, Economic Daily News, Kinmen Daily News, The Sun, Oriental Daily News, and . Although it is relatively easy to ‘jump over the Great Firewall’ 翻墙 by using such technol- ogies as a virtual private network, the vast majority of China’s hyperactive Internet users do not use them. that China, like other countries, regulated the Internet industry in line with its laws. During Xi Jinping’s early tenure, party rhetoric has shifted in favour of the more aggressive promotion of the idea of ‘Internet sovereignty’, which emphasises the authority of a nation-state to regulate cyberspace in its own unique way. The Xi administration did not coin the term. It first appeared in a government-published White Paper from 2010, which de- clared: ‘Within Chinese territory the Internet is under the jurisdiction of Chinese sovereignty. The Internet sovereignty of China should be respect- ed and protected.’ 119 118 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn China, Information Window ‘Fang Binxing and the Great Firewall’, p.326). father of theGreat Firewall’ (see president of BeijingPostandTelecommunications University andthe‘God- globally. Amongtheparticipants was Fang Binxing meeting in London was the first ICANN had held since the announcement; erning theInternet inaway that would keepand open.The23 June itfree websites aswell asgovernments, to come up with a newsystem for gov- and groups speech pro-free organisations, non-profit of composed group would relinquishitspositioninICANN.Itasked the‘multi-stakeholder’ that theglobalInternet shouldoperate freeof government control. the United States Department of Commerce, aswell asundertheprinciple tion founded in the US, until now ICANN has operated under contract to ‘talk’ to one another, enabling the Internet to work. A non-profit organisa - domain names, root and name servers protocols that allow computers to Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the body that controls Internet for Corporation Internet the of meeting public fiftieth the at speech ute net SecurityandInformatisation LeadingSmallGroup madeaten-min- Inter- Central the of a member also and (SIIO) Office Information ternet Source: news.ifeng.com net InformationOffice , the DirectoroftheStateInter That sameday in London, Lu Wei On 14March2014,theAmerican government announcedthat it - 不容回避的议题 power over the functioning of the Internet continued to exercise an unfair amount of Internets.They complained that theUS what information may spread ontheir own that allcountries have theright to decide scholars articulating and justifying the idea that cannotbeavoided’ forum titled‘InternetSovereignty: Atopic voted a full-page spread to coverage of a the ChinaStory Yearbook 2013:Civilising On 23 June 2014, the 鲁炜 , the director of the State In- Te ou ivle five involved forum The . 方滨兴 People’s Daily de 网络主权：一个 , theformer - Lu was there to ensure China would not miss out on any future opportuni- ties to shape its new regime. Lu, who reportedly oversaw the crackdown on critical discussion of social and political issues on Weibo 微博 that be- gan in 2013 and the subsequent tightening of controls on WeChat (see In- formation Window ‘Major Global Websites Blocked in China’, p.117), had a sunny, anodyne message for the group: ‘The Internet should be for the benefit of all mankind, to improve the wellbeing for people around the world’. Lu also said ‘China has opened its doors to build a shared Internet era with countries around the world.’ He used the phrase ‘shared Internet’ no fewer than five times. By August, Iran and other stakeholders (whose identities have not been made public) proposed new bylaws that would give government members of ICANN the defining say in its policies. As The Wall Street Journal pointed out in an editorial in September, what this means is that: ‘Authoritarian governments could for the first time censor the Web glob- ally, not just in their own countries. Russia could get ICANN to withdraw Ukrainian sites. China could engineer the world-wide removal of sites supporting freedom for Hong Kong or Tibet.’ While the US Department of Commerce has downplayed concern that the system could be changed to such an extent, The Wall Street Journal argued that Obama had ‘un- derestimated the importance of Washington’s control in maintaining an open Internet — and the desire among other governments to close the Internet’. Although Lu did not mention ‘Internet sovereignty’ in his published speech, he responded to journalists asking about who should control coun- try-level domain names (.cn or .au for example) by saying: ‘We should re- spect every country’s Internet sovereignty.’ In July, Xi Jinping took up the theme on his visit to Brazil to attend a meeting of the BRICS group — the same visit where he helped launch Baidu’s Brazilian search engine. At the BRICS meeting on 17 July, Xi talked about the need for developing coun- tries to tell their stories better in the media. Later, he made a speech to the 121 120 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn the Chinesegovernment willcontinue to useinthecomingyears. more on this term, see Chapter 4 ‘Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors’, p.150) that enthusiastic reportingbackhomeentrenches thephraseasatifa Silicon Valley hascreated that enableintrusive snooping. global surveillance by the Americangovernment and wary of thesystems Beijing, Brasilia andmany othergovernments have aligned,suspicious of elations aboutNational SecurityAgency surveillance— anissue onwhich remarks ondigital sovereignty in the context of theEdward Snowden rev - sovereignty’ (ChinaDaily translation). Chinesestate media reported the National Congressof Brazilcallingfor ‘respectof allcountries’ cyberspace sion over thelasttwo years, canclaimitislegally justifiedindoing so. government, which has steadily tightenedon digitalexpres restrictions no rightto criticiseitforwebsites, censoring journalistsorbloggers. The Internet.If Chinato isfree setitsown cyberlaws andpolicies,othershave to justifyany of its digital policies, includingcensorshipof itsdomestic Internet sovereignty gives the Chinese state the legal language with which A DestinyUnshared ternet sovereignty alsoexcuses increased hostilitytowards andotherlim- on thecustomers’ own computers.Although itisnotstated explicitly, In- the cloud,to clients rather thansellingasoftware package that is installed wherebyService, acompany rents software stored onaremote server, in sites Blocked inChina’,p.117). other goods(seeInformation and services Window ‘Major GlobalWeb for do they like flows these control to able be should country every that international,focuseson flows cross-border information,of being gist the In fact,much of thediscussionof Internetsovereignty Daily inthePeople’s Xi’s mention of Internet sovereignty at aninternational forum and its

Foreign firms are already prohibited from operating Software asa Software from operating prohibited already are firms Foreign Internet sovereignty also justifies the blocking of international sites. of blocking the justifies sovereigntyInternetalso 提法

(for - - Pressed and Ironed, by Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon

China-based correspondents for international news media need to hold a Press Card 常驻记者证 and a ‘J1’ long-term journalist visa, both of which are issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since the 1990s, it has been relatively straightforward for established for- eign news organisations to obtain these documents, and the ranks of Beijing- and Shanghai- based correspondents have swelled. Between 1992 and 2011, the Chinese government expelled only three foreign journal- ists: Henrik Bork of the German daily Frankfurter Rundschau in 1995, accusing Bork of ‘aggressive, biased’ reporting and, in 1998, Juergen Kremb of Germany’s Der Spiegel and Yukihisa Nakatsu of Japan’s Yomiuri Shimbun, alleging that they had illegally obtained state secrets. Then, in 2012, the ministry denied a visa extension to Melissa Chan of Al Jazeera’s Eng- lish TV channel. Although officials did not explain why, other journalists believed it had to do with a documentary aired by Al Jazeera on slave labour in Chinese jails. On 29 June 2012, the financial news service Bloomberg published a story titled ‘Xi Jin- ping Millionaire Relations Reveal Fortunes of ’ on their website; it was blocked within hours of publication. Since then, Bloomberg has been unable to obtain journalist visas for new correspondents despite (according to The New York Times) self-censoring further such investigative reports into the financial holdings of Chinese officials and their families.The Times itself published a story titled ‘Family of Wen Jiabao Holds a Hidden Fortune in China’ on 25 October 2012. The Chinese government immediately blocked the paper’s website. Correspondents already working for both Bloomberg and The New York Times have been able to renew their documents with the exception of the celebrated Chris Buckley, but the ministry has not approved any new ones. In November 2013, Paul Mooney, a veteran China reporter known for his coverage of human rights issues, was denied a visa to work at Reuters’ Beijing bureau. In May 2014, the Foreign Correspondents Club of China, which operates in China without official recognition, issued a report on working conditions for foreign journalists. Their survey of 162 foreign correspondents revealed that eighteen percent had experienced difficulties renewing their press cards or visas, twice as many as in their previous survey at the end of 2011. The report also quotes journalists who describe rough manhandling by plainclothes police, forced meetings with police who threaten not to renew journalists’ visas and warn against covering news such as the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 1989 Protest Movement, the detention and telephone harassment of news assistants (who are Chinese nationals) and hacking of journalists’ email accounts.

123 122 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn who willbeaguestin my home’. ‘China has always beenhospitableto theoutsideworld, butIcanchoose na, but made the policy very clear with a statement reported by Xinhua: 30 October, theSIIOchiefdenied knowing if Facebook was blocked inChi or threats to China’s national security. At apressconference in Beijing on Symantec, Kapersky Labs,Microsoft andCiscoof violations of Chineselaw and regulatorshave overthe pastyear accused IBM,Qualcomm,Apple, the Snowden leaksand alleged monopolistic practices,various state media Citing in China. operating firms technology Internet foreign on itations in 1994. telecommunications andbusinesshasbarely changed sincehefell asleep in 2014:thisrespect,the party-state’s approach to regulating media, and commerce.Thesetrends would notsurprise ourMrJinwho woke up ernments, including China’s, to controls exert over top-down expression ternet’, it is possible that the Internet may splinter in order for some gov- on theagenda. Despite LuWei’s remarks at ICANNabout‘onesharedIn- Wei itineraries and activities and Xi Jinping’s this year suggest that this is Lu influence. significant has China where BRICS, in as well as ICANN, as build aChina-friendly consensus onInternet management at forums such defensive and offensive purposes. been usedto defendexploitation of Chinesemilitary theInternetfor both pronouncements, Internet sovereignty remains a useful concept that has prominence given to theSnowden revelations in state media and party dustry. The Chinese government issued vigorous denials.But with the in- Chinese benefit to hacking of charges on members PLA five of ment On 19May, USAttorney-General EricHHolderJr announcedtheindict One InternetorManyInternets? Finally, theconcept of Internet sovereignty isarhetorical tool to - - The question remains of how the vision of Jack Ma, China’s richest man, of a Chinese company changing the online world can coexist with the dreams of Xi Jinping, China’s most powerful man, whose Internet con- cerns seem focused on the grim, brute work of security and stability main- tenance. For how much longer will we be able to talk about the Internet in the singular, without having to specify a national identity?

125 124 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK FORUM 2014 Begging to Differ FORUM FORUM BEGGING TO DIFFER

The United Front in an Age of Shared Destiny · GERRY GROOT

Occupy Taiwan · MARK HARRISON 129 128 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The United Front in an Age of Shared Destiny 2014 Gerry Groot THE UNITED FRONT IN AN AGE OF SHARED DESTINY

Gerry Groot

Back in the Spotlight

Ling Jihua 令计划 had been an aspirant through which the Party reaches out to the Party’s top leadership before his to many key non-party groups within son Ling Gu 令谷 crashed a Ferrari in and outside China in order to achieve Beijing in March 2012, killing himself important political goals. It also mon- and one of the two young women with itors sensitive constituencies and se- him (see the China Story Yearbook 2013: lects representatives from them who Civilising China, Information Window they can then incorporate into the po- ‘Black Ferrari, Red Ferrari’, p.166). In litical system. The last time the UFWD the wake of the tragedy, which raised garnered any significant attention a number of questions (including how from foreign media was during the tu- Ling’s son had been able to afford the multuous events surrounding the 1989 car), was removed from his student democracy movement centred post as the chief of the General Office of the Communist Party’s Central Com- on Beijing’s Tiananmen Square. Yan mittee and appointed head of the Unit- Mingfu 阎明复, then head of the UFWD, ed Front Work Department 统一战线 played a key role in liaising with the 工作部 instead. students, meeting with students at The United Front Work Depart- UFWD Headquarters and famously of- ment (UFWD) is the organisation fering himself up as a hostage. 131 130 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The United Front in an Age of Shared Destiny 2014 Gerry Groot bly to build up theKMTbutinreality rum ‘Occupy Taiwan’, p.136), ostensi- or (KMT) members joinedtheNationalist Party the early 1920s,when some of its strategy of the Communist Party since United Front work hasbeenakey What isUnited Front Work? years earlier. twenty-five Beijing in protests the on the government’s crackdown military tions of the deaths that resulted from commemora- large-scale significant, just two days earlier therehad been Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau, where implicitly appealing to the Chinese in He wasand businessconnections.’ and rich in capital, talent, resources al Rejuvenation asthey arepatriotic realising theChinese Dream of Nation- ‘they canplayrole anirreplaceable in seas Chinese are united,’ declared Xi, ciations inBeijing. ‘As longastheover- Conference of Overseas Chinese Asso prominence in remarks he made at a brought United Front work back into until 6 June 2014, when Xi Jinping ment hasmadeinternational news times in recent years that the depart its aftermath had been oneof the few The LingGuFerrari incident and 国民党 (see (see Fo - - - necessarily themselves Communists. and businesspeople who werenot writers, teachers, students, publishers These included famous intellectuals, United Front with‘fellow travellers’. also put great effort into building a tionalists broke out,theCommunists between the Communists and the Na- 1946 to 1949, when full-scale civil war the Japanese surrendered, andfrom from Japan. From 1936to 1945,when ing thethreat of national extinction munists when itought to beconfront mination campaign against the Com - the Nationalists to prosecute its exter- Front’ and that it was unpatriotic for joining itinananti-Japanese ‘United nation depended ontheNationalists lar that the survivalcountry’s asa to convince urban Chinese in particu- Communist Party worked assiduously Japanesecreasing the aggression, pressure.military side and under constant Nationalist - country remote the to confined being fore andwith broader support, despite nonetheless emerged bigger than be Communists suffered heavy losses. It attacking suspected sympathisers, the olently purging its ranks of them and turned ontheCommunists in1927,vi- to take itover. When the Nationalists From 1936, in the wake of in- - - ‘Long Live the Unity of all the People of the Nation’: ethnic minorities pictured in Tiananmen Square. Yang Junsheng,1957 Source: ycwb.com

Many of them belonged to or were in- After 1949, United Front work fluenced by the so-called democratic continued to be aimed at enlisting the parties 民主党派. This ‘New Democrat- co-operation of many of the groups outside of the Party’s ideologically ic, Anti-Imperialist Anti-Feudal Unit- determined constituency of peasants, ed Front’ became a key to the Party’s workers and soldiers. The United success in undermining, isolating and Front called on ‘capitalists’, intellectu- de-legitimising the Nationalists. The als, prominent individuals and others common goals of national triumph to help rebuild the nation. When such over Japan and a better future had allies expressed support for the Party powerful appeal. No wonder then, that or its policies, they influenced wider after achieving victory in 1949, Mao society and bolstered the Party’s le- Zedong declared United Front work gitimacy and democratic credentials. one of the Party’s three great secret Such behaviour by influential figures weapons, alongside party-building profoundly influenced many of the and its armed forces. groups targeted. 133 132 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The United Front in an Age of Shared Destiny 2014 Gerry Groot temporary reconciliation was known Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957;this whom it had denounced during the tion with surviving United Front allies Party effected a temporary reconcilia three years of famine (1958–1961), the disastrous and als and others. For example, after the intellectu- non-party-affiliated of ence influ and voices talents, the of value such times the Party recognised the crisis. Atcover from aMao-induced vived eachtime the Party had to re conciliation. Itwas neverthelessre confrontation and ‘class struggle’over ed Front work after 1956,favouring CPPCC resolutions.) government areobliged to acton any (However, neither the Party nor the membership are non-communists. two CPPCC thirds of the UFWD-vetted the Communist-dominated Congress, the National People’sCongress.Unlike body that meetsat thesametimeas 商会议 Conference(CPPCC Chinese People’sPoliticalConsultative mocracy. Itisinstitutionalisedinthe symbolism of communist socialistde individuals becameakey partof the representation of thesegroups and Mao himselflostinterestin Unit After 1949,the United Front’s ), ahigh-level public advisory 中国人民政治协 ------Party JiangZemin generalsecretary participants were punished. The new were quickly exonerated while other June and the Beijing Massacre, they marched indemonstrations. After 4 allies supported thestudents andeven ocratic parties and other United Front of April–June 1989, many of the dem- around 1977. by the Guangdong Provincial CPPCC publicly raised first was example, for reforms,starting China’seconomic Zones, which played a huge role in The idea for theSpecial Economic post-1949 stock market in the 1980s. first its establish China help to home tapped available surviving talent at foreign investment. The UFWD also toleaders ness attractmuch-needed build links with overseas Chinese busi- Department andinstructed itto re Party revived the United Front Work the CulturalRevolution in1976,the ment of 1961–1963. as theSecondHundredFlowers Move posed partyleader ZhaoZiyang, which ratisation proposed earlier by thede ises echoedkey elements of democ- more freedomto theCPPCC. Hisprom- lax thestrictcontrols onthem andgive even implied that theParty would re During thesociety-wideprotests After Mao’sdeath and the endof - - - - entailed an expansion of the United non-party figures; intellectuals who Front system and greater prominence do not belong to the Party; represent- and responsibility for the CPPCC. The atives of ethnic and religious groups; Communist Party was worried about the original (pre-1949) capitalist class; its loss of legitimacy after 1989. It former Nationalist military personnel; needed help to cope with the disrup- people from Hong Kong, Macau and tion to the economy and the damage Taiwan; Taiwanese who remained in to China’s national image caused by China after 1949 and Overseas Chinese the flight of most foreigners and the including those who have moved (or near drying-up of foreign investment. returned) to China. The new groups in- It also needed to reassure China’s own clude independent professionals such new capitalists who might have been as lawyers, managers and influential spooked by the dramatic change in po- figures in private- and foreign-owned litical climate. But the foreigners and businesses, Chinese who have studied their money soon returned, the status or returned from abroad and Chinese quo prevailed, and the Party didn’t immigrants in foreign countries. The need to make any political compromis- UFWD attempts to harness them to the es in service of the United Front. The aims of the Party and prevent them UFWD began to slip out of sight. from becoming a problem in the first place. The Department’s work abroad United Front Work Today extends beyond reaching out to for- Since then, twenty-five years of ra- eign citizens of Chinese ethnic origin pid economic development have made and recent emigrants, to trying to in- China an increasingly complex society fluence foreign nationals to accept the with many new interest groups and Communist Party’s point of view on a classes, as well as new social fissures. plethora of topics. United Front work today aims to pre- The recent dramatic incidents vent the emergence of resentful inter- of unrest, violence and terrorism in est groups such as a disaffected capital- Xinjiang and , the continu- ist class. The official list of United Front ing self-immolations in Tibet and the targets includes those from before the demolition of churches in Zhejiang all reform period: the members of the point to significant failures of the Unit- eight ‘democratic parties’; prominent ed Front. Many religious people and 135 134 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The United Front in an Age of Shared Destiny 2014 Gerry Groot the sameboat’ United Front slogans that they are ‘in believe therhetoric found inrecurrent many Uyghurs and Tibetans do not according toaccording the Triads reports, some lationships. These allies (including, work a key for reason theseclosere Communist Party —withUnited Front ers believed to be too cosy with the political parties, big business and oth- itly or governmentotherwise, officials, Taiwan’, p.136) have targeted, explic- cau andTaiwan (seeForum ‘Occupy weal andwoe’ of thenation iscommitted to ‘sharing of thenation, orindeed,that therest are OneFamily’ Pro-Beijing protestsin HongKong:theredbannerontankreads ‘ChinaandHongKong Source: blog.sina.com.cn The protests in Hong Kong, Ma-

同甘共苦 风雨同舟 with them. with the rest - Kong areOneFamily’ ising such ideals as‘China and Hong that theParty hasotherways of real- that us warn though, ago years ty-five Shared Destiny.of The lessons twen- visionof a undermining Xi Jinping’s places andelsewhere across China, with many people in these ordinary Front message is failing to resonate ber of protests show that theUnited their interests. But the growing num- nist Party, andbelieve itwillprotect links from their benefit the to Commu- population. Such allies may in turn wider the on influence assumed their vated by theUFWDlargely because of — the ‘Chinese Mafia’) have been culti- 中港一家亲.

137 136 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Occupy Taiwan 2014 Mark Harrison OCCUPY TAIWAN

Mark Harrison

Heads Up

For twenty-four days in March and around them. The phrase ditouzu ex- April 2014, student activists occupied presses unease about how technology Taiwan’s parliament, the Legislative can disconnect people from society Yuan 立法院. The Sunflower Student and an anxiety about whether public Movement 太陽花學運, which success- or civic life is even possible in a place fully combined traditional forms of like Taiwan today. As it turned out, protest like the sit-in with viral cam- smartphones (7.55 million were pur- paigns on social media, captured the chased in Taiwan in 2013 alone) helped world’s attention. Using technology to enable the political movements that such as the smartphone, the students transformed Taiwan politics and pub- created a politically savvy ‘multi-plat- lic life in 2014. form’ protest movement that has had a The Sunflower Student Move- profound effect on Taiwan politics. ment’s origins date back to 2010, when In recent years, the Taiwan- students from a number of universi- ese have coined the phrase ditouzu ties began campaigning for students’ 低頭族, ‘the tribe of the bowed heads’, rights on campus. Many university to describe young people bent over rules and ordinances had remained their smartphones — texting, play- unchanged since the martial law era ing games, updating their Facebook (1949–1987): universities retained the accounts, oblivious to what is going authority to exclude students from 139 138 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Occupy Taiwan 2014 Mark Harrison 時媒體集團 帆 came to prominence:Lin Fei-fan beliefs. Two students in particular sembly onthebasisof theirpolitical courses and restrict theirrightsto as 旺 provider TV. CTi In2012, thecompany sion provider and then the cable CTV televi- took over themajorfree-to-air Group of newspapers, the company tions. From control of the China Times made a number of corporate acquisi - the Want Want China Times Group Taiwan Strait. interests of people on both sides of the one whose growth is inthecommon China as a single commercialmarket, Party, considers Taiwan and mainland of China and the Chinese Communist itly supportive ofRepublic thePeople’s whose editorial position,ifnotexplic- Want Want China Times Group targetspecific protests their of the was of mediaownership inTaiwan. The campaign against the concentration and othercivic groups, they begana tem. Inanalliancewithjournalists er issues in Taiwan’s democratic sys beyond the campus to deal with larg- extended therange of theiractivities andChenWei-ting e 報 In the first years of this decade, this of years first the In In 2012,thesestudent activists isaTaiwan media conglomerate . Want Want China Times 陳為廷 . 旺旺中 林飛 - - 動 Monopoly Movement led to the creation of the Anti-Media agenda editorial specific a such with tion of media ownership by a company provider, CNS. The growing concentra- made a bid for anothercabletelevision aside democratic values to the observe ese commercial interestswillingly set ernment, and corporate, asTaiwan- China’s authoritarian Communist gov- gard thisthreat asbothpolitical,from Republic of China. Student activists re democracy presented by the People’s implicit, was the threat to Taiwan’s sometimes explicit,at othertimes believed in. corded with the democratic ideals they a kind of alternative commonsthat ac- platforms such as Facebook, creating media across a range of social media better regulation of the mainstream out theircampaign for diversity and editorial The stances. activists carried through a diversity of opinions and a vitalmissionto sustain democracy Movement argued that the media had ists within the Anti-Media Monopoly to support media diversity. Activ- and demanded legislative changes tional Communications Commission, as well asthemediaregulator, theNa- . Ittargeted Want Want China Times The subtext of themovement, 反媒體壟斷運 - Yang Yi 杨毅, spokesman for the State Council’s , which is responsible for setting and implementing guidelines and policies related to Taiwan Source: chinataiwan.org

People’s Republic’s ideological edicts Miaoli 苗栗 as well as the old district of in the pursuit of profit. Huaguang 華光 in , where KMT By mid-2013, in response to the veterans had lived for decades since campaign, the National Communica- fleeing the Communists’ victory on the tions Commission ruled on the Want Mainland in 1949. Want China Times acquisition of CNS, By late 2013, student and com- and required the company to divest munity activism in Taiwan had de- itself of the news programming of its veloped a distinctive style and set of other cable provider, CTi. Another practices: the ‘multi-platform’ activism deal, by which a consortium with links mentioned above. On the one hand, to Want Want China sought to acquire students used traditional direct action, the Taiwan interests of the Hong Kong- such as sit-ins, to forestall the demo- based Next Media group, collapsed lition of Huaguang, resulting in their when the bidders walked away from forcible removal by police in a violent the deal. confrontation. On the other, they also The student activists quickly used social media and mobile com- moved on to different issues. In 2013, munication, including the techniques they campaigned against urban and of viral marketing, to circulate infor- rural development projects that would mation and political ideas both online have displaced long-established com- and on the streets. The protests have munities. These included those in rural moved from issue to issue, but in each 141 140 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Occupy Taiwan 2014 Mark Harrison the power of anunscrupulousstate to legacy of the martiallaw era, about anxietyin Taiwan,a deep-seated a cultural life.expressed Thisconcern leverage over Taiwan’s socialand the media would potentially give China and services financial markets, priate safeguards, access to education by theprospect that, without appro campuses. The activists were troubled Youth Alliance beganto mobiliseon islative Yuan, the Black Island Nation Trade Agreement (CSSTA). na approved theCross-Strait Service ments of Taiwan and mainland Chi sparked in mid-2013 when thegovern- SunflowerThe Student Movement was The Sunflower Student Movement coverage would indicate. mestic Taiwan orinternational media much deeper thanthemainstreamdo test over Taiwan’s politicalfutureruns real-world actionsshow that thecon- community. Their onlinedebates and of avigorous and dynamically engaged rect action. ported thebannersandslogans of di debate, sup and rich image-making instance, detailedonlineexposition, As disquietgrewwithin the Leg- The result hasbeenthecreation - - - - - occupation through their typically outside. The local media reported the other groups gathering in the streets both to those inside the chamber and mobile phoneswith Internetaccess, supplied food, water, computers and previous protest actions.Supporters tems that they had developed during dents quickly mobilised support sys Thestu- failed. but night first the on island’s history. like thishad happened before inthe and occupied the chamber. Nothing of 18March, they entered the building outside the legislature. Onthe evening citizens, begangatheringconcerned including student, civic groups and pass. The following day, protesters, chamber, where itwould besure to KMT-majority the of floor the to ment unilaterally decided to sendtheagree tee charged with managing thedebate Party, theKMT-led legislative commit opposition Democratic Progressive clause review of the CSSTA with the agreement to conductaclause-by- of delay, anddisregardingaprevious relations withChina. of theKMTgovernment inimproving found suspicion of the current motives manipulate social identity, and a pro Police triedto expelthestudents On 17 March 2014, after months - - - - partisan lenses, giving airtime to opin- movement in and out of the chamber. ion-makers on one side of Taiwan’s Their behaviour inside the chamber party political divide or the other to was always disciplined and controlled. support or condemn the student activ- During the first week, a local flo- ists. International media reports em- rist brought a bunch of sunflowers to phasised the anti-free trade element of the legislative assembly building. The the activists’ concerns. sunflowers, he said, symbolised the ac- The mood among the protesters tivists’ campaign to shed light into the in the first week was tense, fuelled by ‘black box’ of government dealing with rumours, information circulating on . The movement began social media, and media speculation calling itself The Sunflower Student that there could be a strong police Movement. Yellow was added to the response. What is more, once they oc- black of the Black Island Nation Youth cupied the legislature, they were not Alliance, and black and yellow became quite sure what to do next. On the first the movement’s colours. weekend, a breakaway group of stu- Over the course of the occupa- dents stormed the nearby Executive tion, the legislative building became Yuan, which houses the offices of the the centre of a whole new array of im- cabinet, and were violently ejected provised institutions, the hub of new by riot police. Many were seriously paths of communication across Taipei injured, including one who was left and the island, and the focus of activi- in a coma for several days. The gov- ties that brought together people from ernment predictably condemned the different walks of life. Part of the ex- student occupiers for breaching dem- citement around the occupation was ocratic process; the students accused the way it revealed an alternative set the government of the same. of political possibilities for Taiwan and By the second week, however, the transformed the relationship between occupation became institutionalised. the electorate and legislature. The student occupiers developed a On 30 March, hundreds of thou- clear and focused message about the sands of people rallied in support of reasons for their actions and commu- the students, jamming the streets for nicated it effectively through social blocks around the city centre. The media. Student supervisors regulated massive show of public support, which 143 142 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Occupy Taiwan 2014 Mark Harrison 4. Occupy Central participants must strictly follow the principle of non-violence if we are to to are we if non-violence of principle the follow strictly must participants Central Occupy 4. tolerance, equality, embracing a society establish to is campaign the of aim ultimate The 3. government the provide fear, and bias intensify only will violence against violence Using 2. with comply to refusing through injustice opposing of acts to refers disobedience 1. Civil (1) Philosophy PROTESTORS KONG HONG THE BY USED DISOBEDIENCE OF MANUAL THE FROM ard than those of the suppressors, so as to gain the support of the society. the of support the gain to as so suppressors, the of those than ard stand higher of virtues demonstrate to themselves reminding keep should They dignity. with attitude rational and a peaceful display should Protestors hard. struggle to difficult not but more arrest the make to as so down lie and chain human a form can arrest, facing protesters When back. fighting not facing but body When your protect to properties. act can public you force, any brutal damage nor enforcers, law with conflicts verbal or physical in engage not must Protesters public. the of support and understanding the gain heart. in hatred developing avoid to also but confrontation, physical avoid to need we do only Not spect. re and understanding their over win to are we rather enforcers, law the humiliate or lovepublic. and care. Wethe fight against theof unjust system, not individuals. We are not to destroy awakening the arouse can self-sacrifice The suppressor. the by us to applied violence institutional the of legitimacy of lack complete the expose and bystanders, of thy empa the over win will non-violence importantly, More suppression. of acts the derlying un hatred the minimize to and suppressors the of conscience the summon to as so tude, to win is over hatred disobedience with Civil love. The suppressors. the participants empower should further and face sufferings suppression, for excuse withthe dignified atti means. non-violent with squarely evils against fight to but evils, against resist to not mean not does pacifism Genuine protest. continuous through changes societal for strive to and authorities, unjust the with co-operate to refusing in attitude a disobedient also but civility only not display to have acts The consequences. legal due the accept actively pro- will they Rather, violence. to resort not will participants The order. or decree a law, Photo: boxun.com in 2020 Legislative Councilelections election in2017andthe frage forthe chiefexecutive to implementuniversalsuf governments didnotagree if theBeijingandHongKong financialdistrict Hong Kong’s to blockroadsandparalyse 2014. Itcalledonprotesters in HongKongSeptember ence movementthatbegan and Peaceisacivildisobedi Occupy Central withLove ------Occupy Central with Love and Peace advocacy group compiled a set of rules and guidelines for use during the protests Source: oclphkenglish.wordpress. com

(2) Rules for Non-Violent Protest 1. Insist on the use of non-violence means. In the face of law enforcers and anti-Occupy Central demonstrators, never hurt anyone physically or mentally, or damage any pro- perties.

2. Be brave in facing the authorities and accept the responsibilities of civil disobedience. Do not use any masks to cover faces.

3. Do not bring any weapons or anything that can be used as weapons.

4. When facing arrest, form a human chain and lie down to show our non-co-operation. Do not struggle hard so as to avoid injury.

5. Be bold in the face of violence. Do not try to hit back. Move to a safe place and ask for the help from the picket or medical team.

6. For the sake of consistent crowd control information, no one except designated person- nel should use any loudspeakers. Do not put up any long flags or large posters that will block the views.

7. Leaders of the operation could be arrested anytime. Be prepared for changes in leader- ship and try to maintain good order all along.

8. Respect the decisions of OCLP. Any disagreements should only be reviewed after the operation. Avoid any action that may disrupt the operation. 145 144 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Occupy Taiwan 2014 Mark Harrison Jin-pyng speaker of theLegislative Yuan, Wang the futureof thetradeagreement. The questions about the occupation and conferencein which he evaded hard Ma Ying-jeou President week first the of end the at on how to respond to theprotest, and government. tivists, proved a turning point with the accorded legitimacyto the student ac- to avoid confrontation with the police, wan since2012 have generally sought resolution. Student movements in Tai- parties cameto arelatively peaceful caused by the protests, in the end, the aging cross-Strait relations. public oversight mechanismsfor man- of theCSSTA andto setupinstitutional promised a proper legislative review on 10April. Inreturn,thegovernment would leave the legislative assembly favour, theleaders agreedthat they protesters were notunanimously in newspapers andonTV. Although the in profiled celebrities, were they tion, leaders. Asthefacesof theoccupa- had become more than just student time, Lin Fei-fan and -ting the student leadershiphimself.By this the KMT, openednegotiations with

Despite the significant disruption significant the Despite The rulingKMTseemeddivided 王金平 馬英九 , akey rival to Main gave aweak press na’s manifest destiny. principles and process, skewers Chi sovereign peoplethrough democratic Taiwan’s islandstory, thecreation of a tined national mission.From Beijing, the island into its territory a predes threat, the incorporation considers of trading partnerand main security Republic of China, both Taiwan’s chief president. the of office People’s the Yet and whichrests, in turnlegitimisesthe which Taiwan’s defacto sovereignty has been oneofcess thepillarsupon on the island in 1996, the electoral pro truly democratic presidential election first the Since US. the and China with by Taiwan’s relationships geo-political president in Taiwan isgreatly limited the of office the of authority the time, the ten At percent mark. thesame sonal public approval hovers around Taiwan. President Ma’slevel of per- ness andisolation of thepresident in The movement showed up the weak Question’ Shared Destiny andthe‘Taiwan their democratic ideals. negotiated settlement an expression of Theygress. the process considered of ofjustice andpro social sion inservice preferring rational debate anddiscus ------In his two terms in office, Ma pendence-leaning opposition Demo- Ying-jeou has attempted to obfuscate cratic Progressive Party. The student this problem by calling for practical, activists, meanwhile, mostly ignored economic engagement, while avoiding China, focusing on democratic legisla- the constant crises of his predecessors. tive process and the ruling KMT. Two A raft of new cross-Strait agreements leaders of the 1989 Beijing student allows tourists, students and govern- movement, Wu’erkaixi 吾爾開希 and ment officials to move freely across Wang Dan 王丹, both of whom live in the strait and reduce barriers to trade. Taiwan, joined the student occupiers, Ma began with the support of Chinese entering the legislative chamber in the president Hu Jintao; Xi Jinping seems first week. The students were by turns content to continue the process of in- welcoming and dismissive of them, stitutionalising cross-Strait relations as their reaction a reflection of the com- a means for realising a unified China. plex nature of the movement’s politics. The Sunflower Student Move- International opinion may see the ment, which built on citizen activism Taiwan problem as heading towards and opposition to this institutional- a ‘natural’ resolution of the incorpo- isation, makes the governments on ration of Taiwan into the People’s Re- both sides nervous. The Chinese gov- public of China through the building ernment reacted to the crisis mostly of cross-Strait ties. Yet the emergence by ignoring it or offering platitudes of a new, politically savvy, wired and about the continuing development of connected generation of leaders and cross-Strait ties. When the official me- opinion-makers in Taiwan, who are dia in China mentions the movement anything but ditouzu, suggests that the explicitly it has only been to condemn ‘Taiwan question’ will test regional it and associate it with Taiwan’s inde- politics and security for years to come. 147 146 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies

DESTINY’S MIXED METAPHORS Gloria Davies IN APRIL 2014, an article titled ‘The Chi- na Dream and the New Horizon of Sinicised Marxism’ appeared on the Qiushi 求是 web- site run by the Chinese Communist Party’s Central Committee. Qiushi describes itself as the Party’s ‘most influential and most author- itative magazine devoted to policy-making and theoretical studies’ and aims to promote the Party’s ‘governing philosophy’. The article defined the China Dream as the ‘means for bringing together the state, the nation and individuals as an organic whole’. It can do this, the article said, because it ‘accentuates the intimate bond between the future and destiny of each and every person with that of the state and nation’.

Image: The National Centre for the Performing Arts (‘The Egg’), Beijing Source: Gustavo Madico/Flickr 151 150 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies tra of intellectual fealty. destiny’ are word-strings, designed for repetition, like a pledge or a man- one’s personalfuture and destiny with the nation and state’s futureand link ‘to like Phrases situations. of variety wide a fit to made be can theybecause language official China’s of part essential an are formulations or ideological concepts.Intentionally vague andcircularstatements, these leaders, and the party theorists whoand thepartytheorists leaders, help writecall tifa theirspeeches, their ideals’. own ideals, they also create the conditions for everyone else to realise intricately linked, such that when peopleareencouraged to establishtheir of nation and state and the interests of each and every person become the state news agency Xinhua, this is acommunity ‘in which the interests Dream of individual freedom). According to anearlier articlepublished by a Community of Shared Destiny (distinguishing itself from the American to the catchphrase of Shared Destiny, describing the China Dream itself as In 2013, other articlesin the state media tied the notion of the China Dream history, the leadersandtheoriststhus seekto develop new tifawithin the as unique contributors to China’s advancement, and secure their place in lenges or express refinements of ideology. In order to establish themselves tions do not always stretch to cover new circumstances, answer freshchal - the Party’s lexicon, they cannot rely on repetitionaloneastheold formula- cians must employ standard, revered and authoritative formulations in mulations have theauthority of scripture. But while theparty’srhetori - ruleasChina’shistorical destiny.of one-party Many of thesedidacticfor- signed to guide people’s actionsand thoughts while reinforcing thenotion The Party’sare thekeepersand theorists leaders of alanguage that isde Formulations/ 法 : ‘formulations’,formulas orcorrect for theexpressionof key political Theselong-winded formulations areaproduct of what China’s party Tifa 提 - constraints set by the diction and vocabulary of their predecessors. The way they refine the concept of Shared Destiny, for example, will determine their future place in history as well as their careers and livelihood in the present day. In 2013–2014, as Xi Jinping’s new administration sought to rein in cor- ruption and pollution, redress inequalities and reform the law, it cautious- ly updated the official language. It employed words like ‘destiny’, ‘history’ and ‘mission’ to lend Xi’s leadership an image of strength and boost the legitimacy of one-party rule. As noted in the China Story Yearbook 2013, China’s former president and party general secretary Hu Jintao was prone to overuse impersonal tifa in his speech, for which he was widely parodied in Weibo posts that told him to ‘speak like a human being’. Xi Jinping, by contrast, initially attracted praise for being plain-spoken, part of his carefully cultivated im- age as a ‘man of the people’.

Rumours and Big Vs

By August 2013, when Xi showed himself to be even less tolerant of dis- sent than his predecessor, the praise gave way to pensive silence. That month, his administration launched a fresh, strict crackdown on online ‘rumours’ with the arrests of Charles Xue 薛必群 and Wang Gongquan 王 功权, wealthy venture capitalists and microbloggers who had carved out a big presence on the Internet with their liberal views and enthusiastic support for a range of social causes. Xue and Wang were ‘Big Vs’ — a term used to describe popular microbloggers with verified (V) real-name Weibo accounts and whose followers numbered in the millions. Hu Jintao began the campaign against ‘rumours’ in 2012 under the pretext of protecting the public from fake news, but Xi has pursued it vig- orously. The detention of Xue, Wang and others, and their abject televised confessions (see Forum ‘Orange as the New Black’, p.316) showed Xi’s de- 153 152 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies self-censorship andsilence. self-censorship into netizens well-financed and prominent less as well as Vs’ ‘Big other shut down and Wang 1.5million.Their public humiliation cowed many Xue had more thantwelve millionWeibo followers before his account was effectively demonstrated that even ‘Big Vs’ posednothreat to itspower. ees received plenty of messages of support from outside China, the Party termination to guide and contain public discourse. Although the detain- vening months. said about the speech in party publications that had appeared in the inter- been had what reflected content its because genuine was document the that confident were China outside hosted websites on posting mentators script of the speech began circulating on the Internet. Independent com- ple, mentioned ‘positive propaganda’ and ‘the struggle for public opinion’. Army Daily and but only broadly hinting at itscontent:Liberationin the People’s articles Xi’s ‘important speech’appearedinkey partynewspapers andwebsites In theweeks that followed, numerous editorials andcommentaries about ‘important speechof 19August’ without revealing itsdetailedcontents. our 2013Yearbook), which statepromptly mediareports trumpeted ashis (noted in inBeijing Conference Work Ideological National the at ficials in point is the address that Xi gave on19August 2013 to propaganda of experts at usinginnuendo to keep peopleguessingand uncertain. Acase For rhetoric, all their ‘anti-rumour mongering’ China’s Party leadersare Ideology Recalibrated talking about it: provincial propaganda chiefs,senioreditors at leading ument’s authenticity. Instead, thestate mediahas mainly quoted others doc- the leaked denied nor confirmed neither have authorities the and In November, an unverified document purporting to be a leaked tran - To date, the full official text of Xi’s speech has not been made public made been not has speech Xi’s of text official full Tothe date, China Youth Daily on 21August and 26 August, for exam- - state media organisations and senior Party officials such as Cai Mingzhao 蔡名照 (director of China’s State Council Information Office) and Liu Yun- shan (who as leader of the Party’s Central Secretariat, head of the Central Party School and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee is one of China’s top seven leaders). On 24 September 2013, Qian Gang 钱钢, Director of the China Media Project at the University of Hong Kong, published his analysis of the reporting of Xi’s ‘important speech’. Qian identified the term ‘the struggle for public opin- ion’ 舆论斗争 as the key to understanding the priority Xi placed on suppressing dissent. Qian noted that the term was a throwback to the early post-Mao period: it first appeared in a People’s Daily editorial of 1980, four years after Mao’s death and the end of the Cul- Qian Gang tural Revolution, when there was still raw and fierce Source: jmsc.hku.hk debate over the legacies of both. Qian argued that whereas Xi’s adminis- tration has previously used ‘the struggle for public opinion’ to justify tight- er censorship to protect mainland public culture from Western ‘spiritual pollution’, it was now also targeting critical debate within China itself. Qian noted that the initial Xinhua report of 20 August 2013, which he said bore the marks of a ‘rigid process of examination and authorisation’, made no mention of the ‘struggle for public opinion’. The term was also missing from eight subsequent People’s Daily commentaries about Xi’s speech that appeared from 21 August onwards. Yet on 24 August, the Glob- al Times, the jingoistic subsidiary of People’s Daily published an editorial titled ‘The Struggle for Public Opinion’, which it described as ‘an unavoid- able challenge to be faced head on’ 舆论斗争，不能回避只能迎接的挑战. After ten days of not mentioning the ‘struggle’, on 30 August 2013, the People’s Daily published a lengthy editorial that cited Xi as explicitly call- ing for ‘the struggle for public opinion’ so as to ‘effectively channel public opinion’. More lengthy articles followed in September promoting the idea. Qian viewed this carefully orchestrated revival of the term, occurring in 155 154 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies sheathe thesword’ to Chairman Mao’s strategic pairingof ‘classstruggle’ paign’ dence and properly out the Mass Line Education carry and Practice Cam- Rising, Red Ideology Eclipse,Chapter of Law 3‘The andOrder’,p.60). sive around Xi’s19AugustStorythe China speech(see YearbookRed 2012: this campaign grew moreintense two months later with the media offen- quired a distinctive term MassLine diction.The revived Mao-era former support. ment. No mentionXi’s popularity or was to bemadeof hisonce-enormous imprison- life deserved who official corrupt a as denounced be to had Bo campaign.had praised his ‘strike By black’ anti-crime late August 2013, revivalthe ChinaStory (see Yearbook 2012:Red Rising,Red Eclipse)and book 2013:CivilisingChina). XiJinping hadpreviously supported Bo’s‘Red’ from 22to 26August, hadengrossed thenationthe ChinaStory (see Year - ion’ was BoXilai,theousted Party of Chongqing whose secretary trial,held that politicalreform was notonXi’sagenda. tandem with the crackdown on‘onlinerumours’,asafurtherindication striking is‘Dareto grasp, control and unsheathe thesword’ Of alltheslogans associated with ‘the struggle for public opinion’, the most Unsheathing theSword 理直气壮地 ist Chen Ziming Welle’s website, theBeijing-baseddemocracyactivChinese-language - Daily ies published on 2September 2013in both the p.260). This phrase first appeared, without attribution, in two commentar- 亮剑 线 was now often married to the moral posture ‘with righteous confidence’ From September through October, ‘thestruggle for public opinion’ ac- At thetimeof Xi’sspeech,onetarget offor ‘thestruggle public opin-

(see Chapter 6 ‘The Sword(see Chapter 6‘The of Disciplineand the Dagger of Justice’, respectively. Inanarticlepublished on30September onDeutsche 理直气壮地做好群众路线教育实践活动 to form sentences such as: ‘To proceed with righteous confi- righteous with proceed ‘To as: such sentences form to 陈子明 likened ‘the struggle for public opinion’ and ‘un- . Launched inJune 2013, People’s Daily 敢抓敢管敢于 and 群众路 Beijing and ‘don’t fear poison- ous weeds’ at the Party’s National Thought Work Conference in 1957 that signalled the start of the Anti-Rightist Campaign: ‘precious words dictat- ed from on high, with a unique and mutually sustaining significance’. Yet in 1957, ‘class struggle’ was a political theory elevated to a doc- trine of mass mobilisa- tion. ‘Poisonous weeds’ China’s most-viewed TV series in 2005, Unsheathe the Sword 亮剑 was Mao’s metaphor for Source: youku.com dissent in the garden of true Communism. In 2013, ‘the struggle for public opinion’ was a more nebulous idea and ‘unsheathe the sword’ 亮剑 came from a hit TV series of the same name. The Shanghai-based entertainment company Hairun Pictures co-pro- duced the TV series Unsheathe the Sword with a unit of the PLA. Set in the wartime China of the 1930s and 1940s, it was based on the novel by Du Liang, a former PLA soldier. China’s most-viewed TV series in 2005, it has enjoyed frequent reruns. The title comes from a line spoken by the show’s protagonist, Li Yunlong, a PLA general: ‘When you’re faced with a mighty foe and you know you’re not his match, you must be resolute and unsheathe your sword. If you’re cut down, become a mountain, a great mountain ridge!’ Fans of Unsheathe the Sword praised its unvarnished portrayal of hu- man foibles in the time of war. As Geng Song 宋耕 and Derek Hird have written, Li, ‘depicted as a crude man with a bad temper and a foul mouth’ 157 156 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies corrupt affairsof China’s former propaganda chiefZhou Yongkang in December2013,for example, orwhen helaunched theprobe into the Vice-President Joe Biden to discuss China’s Air Defence Identification Zone age, describing Xi as having ‘unsheathed his sword’ when he met with US there isnoneedto strugglefor theiropinion readily adopt the Party’s us dissent and terrorism he distorted its meaning. Still, those keen to show ing itto the‘stabilitymaintenance’ campaigns againstcrime,corruption, ‘dare topression grasp, to control andto unsheathe the sword’, by link ex the contained speech Xi’s unverifiedof transcript the While tainment. formula for futureparty- and nation-building ventures in popular enter- winning a finding of hope the in show the on symposium a ran partment the state’s China Television ArtCommittee andthePLA’s publicity de in thepursuit of one’sgoals. sheathe the sword’ became urban slang in 2005, signifying manly daring culture (epitomised novel intheMing-dynasty of). ‘Un theMarsh - resembled ‘the -errant’, an archetype of popular Chinese hemorecloselyMaoist period.Cunning,rebelliousandfond of drink, was astartlingdeparturefrom therevolutionaryheroes screen of the of different groups: ‘workers,peasants, intellectuals,cadres, PLA soldiers, the people’means heedingthedifferent ‘ideological andculturalneeds’ of ‘nature the Understanding people. the alienating not officials Party of tion that is of and for the people’. The transcript highlights the importance hearted to service the people’ in the form of ‘a Marxist political organisa- the nature of the people’. The ‘nature of the Party’ is described as ‘whole renewed attention to the‘relationship between thenature of theParty and The unverified transcript of the 19 August speech also shows Xi calling for Back toNature (see Information Five Window ‘BigGame: ’,p.266). “Tigers” Unsheathe theSword was such a success that, on16November 2005, 周永康 - - - - - the elderly, the young, children’ as well as new group identities such as ‘the ant-tribe’ 蚁族 (college-educated, low-income workers living in city slums); ‘northward drifters’ 北漂 (job-seeking college graduates from the south living in Beijing); ‘returned students’ 海归 (the term is a homophone for ‘sea turtles’, referring to people with overseas qualifications); ‘un- employed returned students’ 海待 (the term sounds like ‘seaweed’); and ‘small investors’ 散户 (literally, ‘scattered households’). As illustrated by the use of such terms, ideological work under Xi includes incorporating urban slang into the Party’s vocabulary as a con- crete demonstration of the Party’s closeness to and understanding of the ‘nature of the people’. But it also requires the study of texts that include the speeches of former party leaders and new works produced by party propagandists such as Five Hundred Years of World Socialism (discussed below). This is ideological recalibration, as opposed to new thinking, backed up by policing ‘the struggle for public opinion’ by cracking down on ‘rumours’, for example. We can only guess at the extent to which the crackdown on ‘rumours’ contributed to the nine percent drop in Weibo users by the end of 2013 (a loss of 27.83 million users, according to official figures). Many Weibo users migrated to Weixin (WeChat), a mobile text and voice messaging service that itself fell under close scrutiny in 2014. Although it lacks Weibo’s broad reach, Weixin nonetheless enables independent discussion of social prob- lems by groups around the country (and abroad).

Scripting Destiny

Inequality has always dogged China’s one-party system, as unaccounta- ble political power under Mao in the form of a revolutionary virtuocracy (to borrow Chinese politics expert Susan Shirk’s insightful phrase), then as unaccountable wealth under Deng Xiaoping and his successors in the form of a kleptocracy (to use The New Yorker’s former Beijing correspond- 159 158 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies likened public intellectuals work of intellectuals’.How they fare,however, dependsonhow closely ideological work well, thehighestdegree of attention must be given to the economically reforming China. In his19August speech,Xisaid that ‘to do intellectuals and the affirmation of their importance to a modernising and cultural shiftsof theearly post-Mao erawas the‘rehabilitation’ of China’s campaign and the Cultural Revolution. One of the greatest political and of intellectuals, and made them a target of both the 1957 Anti-Rightist and writersin particular, fromIn hisday, 2013. Maohadbeensuspicious defined as people with university qualifications in general and academics these claims. views expressedwere thoseof theauthor and that Qiushi der inaMcDonald’s’,p.304). ed a Weibo post by the self-styled Maoist Yin Guoming and rightsactivists andorganisations —isengagingrightback. communities of sharedinterests,the international media,environmental control of China’s rulers. Moreover, theworld — including global virtual politically, academically and socially engaged with the world beyond the the factthat Chinesecitizens are,inever increasing numbers,culturally, poses achallenge to theparty-state. But a greater challenge comesfrom ent sial Churchof AlmightyGod organisations (‘evil cults’ in the official vocabulary) such as the controver- as democracyactivists, had links to terrorist groups orbanned religious bysanctioned Party.the thatclaimed Yin whosome identified as or such, academics and others who engage in public discourse that has not been writers, signifies often intellectuals’ ‘public term the China, In cult’. ‘evil ty rhetoric has become notably hostile towards ‘intellectuals’ rumour-mongering exempted rumours that itsown served purposes.Par- tially unreliableleft readersin no doubt that the Party’s campaign against

Evandescription). Thegapbetween Osnos’s itsideology andpractice That

In June 2014, both the neo-Maoist UtopiaIn June 2014,boththeneo-Maoist website andQiushi Qiushi was preparedto publish a text itacknowledged aspoten- 公知 全能神教会 Qiushi and the democracymovement includedadisclaimersaying that the (see Forum (see ‘Almighty God:Mur- 尹国明 had not verified in which he 民运 知识分子 re-post to an - , they identify with Xi’s Com- Top Ten Academic Research Topics in 2013 munity of Shared Destiny. 1. Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation and the As noted in the China China Dream Story Yearbook 2013, in the 2. Marxism and Distributive Justice first half of 2013, the state 3. Deepening Reform Strategy banned discussions of con- 4. Big Data National Strategy stitutionalism and enumer- 5. The Information Age and Virtual Communities ated ‘Seven Things That 6. The Construction of New Cities and Towns Should Not Be Discussed’ under the Scientific Development Concept in university courses (uni- 7. Judicial Reform and the Establishment of Rule versal values, freedom of of Law the press, civil society, civil 8. The Implications of ‘New Relations between Big Powers’ rights, historical mistakes 9. Overseas Transmission of Chinese Contempo- by the Party, Party-elite rary Literature and Translation Research capitalism and judicial in- 10. Discovery and Interpretation of Historical dependence). In October Documents related to the Diaoyu Islands 2013, ter- Source: news.xinhuanet.com minated the appointment of 夏业良, an asso- ciate professor of economics, on the grounds of ‘poor teaching’, though online many commentators alleged that he was sacked for advocating constitutionalism. Then, in December, Shanghai’s East China University of Political Science and Law fired Zhang Xuezhong 张雪忠, a lecturer in the university’s law school, for breaching university regulations by using the university’s email system to notify colleagues of his new e-book, New Com- mon Sense: The Nature and Consequences of One-Party Dictatorship. He too had defied the ban on discussing constitutionalism in class. The university accused him of ‘forcibly disseminating his political views among the fac- ulty and using his status as a teacher to spread his political views among students’. Later that month, Chen Hongguo 谌洪果 of Xi’an’s Northwest University of Politics and Law stated on Weibo that the new restrictions made academic life untenable for him; he was resigning. 161 160 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies energy’ energy’ some examples: in their beliefs, and discussed the importance of the ‘main melody’ melody’ ‘main the of importance the discussed and beliefs, their in steadfast remain to workers propaganda for a call as members’, Party of spirit the of bones the are beliefs and ‘Ideas that remark Xi’s interpreted Yang propaganda. disseminating for methods China’s appropriate the and in dialectics and confidence materialism to from ranging development, of path unique subjects covered reading, easy for form commentary text- a handy in day following the website paper’s the on recapped explanations, Yang’s opinion. public guide to responsibility media’s the regarding speeches Jinping’s Xi of range the heading ‘The Proper Way to Learn from Xi’ Xi’ from Learn to Way Proper ‘The heading the der punning headlines: ‘Learn from Xi through Pictures’ Pictures’ through Xi from ‘Learn headlines: punning der un columns run have media State Xi’. from ‘learn read be also from Xi’ Xi’ from the ordinary Chinese word for study, study, for word Chinese ordinary the in character second the as occurs surname Jinping’s Xi President FROM JINPING XI LEARNING In the 28 May 2014 edition of the the of edition 2014 May 28 the In Jinping Xi on Zhenwu Yang 解 得 colleagues castaspersionsontheacademic credibility of the trio. Yao Yang Chinese universities and onresearch teaching. InChina, however, some with collaborating of ramifications long-term and limitations the about viduals for standing up for academic freedom. They expressed concern 姚洋 Times positive light.InNovember 2013, theBerkeley-based website ChinaDigital demics whose work shows theparty-state’s ideas,policiesandslogans ina ‘I thinkthat’s areally bad strategy’. externalforces to to try forcethe university to keep him’.Yao commented, meet theuniversity’sstandards andthat research Xiawas to ‘trying use the online , all of which appear on the website of the the of website the on appear which of , all , ‘Big Data for Learning from Xi’ Xi’ from Learning for Data , ‘Big Many academics outside China praisedthesethreeoutspoken indi By contrast, the state has awarded generous research grants to aca- , aneminentbased at economist PekingUniversity, for example, told 正能量 (blocked in China) alerted readers to a list, announced five months five announced list, a to readers alerted China) in (blocked 学习笔记 Inside HigherEducation as values. , and ‘Learning from Xi from the Heart’ Heart’ the from Xi from ‘Learning , and , by Joel Martinsen Joel , by 学习大数据 People’s Daily People’s xuexi that Xia Yeliang’s publications did not

People’s Daily Daily People’s , ‘Notes on Learning Learning on , ‘Notes 学习 学习有方 , editor Yang Zhenwu Zhenwu Yang , editor . That term can can term . That . Here are are . Here 学习心 学习图 under - 主旋律 杨振武 and ‘positive ‘positive and explicated a explicated - Hands: Invisible and Visible 看不见的手/看得见的手 At a Politburo meeting on 26 May concerning the government’s role in market resource allocation, Xi Jinping stressed the need to use both the ‘invisible’ hand of the market and the ‘visible’ hand of the government. In its discussion of ‘deepening reforms’ at the time of the Third Plenum in October 2013, the People’s Daily had called for a more effective use of ‘vis- ible hands’, since ‘the market only has vitality through cautious action by the government’ 政 府 慎 作 为 ，市 场 才 有 活 力 . Presaging the theme of the Fourth Plenum in October 2014, the article refers to ‘letting the “visible hands” wear the “gloves” of the rule of law’.

Zero Tolerance 零容忍 Xi Jinping has called for ‘zero tolerance’ in a number of areas, including threats to state security (in particular, the ‘three evil forces’ of terrorism, separatism, and extremism), cor- ruption, violations of party discipline, work safety infractions and repugnant behaviour by law enforcement and justice officials.

Kin in Grass Sandals 草鞋亲戚 This refers to the officials who inform the central government leadership about local con- ditions. Yang Yizhou 杨奕周, an official in Xiadang county, Fujian province, is the leading exemplar. In 1989, he met Xi Jinping, then party secretary of Ningde, Fujian, and became one of his closest ‘kin in grass sandals’.

earlier, of the top fifty-five major grants awarded under China’s Nation- al Fund. The fund is the nation’s most prestigious grant scheme, and is supervised by the Party’s Central Propaganda Department. The first three titles on the list were: ‘Research into reinforcing confidence in the path, theory and system of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’ 坚定中国特色社会主义道路自信、理论自信、制度自信研究; ‘Research on the internal logic and historical development of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics as a body of theory’ 中国特色社会主义理论体系的内在逻 辑与历史发展研究; and ‘Research into the basic requirements for seizing new victories for Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’ 夺取中国特色社 会主义新胜利的基本要求研究. In February 2014, the media widely celebrated the publication of Five Hundred Years of World Socialism 世界社会主义五百年, an account by party theorists of Chinese socialism within the international context. The 163 162 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies ist forTimes, posted London’sFinancial anarticletitled‘A Community of stories anddreamsto thoseof China. in Xi’sstatement istheassumption thatmust others adapttheirnational munity of SharedDestiny cantake root among ourneighbours.Implicit life and the hopes of all for regionalprosperity sothat the idea of a Com- with the aspirations of thepeoplesof neighbouringcountries for agood importance of reassuring theworld that ‘theChina Dream willcombine shop on Diplomatic Work with Neighbouring Countries, Xihighlighted the na’s foreign policy. Inhis speech of 25October 2013inBeijing at theWork der partyrule—the‘China Dream’. Later, heextended itto describe Chi he evoked theimage of astrong andprosperous nation living happily un- Xi Jinping hasusedaCommunity of SharedDestiny intwo ways. Initially, Mixed Metaphors least, theparty-state iswinning. and members. In the ‘struggle for public opinion’ in academic circles at ing Houseon1January 2014,isnow requiredreadingfor allParty cadres published by theCentralbook, Propaganda Department’s Study Publish Source: yo2.cn Xu Danei On 24October 2013,Xu Danei the plight of Chen Yongzhou among Chinese journalists. Hehighlighted to describea camaraderie born of hardship Xi’s foreign policyspeech,Xu used the phrase Notes’. By sheercoincidence,ontheeve of Shared Destiny’ in his online column ‘Media zhou-based ny Zoomlion. Chen’s employer, the Guang- ten about the Changsha construction compa- charges for investigativehe had writ articles reporter arrested ondefamation andslander 徐达内 New Express , theShanghai-based column- 新快报 陈永州 , had stood , anovice - - - - by him. The paper ran a front-page banner headline on 23 October with the call ‘Release Him’ 请放人 under which appeared a front- page editorial defending Chen’s integrity and criti- cising the arbitrary use of police power in Changsha Chen Yongzhou to arrest him. This unusu- Source: caixin.com ally bold step taken by the newspaper’s senior executives had been Xu’s inspiration. Two days later, however, on 26 October, news aired a public confession by Chen, prompting the New Express to publish a retraction the following day, in which the editors apologised for questioning the police investigation and ‘damaging the credibility of the press’. With Guangzhou’s third largest media organisation thus brought into line, the government continued to widen its crackdown on ‘rumours’ in the early months of 2014 (see Chapter 3 ‘The Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny’, p.106). The key to understanding the ‘struggle for public opinion’ is that there is no struggle. The term warns people that they disagree with the state at their peril. In 1980, Deng Xiaoping famously used the expression ‘the Hall of the Monologue’ 一言堂 to criticise Mao for monopolising party dis- course. The term is a direct critique of the Cultural Revolution concept of ‘monolithic leadership’ 一元化领导, which in 1969 was formally defined as ‘putting Mao Zedong Thought in command of everything’. In the 1980s, Deng sought to strengthen collective leadership by ap- pointing his protégés Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang to key positions while remaining all-powerful even in ‘retirement’. The reiteration of Xi’s ‘im- portant speech of 19 August’ (and many of his other speeches since then) in commentaries, editorials and reports produced by others similarly pro- 165 164 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies Internet meme, spawning a slew of similar terms using the formula formula the using terms similar of aslew spawning meme, Internet you have’. The last five characters characters five last The have’. you when one splurges on some indulgence. used friends among endearment of term ateasing become also has It taste. poor and ways uncouth but wealth tremendous of people described has term the 2013, late Since players. other impress to items in-game on money of amounts large spent who gamers Internet ‘Eating is easy, losing weight is not, cherish what you eat eat you what cherish not, is weight losing easy, is ‘Eating The term term The or Tycoon Vulgar publica official including newspapers, and the as such tions websites Chinese many years, five past the Over MEMES AND SLANG INTERNET NEW This Chinglish phrase sometimes written as as written sometimes phrase Chinglish This Die No Zuo No Zhang Wen actor by affair extra-marital an exposed user a Weibo After You Have What Cherish dongde ni Shenyang Xiao actor comedic and singer the by a song in Originating … You Understand became popular in 2013 and 2014. 2014. 2013 and in popular became memes. party-generated used widely most the probably are dy Xi’ Xi’ dy Dad ‘Big Weibo. and WeChat as such platforms digital on and media news both in repetition constant through popularity their ensured and own its of memes afew created has Party the although 2013, of end the at lists these of few very were there reason, some For memes. said, ‘ said, simply then and minutes a few for blathered Conference Consultative Political People’s do something stupid in the first place, you don’t have to worry about it coming back later later back coming it about you. haunt to worry to have don’t you place, first the in stupid something do don’t you if that mean to it use users Internet north-east. Chinese the from slang as began had not yet been formally announced, Lü Xinhua Xinhua Lü announced, formally been yet not had about the into corruption investigation former Politburo member Zhou Yongkang, which details for 2014 March 2 on conference press a at asked up: it taken have officials ernment gov Even absence. its explain or commentary social or political disguise to a placeholder Yili Yili 马伊琍 马伊琍 The memes below are drawn from a variety of online sources that listed phrases that that phrases listed that sources online of avariety from drawn are below memes The ni dongde ni 大大 大 习大 soon took a life of its own as a verbal wink between two people in the know as as know the in people two between wink a verbal as own its of a life took soon tuhao posted this response: ‘Although love is easy, marriage is difficult — cherish what what cherish — difficult is marriage easy, is love ‘Although response: this posted (p.168), the China Dream Dream China the (p.168), ’. or or , originally meaning ‘local strongman’, was first used online to describe describe to online used first was strongman’, ‘local meaning originally , People’s Daily People’s Nouveau No 你懂的

作 No Die No 且行且珍惜

Riche , have issued year-end lists of new Internet buzzwords and and buzzwords Internet new of lists year-end issued , have

(sometimes rendered as as rendered (sometimes 且行且珍惜

土豪 中国梦

(pronounced no zuo no die no zuo no (pp.xviii–xx) and Tigers Tigers and (pp.xviii–xx) 吕新华 吃饭虽易，减肥不易，且吃且珍惜 吃饭虽易，减肥不易，且吃且珍惜 , a for spokesperson the Chinese 不作死就不会死 qie xing qie zhenxi qie xing qie ; sometimes as as ; sometimes qie X qie XX qie X qie 老虎 小沈阳, 文章, 文章, )

(pp.xxviii–xxxi) no , for example example , for ) became an an ) became the phrase phrase the his wife Ma Ma wife his

作 no die no . - - - , jects a picture of consensus and commitment to policies that are guided in fact by one powerful person. In this sense, Xi’s emphasis on ‘the struggle for public opinion’ attempts to recover the prestige the Party enjoyed dur- ing the halcyon early years of ‘reform and opening up’ before corruption set in, and public discontent led to the massive protest movement of 1989 (see Chapter 6 ‘The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice’, p.260, and Forum ‘Xu Zhiyong and the New Citizens’ Movement’, p.292). The party-state led by Xi seeks to repair the Party’s relations with the people using a rhetoric that combines intimidation and cultural appeal ­— but not just pop cultural appeal. Xi is fond of quoting from the Chinese classics and the state media enjoys presenting him as a man of erudition (see Forum ‘Classic Xi Jinping: On Acquiring Moral Character’, p.4). On 8 May 2014, the overseas edition of the People’s Daily published a full-page article, widely reproduced since, on thirteen literary allusions that Xi has used in his speeches since becoming president and party general secre- tary: ‘Self-Cultivation through Learning: Famous Classical Quotations by Xi Jinping’ 习得修身: 习近平引用的古典名句. Xi’s surname 习 means to study or practise; the headline puns on this to equate Xi with learning itself. However, puns and even the most agile rhetoric cannot solve many of the key challenges facing the party-state. In an article published on 27 March 2014 on the bilingual website China Dialogue, Beijing-based environmental and legal consultant Steven Andrews wrote that the Chinese government’s Air Quality Index, which is less stringent than international standards, caused China’s pollution to be reported ‘in a misleading way, blocking public understanding and enabling official inaction’. Another example is the enforcement of the ideal of ‘maintaining a unified approach’统一口径 in news coverage, when it has often been independent investigative journalists who have exposed many serious problems, especially those related to corruption in local areas. The second half of the phrase in Chinese, 口径 (pronounced koujing) signifies the calibre or bore of a gun, which lends the phrase the sense of a line of matched guns all firing in unison. 167 166 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies One of the main features of New China Newspeak Newspeak China New of features main the of One Style Autumn and Spring The not only information but also a specific ideological message, or concealed judgments that that judgments concealed or message, ideological specific a also but information only not or in employed — connotations speech — universally Soviet ‘ideologemes’ communicate meanings evaluative and descriptive both combine that terms is that words, tive-evaluative’ ‘descrip called he what of use the that argued He Marxism’. earlier in elaborated stance cal ideologi modernist the tocame replace that model postmodern as ‘a specific talitarianism retro-Maoists. and Left New own China’s by denounced) (and on commented been also has pastiche of philosopher Mikhail work Epstein’s on the ideological former landscape. This Soviet kind Russian the in described originally kind the of pastiche’ a‘postmodern in opponents and and abiding simulacra. ideological To date have these cultural alternatives incorporated appealing of a range created has China in rule party-state that say could one collapse, Soviet the from learnt been have that lessons the of mindful remain we if and however, socialism, Chinese and Soviet between parallels the at glance asideways Taking party-state. the of power ideological vestigial the of collapse or revision massive some to lead or untenable, things make run, long the in should, rhetoric and reality between gap yawning the that crucial. were judgments moral and evaluations actions, present guide to a mirror as past the use would who those For judgments. artistic or cultural historical, they be times, pre-modern in writers by used judgment moral of patterns on builds it this In sion. Source: dur.ac.uk Mikhail Epstein In his work on relativistic patterns in totalitarian thinking, Mikhail Epstein analysed to analysed Epstein Mikhail thinking, totalitarian in patterns relativistic on work his In China) outside or in they (be Chinese things of students many of concern the is It tred Marxist-Leninist-Maoist revolutionary ideals. According ideals. revolutionary tred Marxist-Leninist-Maoist state-cen avowed its from retreat party’s the of been example an have to appears least, at superficially what, to pinning under ideological an for allows that expression an is it ities; economic within contemporary real contradictions extreme the convey to created a term is It economy’. market ‘socialist reconcile logical inconsistencies and opposing ideas. and incorporate can that asystem is that system, a totalising rather or a totalitarian within made shifts utilitarian of trum spec the embracing concepts, rightist and leftist both pass encom can they that is ideologemes of function the to a key that noted Epstein short, In (1978–). China reformist-era in parallels striking finds discourse public Soviet in functioned ideologemes how of view Epstein’s words. of form the take 春秋笔法 A simple example of this can be found in the expression expression the in found be can this of example A simple , by Geremie RBarm Geremie , by 新华文体 is its ‘moral-evaluative’ dimen is ‘moral-evaluative’ its é ------to Epstein, this kind of linguistic formulation is not the re- sult of a desperate pragmatism; rather it is the reflection of the core philosophy of a politics which ‘uses leftist slogans to defeat the right, rightist slogans to defeat the left’, a pol- itics that strives throughout to maintain its own primacy. This is a primacy that is not merely about temporal power, but one that is also about dominion in the realms of ideas and emotions. Totalitarian speech is marked by its ability to employ ideologically laden words to weaken opposing sides while taking advantage of the resulting confusion. I would note The Spring and Autumn Annals that the — and what is under discussion Source: no-1chineselearning.com here, New China Newspeak — has a rich and venerable lex- icon of words that have been converted under party-state rule to act as ‘ideologemes’. It is a lexicon that, according to tradition, was first formulated by Confucius when he purportedly edited the history of the State of Lu 鲁国, the Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋, judiciously selecting expressions to depict political actions in moral terms. Classical scholars claimed that the Sage thereby created a ‘Spring-and-Autumn writing style’ 春秋笔法 which relied on a vocabulary of baobian ci 褒贬词, or judgmental words, to praise bao 褒 or censure bian 贬 every political act and event recorded in the annals of Lu. In modern usage, all activities beneficial to the party-state are represented by words with positive connotations 褒义词, while those that are deleterious in nature are con- demned with negative verbs, nouns and adjectives 贬义词. The growth or maturation of socialist society has led to a linguistic accretion, one that incorporates Maoist doublethink of the first three decades of the People’s Republic with the patriotic parole of Reform. The general party line exists in a state of constant tension with both right and left deviations, maintaining a rhetorical and practical balance between the two. This was notably evident in the populist, and popular, ‘Sing Red Crush Black’ 唱红打黑 campaign launched in Chongqing as part of an effort to clamp down on local mafias (as well as business and bureaucratic enemies) while extolling a nationalistic-Maoism through mass choral performances. One could postulate, as Epstein does for Soviet Marxism, that ‘Socialism with Chinese Charac- teristics’— the theoretical formula that underwrites contemporary China — is an enigmatic and hybrid phenomenon that, ‘like postmodern pastiche… combines within itself very dif- ferent ideological doctrines’. 169 168 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 2014 Gloria Davies positive. excludes ‘fate’ —intherhetoric of theparty-state, destiny canonly be of interpretation official The doom. and “Destiny” in“SharedDestiny” ’,p.xii). appear happy to allow —ifnotencourage —themto circulate. not Party propagandists cameupwith theseforms of address,thecensors 命运 老大 familiarity tospectful) XiJinping asXizong onlinecommentspro-Party have appeared referring with casual (but re non-official of numbers large 2013, of half latter the Since management. control, hisadministration alsodemonstrates asavvy approach to image Yet while Xi’svisionof SharedDestiny involves atightening of central Say ‘Uncle’ 老大 Community of Shared Destiny. Yet the Chinese word for destiny, a establish to precedents by hidebound language official an through cut ideological By work. ‘unsheathing thesword’, theparty-state underXihas manager and beloved patriarch are a new development in the sphere of uncle, bespeaksfamilialaffection. far morefrequently of Xi than his predecessors. an abbreviation for ‘manager’ inbusinesses andorganisations) abbreviation of thetop Party positionto zong personal loyalty —thecardinalvirtueinmartialartsfolklore.The friendly implies aleaderamongmen,onewho commands of -errant, ‘appropriate uses of honorifics in officialdom’ notes thatstandard notes officialdom’ in brother’ ‘Eldest local variations. complicated frequently by are honorifics honorifics of uses ‘appropriate Whereas destiny foretells ahappy end,fate canprogress to gloom A widely relayed These informal honorifics that elevate Xi to a folkloric hero, national hero, folkloric a to elevate Xi that honorifics informal These , , historically signifyingtheheadof amartialartsclan or band (‘Eldest Brother Xi’)and even Xidada can alsomean‘fate’ Information (see Window ‘Mingyun Southern Weekly mingyun, however, inthiscase, 习大大 article of 24 April 2014 on 习总 (more commonly(more usedas (‘Gen SecXi’),Xilaoda Dada, meaning paternal (‘Uncle Xi’).Whetheror 命运 mingyun is used , the 习 - Big Daddy Xi — ‘Photoshopped’ images of President Xi holding a yellow umbrella were used at various pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong. The political meme went viral on social media Source: hkfuture2047.wordpress.com 171 170 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK FORUM 2014 Xi Who Must Be Obeyed FORUM FORUM XI WHO MUST BE OBEYED

Big Daddy Xi on the Arts · LINDA JAIVIN

Springtime for the Arts · LINDA JAIVIN

China, Hollywood and Split Screens · QIAN YING 钱颖

Looking Backward: Chinese Art in 2014 · CHEN SHUXIA 陈淑霞

A Storm in a Chicken Cup: A Burgeoning Market · OLIVIER KRISCHER 175 174 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Big Daddy on the Arts 2014 Linda Jaivin BIG DADDY XI ON THE ARTS

Linda Jaivin

On 19 October 2014, the People’s Daily published an article titled ‘Ten Insightful One-Liners by Big Daddy Xi on the Arts’ 习大大的10句文艺妙语, a guide to the great leader’s thinking on culture. They are translated below:

• Vulgar is not the same as popular, • If literature and art workers wish to desire doesn’t represent hope and succeed, they must seek to breathe purely sensual entertainment is not as one with the People, sharing equal to spiritual happiness. their destiny, heart-to-heart, made

• Art must not be a slave to the mar- happy by the People’s joys and trou- ket; it mustn’t stink of money. bled by their concerns, becoming like an ox that can be led by a child. • Art is the clarion call to an age to advance; it is the most representa- This latter phrase is taken from a poem tive face of an age, and is most able by the famous writer Lu Xun 鲁迅. It to guide the manners of an age. was further immortalised by Chair-

• Art must not lose its way amongst man Mao when he made reference to the tides of the market economy, it in the concluding section of his 1942 or its perspective on account of speech ‘Talks at the Yan’an Forum on personal concerns and biases, or it Literature and Art’. will have no vitality.

Facing page: Ten Insightful One-Liners by Big Daddy Xi on the Arts Source: blog.sina.com.cn 177 176 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Big Daddy Xi on the Arts 2014 Linda Jaivin • Artistheengineeringthat con- • Therearehundredsof ways to do • ThePeoplearethewellspring of degeneracy anddejection. bring contentment andeliminate to inspirethought,calmthemind, a clearbreezeinspringtime,able be like sunshine inablueskyor of thehumansoul.Goodartshould and artworkers aretheengineers structs thehumansoul;literature rooted inthePeopleandlife. reliable methodisthat which is essential, themostkey, themost art, even thousands,butthemost rootless, whining, soullessshell. itself from thePeople,itbecomesa artistic creativity. Ifartseparates • Ourwriters andartists shouldbe • We shouldrespectthecreative . highlight thebeauty of faithand gressive demandsof theage and practices of thePeople,pro and passionthat recordtheworthy of ever greater strength,morality and advocates, producing works of theage, they shouldbepioneers the first to understandthenature creative artscanthrive. of anenvironment inwhich the for creativity andtheestablishment political faith,enthusiastic support workers inliterature andart,strong character andcreative labourof -

179 178 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Springtime for the Arts 2014 Linda Jaivin SPRINGTIME FOR THE ARTS

Linda Jaivin

AM SO EXCITED THAT I can’t sleep (see Forum ‘Big Daddy Xi on the Arts’, ‘I … . The spring for art and literature p.174). He has called for Chinese artists has truly come!’ Zhao Benshan 赵本山 to create ‘socialist culture and art’ that is a much-loved Chinese actor famous is ‘artistically outstanding and morally for his comedy. But when the Global inspiring’. Art must, he stressed, serve Times quoted his ecstatic response to ‘correct’ viewpoints with regard to his- Xi Jinping’s 15 October 2014 speech on tory, nationality and culture. It must the arts, there was no sign that he was feature, he said, ‘positive energy’. joking. Who would dare? Xi’s speech At the forum, Xi praised two has been promoted and likened to Mao young bloggers for their ‘positive ener- Zedong’s ‘Talks at the Yan’an Forum on gy’: Zhou Xiaoping 周小平 (over elev- Literature and Art’ of 1942, in which en million views) and Hua Qianfang Mao demanded that art serve the Party, 花千芳 (over 87,000 fans on Weibo). serve the People and vanquish the ene- Among Zhou’s writings is a blog post my. Xi has done the same, extolling the from June 2013 called ‘Please Don’t Be Stalinist idea that writers are engineers Unworthy of This Age’ 请不要辜负这个 of human souls, while also addressing 时代. A paragraph towards the end of contemporary phenomena such as the piece may give some idea of what market influences and popular culture ‘positive energy’ means: 181 180 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Springtime for the Arts 2014 Linda Jaivin Party in1942andbeheaded1947.) enthusiasm or simply mindful of the price of dissent. (The writer Wang Shiwei much asstate-supportedhave artists 1942, whether donesince outof genuine 王实味 including the veteran painter Fan Zeng Source: 1937cn.net praised byXiJinpingforhis‘positiveenergy’ Zhou Xiaoping,athirty-three-year-old blogger Zhao Benshan was only oneof anumber of major, state-supported artists est virtueisthat of guardingandprotecting. simple:The reasonisvery ifIfailedto act,would Ibeaman?Aman’sgreat move to eliminate this ‘harmful beauty’, I will certainly not stand idly by. thing but natter, at mostI’lljustsmile.Butifoneday, someonemakes a I honestly don’t know whether I’m blind or you’re mad. If you don’t do any- intestines,organs andlymph, andwake it’sextremely disgusting,hurry up.’ juices, pancreatic mouth, the of inflammation viruses, and germs ments, this beautiful woman ismadeof theskinonher feet, snot,bowel move you arestandingto onesidenattering on,saying: ‘You’ve beenbrainwashed, and eyes, and I still hope that Icanhold her in my arms. Ifat themoment, proportion).But when a beautiful Isee woman Istillfeeldelight inmy heart glands, orpancreatic juices (what’s more,thesethings make up no small lymph swollen mouth, the of inflammation germs, or bacteria movements, a beautiful woman has thickened skin on the soles of her feet, snot,bowel bad people, bullies and crazy people. In the same way I wouldn’t deny that I, Zhou Xiaoping, do not deny that China has corrupt officials, prison guards,

was the first to pay the ultimate price for dissidence, expelled from the from expelled dissidence, for price ultimate the pay to first the was 范曾 ous high-concept, low-valueous high-concept, knockoffs (of MADArchitects) aswell asnumer- as Zaha Hadid and Ma Yansong and Chinesearchitectural leaderssuch bly includes the work of international cities. ‘Weird architecture’ presuma modernising China’s define to come kind of ‘weird architecture’ that has ample, herevealed that hehates the as general views onthearts—for ex , who lavished praise on Xi’s speech,

Xi has expressed specific as well as specific expressed has Xi 马岩松 - - - - and buildings designed to look like lo- tuses, teapots, coins and even a piano and violin. ‘No more,’ said Xi. It’s un- certain what this diktat will mean in practice for projects already contract- ed or underway — or what the speech as a whole will mean for art, literature and film that is already out there but does not sing along with what the Chinese media and propaganda arms have long promoted as ‘main melody’ 主旋律 (politically on-message) art.

China is home, after all, to a flour- Galaxy Soho is a new office and retail and enter- tainment complex on the East Second Ring Road ishing counterculture that since the in Beijing. It was designed by Zaha Hadid and Ma 1980s and the introduction of the mar- Yansong of MAD Architects. Xi Jinping has publicly revealed that he does not like the ‘weird architec- ket economy, includes independent ture’ of China’s modernising cities Photo: Iwan Baan visual artists, film makers and others who support themselves outside the screened in theatres nationally from state system or have used it cannily to October 2014. pursue their careers. There are also To cite another example, Chen many other artists working within the Qiufan’s 陈楸帆 first novel The Waste system (in the sense that all officially Tide 荒潮, which describes a dystopian distributed films must pass the censors near-future where, on an island built and published works need to do the from e-waste off the Chinese coast, mi- same) who have nonetheless managed grant workers battle capitalist to make boundary-pushing works. For and powerful local forces for control, example, the directorial debut of the won Best Novel in China’s Nebula rock star Cui Jian 崔健 (whose songs Awards 星云奖 in October 2013 and have been banned and unbanned over Huadi 花地 Best Work of Science Fic- nearly thirty years) Blue Sky Bones tion Award in March 2014, sponsored 蓝色骨头, which deals with the Cul- by Guangzhou’s Yangcheng Evening tural Revolution, sexuality (including News 羊城晚报. The Women of China homosexuality) and a corrupt media, website noted that: ‘The novel paints 183 182 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Springtime for the Arts 2014 Linda Jaivin able chasm.’ perity,’ Chenwrites, ‘liesanunbridge conspicuous display of national pros feeling of individual failure and the olithic ChineseDream:‘Between the though the ‘People’ allshareamon- the Party persistsinspeakingas clerical position’.Yet, Chen observes, must ‘compete ruthlessly for a single wealth and college graduates who entrepreneurs pursuing dreams of ‘who treat astheirbirth right’, luxury ers inFoxconn’s factories, princelings that his generation encompasses work tion of SharedDestiny when hewrote 1981, obliquely addressedtheques poverty’. enough to pullitspopulation outof to acceptitsideologies, but not strong enough to convince othercountries powerful nation, conflicted a as China Source: cribeyondbeijing.com Australian-Chinese artistGuoJian Chen Qiufan,who was bornin

- - - - him oncharges of visafraud. ties detainedhim and thendeported 1989 Protest Movement, theauthori- of the violentsary suppression of the anniver - twenty-fifth the memorate smothered in rotting meat to com - ated adioramaof Tiananmen Square an-Chinese artistGuoJian an-Chinese uing surveillance. After the Australi- tax evasion and put him under contin- olution’ logical crimessuch as ‘counter-rev- whose work offended them of ideo the authorities accusedcreative artists through much of theDengeraaswell, the coming year. In the Mao years and ular culture—willbecomeclearin writers andtheimport of foreign pop will dealwith ‘globalised’ artistsand tural sphere—including how they political heresy inthedomesticcul- 资产阶级自由化 精神污染 艾未未 detained theartist-activist AiWeiwei An example ishow theauthorities theythem upinlegalcases can’twin. tie and fines through financially them especially within China itself, punish tential to smear an artist’s reputation, to politicalcharges. Thesehave thepo the party-state has preferred criminal How theparty-state willaddress from 2011,charged him with and ‘bourgeois liberalism’ 反革命 . Inmorerecent times, , ‘spiritual pollution’ 郭健

cre - - - -

The consequences are generally its stated focus on rule of law and con- more severe for artists with less inter- stitutionalism.) national clout: in November 2014, for There is also a third way: in Oc- example, the independent film-maker tober, police detained thirteen artists Shen Yongping 沈勇平, who had pro- in the Beijing ‘artists’ village’ of Song- duced an eight-episode Internet docu- zhuang on charges of ‘creating trou- mentary on China’s constitutional gov- ble’: all had indicated support for the ernance (posted in April or May 2014 pro-democracy protesters in Hong through Weibo) faced trial. Police had Kong on social media or were planning warned him during the filming that if to attend a poetry reading in solidar- he went ahead with it he was going to ity with the protests. (Human rights prison. What they have charged him monitors have reported the arrests of with, however, is engaging in ‘illegal dozens of mainland citizens who have business activity’. (This came during indicated support for the Hong Kong the last week of October, when state protesters.) Reports in the foreign media was singing the praises of the press at the end of October indicated Fourth Plenum under Xi Jinping with that police were swarming through

Guo Jian created a diorama of Tiananmen Square smothered in rotting meat to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 1989 Protest Movement in Beijing. The artwork was not well received by the authorities Photo: Guo Jian 185 184 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Springtime for the Arts 2014 Linda Jaivin produce, or make the sort of art they Xi’s guidancein thekindof art they accept theParty’s leadershipand siders. artists had closed their studios to out village and thatthe once-relaxed many 连科 beginning to make their mark: translated by Olivia Milburn, the thriller thriller the Milburn, also Olivia by are translated fiction mark: their make to commercial beginning other and genre of writers Chinese world. Chinese-reading translated into English and other languages, however, including Mo Yan, Yan Lianke Lianke Yan Yan, Mo including however, languages, other and English into translated Mo Yan Yan Mo Marquez influenced generations of readers andwriters. When era, Reform the of years early the during translation in China in published books his have to writers contemporary first the of One Weibo. on a while for place second at trended even topic The China. in tributes of outpouring emotional an triggered 2014 17 on April eighty-seven of age the at Marquez Garcia Gabriel Laureate Literary Nobel and writer the of death The Translation: Realism Magic, Qiufan’s Qiufan’s Chen translating currently is Liu Ken 2014. April in there publication on UK the in reviews readers around the world to recognise in fictional dystopias and intelligence thrillers a thrillers Destiny. Shared intelligence of sense and genuine dystopias fictional in recognise to world the around readers influence overseas that Marquez has had in China. in had has Marquez that overseas influence the to comparable anything having writer a Chinese imagine to hard is it surprisingly, Not all. in titles 200,000 and languages non-English all from translation in 453 of atotal of —out sixteen published lishers pub American 2012, in minute: is publishers foreign of lists the on titles Chinese of number the Yet ayear. titles foreign work. own his on influence profound writer’s an Xingjian Xingjian Gao exiled 2012 (the in Literature in Prize Nobel the receive best-selling author Mai Jia Jia Mai author best-selling International awards and exposure for Chinese writers whose books have been been have books whose writers Chinese for exposure and awards International Chinese readers typically have access to about 14,000 new new 14,000 about to access have typically readers Chinese and others, have helped to raise the profile of Chinese literary fiction in the non- The artists,for theirpart,can 莫言 高行健 The

became the first Chinesewriter living in China to Waste Tide. Tide. Waste won it he in the acknowledged Colombi 2000), 麦家 Global warming, Wikileaks and other issues may well cause cause well may issues other and Wikileaks warming, Global , a former intelligence officer in the PLA, received positive positive received PLA, the in officer intelligence , a former - and yet almost impossible to counter. the table—technically still‘in’orlegal in which theball grazes theedge of hitting what’s called ‘graze-edge balls’ hitting what’s called‘graze-edge attemptor and risktheconsequences, consider meaningfulandimportant 擦边球 , named for a play in ping-pong - - Source: wb.yunnan.cn Prize inLiterature in2012 in ChinatowintheNobel Chinese writerresident Mo Yan wasthefirst Decoded by the the by 阎

Or, if they have the means, they can resentations of of conscience send their art overseas. from around the world and a dozen Chen Qiufan published the essay gleaming steel stools individually in- from which the earlier quotation was stalled in one of the cells in Cell Block taken, translated by his fellow science A, into which songs and speeches of fiction writer Ken Liu, on the inter- protest are played (including Martin national science fiction and fantasy Luther King’s 1967 anti-Vietnam War website Tor.com in May 2014. Writers speech and music by the imprisoned Murong Xuecun 慕容雪村, Yu Hua 余华 Tibetan singer Lolo and Hopi chants and Yan Lianke 阎连科 (a finalist in the representing the Native Americans 2013 Man Booker International Prize incarcerated there in the nineteenth who became the first Chinese writer century for resisting assimilation). to win the Franz Kafka Prize in 2014) Guo Jian, meanwhile, went to New are among those who have increas- York in the second half of 2014 to col- ingly turned to international websites, laborate with the American artist and newspapers and journals including Iraq War veteran Markus Erikson on The New York Times, to publish essays an anti-war multimedia installation that cannot appear at home. called Surrender. They asked people Working remotely, Ai Weiwei cre- all over the world, especially soldiers ated a giant, site-specific installation in uniform, to send photographs of for the infamous former island peni- themselves with their hands up in sur- tentiary of Alcatraz, in San Francisco render — like Ai Weiwei’s Alcatraz, a Bay. It includes a colourful dragon rather different vision of Shared Desti- with Twitter-bird eyes, 175 Lego rep- ny to that of Big Daddy Xi. 187 186 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK China, Hollywood and Split Screens 2014 Qian Ying 钱颖 CHINA, HOLLYWOOD AND SPLIT SCREENS

Qian Ying 钱颖

HE FILM MARKET in China is imported films from cinemas from Tflourishing. Whereas in 2002, time to time to create breathing space Chinese cinemas sold US$133 million for new domestic features. In June worth of tickets, total box office reve- 2014, Transformers opening date was nues in 2013 amounted to US$3.6 bil- pushed to exactly one day after that of lion. In 2014, China’s box office had the Chinese-produced romantic com- reached US$1.6 billion by 21 May, just edy Break-up Guru 分手大师, and the 141 days into the year. Both imported head of the State Film Bureau, Zhang and Chinese films were doing well. Hongsen 张宏森, ordered cinema own- Among the twenty-four films that had ers not to pull domestic features in made over US$16 million, half were favour of the more lucrative imported categorised as ‘domestic’ films, gener- blockbusters. Despite such policies, ating a total revenue of US$670 million. China has already surpassed Japan to The other half were foreign, mainly become Hollywood’s largest interna- Hollywood films, earning US$630 mil- tional market. lion. Protectionist policies might have There are hopes for further contributed to the box office success of growth: among the Hollywood stars domestic films: the government only who made publicity trips to China in allows thirty-four foreign films to be 2014 were Brad Pitt, Angelina Jolie and imported annually, and the authori- Johnny Depp. Increasingly, Hollywood ties have reportedly pulled successful films feature China-friendly plots and 189 188 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK China, Hollywood and Split Screens 2014 Qian Ying 钱颖 Chinese box office, more than any pre tors — and took AU$20 million at the investment andheroics by Chineseac- the GoldCoast, featured both Chinese shoppers andkillersharks inamallon film as ‘domestic’. count can requirements certain filling ful- films co-produced quota: import have becomeastrategy to bypass the licences. Meanwhile, co-productions snaring oneof thethirty-four annual Chinese characters asa strategy for Source: EnlightPicturesBeijing formers Chinese-produced took precedenceovertheopeningdateof The schlocky 2012Australian 3D Bait, inwhich atsunami traps , which was pushed back by one day , whichwaspushedbackbyoneday The Break-up Guru’ Break-up The s premiere s premiere Trans - - notist erate Wanda produced TheGreat Hyp in 2009.Althoughthemedia conglom- films four from up well 2013, in emas cin- mainland to it made Taiwanfilms films from Taiwan have beenlifted; sixteen for quotas import 2012, Since 2014. June in office box the of top the ema may represent eithertheartistic cinema. In China, non-commercial cin cinema. InChina, non-commercial film adaptation of the classic novel Journey to theWest the classic of adaptation film were from Taiwan. both the director and the producer daystwenty-one in Chinese cinemas, million in box office revenue in its first The Monkey King ductions with Hong Kong, including co-pro are films domestic of number strong mainland market. Asubstantial the from benefitted also have Taiwan ofthe ChineseMinistry Cultureitself. lowed suit, forging apartnershipwith national markets. Disney quickly fol- ed and other films for China and inter - Chinese companies, to create animat Shanghai, a joint venture with three tion openedOriental DreamWorks in That sameyear, DreamWorks Anima- three timesasmuch asHappy Feet2. than more and film Australian vious Then there is non-commercial Then there is non-commercial Film industries inHongKong and 催眠大师 , which made RMB 250 大闹天宫 西游记 that sat at , afantasy - - - - vision and socio-political agendas of an film-making and distribution, so that individual film-maker (‘indie’ film), or film-as-propaganda could reach every the state (‘main melody’ 主旋律 films corner of the countryside and the fron- promoting party ideals and history). tier regions. Cinema’s ability to witness, ana- When the first post-Mao genera- lyse and mobilise society has long been tion of Chinese film directors (the Fifth central to China’s cinematic tradition. Generation) began making films, they Chinese film-making entered its first worked within the state studio system; golden age in the 1930s, in a rapidly there were no other options. Their first industrialising Shanghai divided and works, including Chen Kaige’s Yellow occupied by foreign powers, as a polit- Earth 黄土地 (1984), Huang Jianxin’s ically unstable nation faced the threat Black Cannon Incident 黑炮事件 (1985) of Japanese invasion. In such an envi- and Zhang Yimou’s Red Sorghum ronment, although audiences craved 红高粱 (1989), were made with low diversion, or what one critic called budgets and little pressure to turn a ‘ice-cream for the eyes’, socially pro- profit. With their unconventional cine- gressive writers, directors and actors matic language and bold inquiries into considered the notion of cinema as en- social and political taboos, they rede- tertainment to be frivolous and waste- fined Chinese cinema, not always with ful, and produced films that reflected the approval of the authorities — or the national crisis and promoted social the movie-going masses. and political change. With some ex- In March 2014, Chinese film- ceptions (such as the masterful 1948 makers and audiences mourned the Springtime in a Small Town 小城之春 passing of Wu Tianming 吴天明, the directed by Fei Mu 费穆) China’s film popular Fourth Generation director culture during the Sino-Japanese War and former head of the Xi’an Film Stu- (1937–1945) and the Civil War (1946– dio who had mentored and produced 1950) strongly favoured social realism so many seminal works of the Fifth and political engagement. Generation. Wu’s own films Life 人生 In the Mao era, heeding Lenin’s (1984) and Old Well 老井 (1987) por- dictum that cinema is the most im- trayed human suffering and dignity portant art, the state closely super- against a backdrop of rural–urban in- vised and invested heavily in both equality and extreme poverty. 191 190 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK China, Hollywood and Split Screens 2014 Qian Ying 钱颖 cision, Feng Xiaogang box officehits— were goodenough. huge including — competition in films claiming thatOscars’), noneof the annual award ceremony (‘China’s and the bestdirector in its prestigious film best the for prizes withholding Guild (CFDG) created apublic stir by April 2014, the Chinese Film Directors’ nor impressed by box office success. In best film-makers are neither motivated it is no wonder that many of China’s artistic, social and political aspirations, Touch of Sin limits. off are conflicts, inter-ethnic representation of homosexualityand ward. Sensitive topics, including the to one’sidealsis farfrom straightfor- according films making censorship, ing of film’. spirit and return to the artistic mean- time to ‘revive our ideals, rebuild our necessity, financial it now said, was he of out films commercial made and als film-makers put aside their artistic ide If, morethanadecadeago, Chinese and respectforconscience cinema’. decision collectively ‘out of artistic jury, explained that made the the jury the CFDG of head and film-maker an In aspeechannouncingthede Given thislonghistory richin Given China’s rigid system of 天注定 by

冯小刚 China’s leading , aveter- A - - leries, oron DVDs passed from hand gal- and festivals film indie ground’ past two decades,screeningin ‘under- in the inChina emerged have films film. an implicit protest on behalf of Jia’s CFDG’s surprise announcement was speculatedSome Chinesenetizens that eligible for theCFDGannual awards. out ascreeningat home,itwas not daterelease ontheMainland.With its postponed indefinitely authorities abroad (including in Hong Kong), the 2013, and being critically acclaimed Best Screenplay Prizeat Cannesin real-life events. Despite winning the peration and violence based on four ke ke Sixth Generation film-maker Jia Zhang- Source: Baidu Li Xiantang and curator 贾樟柯 A smallnumberof independent is a study of corruption, des

is a renowned independent art critic is arenownedindependentartcritic - - to hand. Some have achieved inter- At the National People’s Politi- national exposure and distribution. cal Consultative Conference in March But the government has intensified 2014, Feng Xiaogang and Jackie Chan its crackdown on this sector in recent 成龙 called on the government to re- years. In August 2014, the police raided lax its regime of film censorship. - Ex the office and archive of the Beijing In- pounding on the damage censorship dependent Film Festival and detained does to the quality of cinema, Feng its organisers, including the promi- complained that film-makers’ most nent art curator and critic Li Xianting creative ideas are often rejected by 栗宪庭, who was forced to sign, as a clueless censors. ‘We often say, film is condition for his release, a document a glass of wine, it shouldn’t be water or promising not to organise any film fes- juice… . But [the censor] just wants a tivals in the future. glass of orange juice,’ Feng said. Jackie Non-Chinese film-makers hoping Chan spoke about the adverse effect to exhibit in the Chinese film market censorship had on the box office. must also deal with censorship. The In April, Oliver Stone upset his debate over the extent to which for- hosts at the Beijing International Film eign film-makers should comply with Festival by asking when China would Chinese censorship has been going on start making films critical of Mao Ze- for some time, especially as they are dong and the Cultural Revolution, sometimes asked not only to change stating that only when these taboos scenes, but the plot as well. The mak- are lifted could true creativity emerge, ers of Skyfall, the latest Bond movie, which would be a basis for genuine had to cut a scene where 007, played co-production. In fact, there have by Daniel Craig, kills a Chinese secu- been films in China critiquing the Cul- rity guard, and alter a plot line where tural Revolution and, implicitly, Mao the villain Javier Bardem explains that Zedong, such as Troubled Laughter being in Chinese custody had turned 苦恼人的笑 (1979), Black Cannon In- him into a villain. The censors also cident (1985) and Xie Jin’s adaptation clipped thirty-eight minutes, mostly of Hibiscus Town 芙蓉镇 (1986). As love scenes, out of Cloud Atlas, a film noted above, Cui Jian, the musician based on a David Mitchell novel that who pioneered Chinese rock music was very popular in China. in the 1980s, debuted as a director in 193 192 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK China, Hollywood and Split Screens 2014 Qian Ying 钱颖 1993 04 ih h film the with 2014 raphy. (Tian Zhuangzhuang’s historiog- official the challenged have Cultural Revolution and,of those,few not many cinematic treatments of the Yet Stone stillhad a point —thereare ally premierednationwide inOctober. perienced delaysbut in release eventu - ex film the victims, and perpetrators Cultural Revolution’s mostprominent referenceshard-to-miss to some of the Revolution andthepresent day. With of rock music, setbothintheCultural crets, sexual longings and the pursuit tale of two generations of family se ing for theauthorities: they bannedit Blue Kite 蓝风筝 Blue Sky Bones, a was too challeng- 田壮壮 - -

— anotheraspectof SharedDestiny. rations of thedarker sidesof modernity film-makers have turned in their explo- of film noir, a genre to which American a detective crimestory of told inthestyle depiction desperation isframedbyworking-class film’s The changes. inChina without will screen major 刁亦男 Film inBerlin in2014,DiaoYinan’s on to win the Golden Bear for Best the unacceptable.Afterexpress going continue to seekacceptableways to film-makers term, short the in change make afilmagain.Hehas.) and told the director he would never With censorship rulesunlikely to

Black Coal, ThinIce 白日焰火

195 194 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Looking Backward: Chinese Art in 2014 2014 Chen Shuxia 陈淑霞 LOOKING BACKWARD: CHINESE ART IN 2014

Chen Shuxia 陈淑霞

HE EXHIBITION ‘Ink Art: Past as referred to classic texts and philoso- TPresent in Contemporary China’, phy, including works by the military which opened in December 2013 at the strategist Sunzi 孙子 and the Daoist Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met) philosopher Zhuangzi 庄子. Whether, in New York, reflected a basic theme as some claimed, this represented a of the contemporary Chinese art scene literati or dilettantish escapism or a in 2014: nostalgia and continuity with vision of a brighter future, art exhi- the past. By juxtaposing contemporary bitions in 2014 sought to re-treat, re- ink works in various media (including view, re-visit, re-evaluate, re-examine, painting, photography, sculpture, in- re-contextualise, re-frame, re-invent, stallation and video) with fifth-century re-interpret and re-think the Chinese Buddhist sculptures from its perma- past as a strategy for making sense of nent collection as well as Han-dynasty an increasingly complex present. ceramics and Ming furniture, The Met The independent curator and art attempted to place Chinese art today historian Martina Köppel-Yang claims within its historical context. that this strategy looks forward rather In 2014, exhibition titles in China than backward. In her curatorial essay itself frequently featured terms such as for the exhibition ‘Advance Through ‘ancient’, ‘history’, ‘past’, ‘new youth’, Retreat’ 以退为进 at the Rockbund ‘childhood’, ‘anniversary’ and ‘gener- Art Museum in Shanghai, she refers ation’. Moreover, curators routinely to The Met’s ‘Ink Art’ as well as other 197 196 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Looking Backward: Chinese Art in 2014 2014 Chen Shuxia 陈淑霞 il rjc o rafrig a national reaffirming of offi- project cial the resist that works included ods and local aesthetics, the exhibition tensibly aretreat to traditional meth- 皮道坚 recent exhibitions such as Pi Daojian’s BCE text TheArtof War stratagem inSun Tzu’ssixth-century title of herexhibitionfrom afamous motivations areat play. Yang drewthe nomic aswell asartisticandcultural China’, political and eco WTO-entry post- self-confident, new, a of identity notes that in the ‘creation of acultural She also media asalinguafranca’. er andrevaluate Chinesetraditional shows theapparent needto rediscov - greater importance, a tendency which notes ‘atendency that isgainingever Hong Kong Museum of She Art(2013). Source: leapleapleap.com The lateHongKongstreetartistTsang Tsou Choi

The Origin ofThe Origin Dao 孙子兵法 原道 at the . Os - -

Taiping Era’ ral exhibition ‘Extensive Records of the reflected this broad trend in its inaugu- Redbrickly-owned Art Museum also the power of ‘folk’ or ‘non-official’ ‘non-official’ or ‘folk’ of power the practice, for example. follow establishedartisticrulesinits ist priestsand held religious ritualsto 雙全 Hong Kong artistPak Sheung Chuen China. The night before the exhibition, ty anduncertainty incontemporary tors, evokes perceptions of fate, reali- byartists turned augurs, astrologers and narra- created knowledge, ficial 在野 led by Gao Shiming led by Gao of folk stories. The curatorial team, referringto collection atenth-century gathered together a group of Dao culture,andhow such non-of Beijing’s newly opened privateBeijing’s 太平广记 ist TsangTsou Choi Hong Kong streetart ligraphy of the late by the ‘outsider’ cal- cultural identity — 灶財 which refuses to the Yangjiang Group, Cantonesecollective of Kowloon, andthe around the streets poles and electricity distribution boxes , the title directly , scrawled over 高士明 , stressed 白 曾 - - - -

attract stray ghosts. Grains of rice and at Sotheby’s in New York last year. joss stick ashes from their necroman- This month-long dispute exemplifies tic rituals were later unintentionally mounting tensions between state- carried by the soles of visitors’ shoes — owned museums and the emerging or perhaps the invisible ghosts — into private sector, in which anyone with the space of other works in the show. the money and interest can open their A number of new private muse- own museum. Those within the state ums opened across China in 2014, in- sector and the academy have raised cluding Shanghai’s Long Museum and serious questions about the quality of Yuz Museum, both located on the West institutional research in the private Bund and showcasing their respec- sector as well as issues including au- tive owners’ private art collections. In thenticity, management and curatorial their inaugural exhibitions too, histo- strategies; there is also no doubt that ry reigned: the Long Museum opened there is tension between the worlds with ‘Re-View’ 开今 • 借古, literally of officially sanctioned culture and ‘borrowing from the past, opening private cultural entrepreneurship on up to the present’, while the title of principle and ideology. the Yuz Museum’s ‘Myth/History’ 天 To demonstrate its own intellectu- 人之际, literally ‘between heaven and al strength and the potential for inno- human’, quotes from a letter written vation within the state sector, the Na- by the classical historian Sima Qian tional Art Museum of China launched 司马迁 to his friend Ren An 任安 in 93 its third International Triennial of BCE. Here Chinese history and philos- New Media Art, titled ‘Thingworld’ 齐 ophy provide a context for the discus- 物等观, in June 2014. Curator Zhang Ga sion of current issues and the future 张尕 explained: ‘In Chinese language, development of Chinese art. the word for “thing” is a compound of Three researchers from the the characters East and West, a geo- Shanghai Museum disputed the au- graphic stretch across the infinite thenticity of an eleventh-century cal- space of two imaginary ends in the ligraphy work on display in the Long ancient mind. Thing is everything.’ Museum, Gongfu Tie 功甫贴 by Su Shi The exhibition showcased fifty-eight 苏轼, which the collector and muse- works by sixty-eight artists and artist um-owner, Liu Yiqian 刘益谦 bought collectives from twenty-two countries 199 198 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Looking Backward: Chinese Art in 2014 2014 Chen Shuxia 陈淑霞 the Virtual,Actual, thePossible?’ a theme in the exhibition ‘Landscape: Museum in Guangzhou.Implicit in vate, Rem Times Koolhaus-designed 物论 ple Britain. The relationship between peo art curatedchange-inspired in Great fold’, atravelling exhibition of climate University consecutively hosted ‘Un- Academy of ArtinBeijing and as well asexhibitions.TheCentral work of anumberof Chineseartists recent the in reflected is vironment ical disaster. man-made climate change and ecolog- humanism and so forth in the face of bates over representation andidentity, ‘frivolity’ of contemporary cultural de ideological points by slamming the the sametime,hescoredsomesubtle Chinesecuratorialporary practice.At the old to the new’ in serve contem- cept of the‘equalityof allthings’ drewonZhuangzi’s ‘Thingworld’ con- dia. me new as well as flowers and rocks installations usinggarbage, furniture, The work included machines, robots, (forand regions Taiwan). instance, 风景：实像，幻像或心像 人 , anotherexample of ‘the useof Anxiety about the worsening en- curatorialZhang Ga’s essay for and nature-heaven ?

天 at thepri- was also 齐 - - - her husband, artist Liu Ding the exhibition this argument is not entirely new, it While officialdom. towards rebellious ion that contemporary Chinese art is challenges theconventional percept- art practice.This curatorial position erts lasting influence on contemporary artistic language and an ideology, ex gued that Socialist Realism, both as an Echoes ofEchoes SocialistRealism Issue of Artto theIssue of Position: Art Terminal’s exhibition‘From the Contemporary‘Ink Art’,ShenzhenOCT negation of thepresent, of Like course. cleaner, simpler past. this sort of work isasenseof abetter, the future. tant questionsabout ownership over have looked at the past to askimpor- past, recent exhibitions of Chinese art SocialistRealist ing the not-so-distant arapidly - changing environment orre-examin on reflecting philosophy, medium of inkandreferencingancient form of amuseum-scale exhibition. was ground-breaking to realiseitinthe 主义的回响 的问题到立场的问题：社会主义现实 Carol Yinghua Lu Chinese art in a historical continuity. Looking backward neednotbea Whether revisiting thetraditional , positioned contemporary incollaboration with 卢迎华 , who curated 从艺术 ’ 刘鼎 , ar- - The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s exhibition ‘Ink Art’ positioned contemporary Chinese art in a historical continuity Source: metmuseum.org 201 200 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK BigA Storm Daddy in ona Chicken the Arts Cup: A Burgeoning Market 2014 OlivierLinda Jaivin Krischer A STORM IN A CHICKEN CUP: A BURGEONING MARKET

Olivier Krischer

OTHEBY’S HAS A US$1.6 million Sdollar limit per credit card trans- action. So it took the Shanghainese bil- lionaire Liu Yiqian 刘益谦 twenty-four swipes of his Amex card to purchase one of the most sought-after pieces of Chinese porcelain in the world: a Ming-dynasty teacup decorated with a delicate painting of chickens. While the payment was going through at the auction house in Hong Kong in late July 2014, Liu picked up the US$36 million cup, poured some tea into it and took a sip. The photo of him drinking from the cup ignited a storm of criticism in China, where he was accused of vanity, vulgarity, risking damage to the cup Billionaire Liu Yiqian bought a Ming-dynasty teacup with twenty-four swipes of his Amex card and ostentation. ‘Emperor Qianlong in 2014 Source: bendijin.net has used it,’ he said. ‘Now I’ve used it. I just wanted to see how it felt.’ 203 202 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK A Storm in a Chicken Cup: A Burgeoning Market 2014 Olivier Krischer Fanzhi in contemporary art,including Zeng 2014, still well above the loftiest figures piece of Chineseartsoldat auction in Chinese collection. genuine, authenticated example in a in private hands,andthisistheonly remain few a Only specimen. flawless istence,this isconsideredthemost only nineteen such cupsstillinex Chinese Artin2014’,p.194).One of hai (see Forum ‘Looking Backward: museum, the Long Museum in Shang- tined for display in his new private — Sotheby’s inBeijing,partnership tion houses have set up shop authenticity, theworld’s largest auc non-payment, pricemanipulation and in English. Despite ongoing issues of market reports in Chinese as well as row. Artpricewillsoonproduce its of theUSfor thefourth year ina largest market for art,edgingahead topping US$4.1billion—remainsthe sales, China — with combined sales comprehensive globaldatabase of art 2013. auction for US$23.3 million in October painting expensive living Asianartistwhen his It was alsothe most expensive According to Artprice.com, a Liu’s ‘chicken cup’ 曾梵志 The LastSupper (2001)soldat , who becamethemost 鸡缸杯 is des in situ - - - as Kang Sheng vate collections of connoisseurs such pieces stillmanaged to landinthepri- fine many when era, Mao the during history, hiatus despite athree-decade ket inChina has alongandprestigious US$580 million. The domestic artmar- under thehammerin2013,andPoly na Guardian passing US$582million in the world in terms of total sales: Chi tie’s, they rankthirdandfourth largest ing well behind Sotheby’s and Chris on theinternationalIf stilltrail- scene. tion, meanwhile, have becomeforces houses China Guardian and Poly Auc- solo inShanghai. Art Company, andChristie’s,working BeijingGeHua with the state-owned the country’s modernmasters,the country’s late aside, thereis a voraciousinterest in as personaltaste. Imperial antiques motivate Chinese buyers asmuch triots’ prices.Prestige and investment nese continue to buoy up their compa- collectors and patriotic overseas Chi mainland global lustre, late-coming is losing someof itscirca 2005–2011 of Four.Gang an ‘extreme leftist’in league with the who was posthumously denouncedas ing securityandintelligence chief The mainland Chinese auction While Chinese contemporary art 康生 - , Mao’slong-serv - - - nineteenth- and mid-twentieth-cen- tury names like Chang Dai-Ch’ien 张 大千, Qi Baishi 齐白石, Li Keran 李可 染 and Xu Beihong 徐悲鸿, as well as Paris-based emigrés Zao Wou-Ki 赵无 极 and Sanyu 常玉. In 2013, three Chi- nese artists ranked among the world’s top ten for combined sales, with the leader, Chang Dai-Ch’ien, coming in China’s richest man in 2013 Wang third overall, with US$291.6 million Jianlin purchased a Picasso for US$28 million of ink paintings sold — overshadow- Source: wanda-group.com ing the likes of Gerhard Richter (No.7, US$165.8 million) and Claude Monet (No.10, US$137.6 million). There is also growing interest in prestige non-Chi- nese works, with collectors finding ready sellers in cash-strapped Europe and elsewhere. In November 2013, China’s richest man, Wang Jianlin 王健林 (Wahaha), purchased a Picasso (Claude et Paloma, 1950) for just over US$28 million. In China, investing in art that is high in cultural prestige, but low in political risk, has become a big business with global implications. 205 204 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban,Big Daddy Mobile on theand Arts Global 2014 CarolynLinda Jaivin Cartier

URBAN, MOBILE AND GLOBAL Carolyn Cartier PEOPLE IN URBAN China travel, move house and commute longer distances than ever before. They also enjoy greater opportunities to change their lifestyles or move up the social ladder. The gradual removal of historical bans imposed by the Communist Party on unauthorised movement be- tween cities (or from the countryside to the city) as well as owning property and travelling abroad make the ease of movement — mobility — novel and exciting. Over the past year and a half, the anti- corruption campaign has identified ‘excessive mobility’, as defined by all forms of ‘extravagance’ 铺张 or 奢靡 on the part of party and government officials, as being a danger to the wellbeing of the party-state. New prohibitions and regulations have put pressure on party and government officials to change their habits, alter their lifestyles and abandon any plans to establish a residential base overseas — in effect, to retreat from the Zeitgeist of mobility. This chapter considers the implications for the Shared Destiny of the Chinese in the context of movement between China and the world, particularly in relation to the Party’s seemingly stringent anti-waste regulations.

Image: Chinese tourists at Uluru, Central Australia Source: Northern Territory Tourism 209 208 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier ber 2012 ‘Eight Rules on Official Behaviour’ Official on Rules ‘Eight 2012 ber in the guise of official travel. They ban local initiatives including celebra - initiatives including local ban travel. They official of guise the in come; misusing government funds; feescharging and non-official tourism all forms, including accepting expensive gifts;hiding illegally obtainedin- Chinese citiesmoregenerally. hotels, aswell astheurbanenvironmentof andtheexperience living in urban economy, especially industries, such the service as restaurants and proscriptions) in each and every category will slow down growth in the lically fundedtravel andthe perks that go(and withit.Theprescriptions conduct. official They targeted lavish dining out, banquets and receptions, gift-giving, of pub problems existing highlighted and detail numbing ChinaStoryof Yearbook 2013. ulations known asthe‘Cage of Regulations’ 党政机关国内公务接待管理规定 A NewAusterity Party and Government Domestic Official Business Reception Management’ complemented and extended the ‘Twenty-six Item Directive’ or ‘Rules on Photo: xinxi1.yymcc.com and Party on Rules Government Domestic Domestic Government Official Business Reception Reception Business Official Management Among other things, the regulations specifically prohibited: bribery in The new raft of regulationspractices in mind- prescribedcorrect ment Regulations for Strict EconomicPractices what are formally known as ‘Party and Govern- the Eighteenth Party Central Committee approved In Novemberof Session 2013,theThirdPlenary Combat Waste’ reforming and remoulding official conduct. They conduct. official remoulding and reforming bans and regulations issued since 2012aimed at of public buildings. This was the fourth tranche of use of vehicles and the renovation or construction from official travel, receptions and meetings to the management of government fundsfor everything the detail great in outlined items, sixty-five ering regulations, divided into twelve chapters andcov- of December2013;the January 2013 stip 党政机关厉行节约反对浪费条例 八项规定 制度的笼子 that were afeature ; and,theDecem- . The to to - -

The newly approved ‘Party and Government Regulations for Strict Economic Practices to Combat Waste’ forbade lavish dining out, banquets and receptions, gift-giving, publically funded travel and the perks that go with it Photo: Frank Müller/Flickr tions of local culture and the manufacture of products that have not been approved by higher authorities. They also proscribe non-approved chang- es to the administrative divisions, that is, the subnational boundaries, of governing districts. They demand that officials vacate non-standard office spaces, including long-term leases in hotels, and ban the construction of large and lavish new offices. Moreover, local governments must not, as they have taken to doing on a grand scale, build flash new urban land- marks 城市地标 or large-scale plazas. The regulations promote budget restraint, rigorous audit practices, market price-based expenditure, the market reform of official vehicle pro- curement, and a two-tier, central and provincial-level approval process for related decisions that had previously only needed to be approved lo- cally. They encourage the conservation of energy and resources, including of equipment and furnishings — no need to update computer laptops to the latest model or redecorate for no good reason. Government bureaus should adopt the ‘paperless office’ and co-ordinate to prevent duplication of functions. Propaganda or party PR departments must ‘promote the con- 211 210 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier targets consumption that is beyond the public gaze, banning officials from spending government fundsoncigarettes and liquor. The campaign also consumption of shark fins, birds’ nests and endangered animals, as well as purse. ArticleTwelve of Item the‘Twenty-six Directive’ prohibits the encouraging andfrustrating thelessvisiblehandof themarket. society.the visiblehandof Itstrengthens theParty while simultaneously demands the standardisation of consumption practices at all levels of tobe free small orlarge. establishbusinesses Ontheotherhand,it the state shouldnotcontrol production andthat entrepreneurs should campaign purports to promote market competition, which means that cial breachesof thesepublishedrulesandregulations. inspections — and investigate tips received from the public regarding offi- inspections—includingunannouncedorspontaneouson-site disciplinary style’ consumptioncept of andahealthylow-carbon green, andcivilised life Photo: Weibo trict, oneinachainof suchrestaurants Chaoyang dis- Steamed BunOutletinBeijing’s program intothestreets, eating attheQingfeng In December2013,XiJinpingtookhisausterity The anti-waste campaign seeks to curb dining out on the public Yet contradictions abound.Ontheonehand, theanti-corruption 倡导绿色低碳消费理念和健康文明生活方式 buildings, including in Beihai Park heritageparks, somein dynastic-era restaurants operating inpublic listed twenty-four such clubs and the Beijing Municipal Government corrective action.InJanuary 2014, and heritage sites for closure and and restaurants in public parks have identified upscale private clubs on Corruption’, p.104). Inspectors Window ‘Bathtime: Clamping Down 2013: Civilising China,Information clubs (seetheChinaStory Yearbook frequenting orbelongingto private . The Party will conduct - in central Beijing. It ordered them to suspend business and ‘adjust their way of thinking’ 调整思路. The Hangzhou West Lake government also ordered luxury restaurants to close or develop new business models with moderately priced menus. In December 2013, Xi Jin- ping took his austerity pro- gram into the streets, eating at the Qingfeng Steamed Bun Outlet 庆丰包子铺 in Beijing’s

Chaoyang district. He appeared Xi Jinping eating a value meal subsequently dubbed the ‘Chairman’s Combo’ to have arrived alone, ordered Photo: Weibo at the counter, paid twenty-one yuan (US$3.50) for the meal and carried his tray to a table. Following his visit, to which the official media gave much publicity, customers flocked to the restaurant to order the ‘Chairman’s Combo’ 主席套餐, a value meal of six steamed buns, a cold green vegetable and a soup of pig’s liver and intestines. The owner, concerned with crushing competition for ‘Xi’s Seat’, removed the table at which he sat as if it were an iconic object. Yet if the image of Xi eating at the Qingfeng Steamed Bun Outlet seems to support small-scale entrepreneurs in the market economy, the reality is somewhat different. The Qingfeng chain is a subsidiary of the Huatian Group, a state-owned conglomerate that was co-founded by Beijing’s Xicheng District Government and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. The complex relationship between the state and the market results in many such examples in which private enterprise and state ownership coexist. For example, when corporations, not official bodies, sponsor banquets, the anti-waste 213 212 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier their businesses widelytheir businesses for inChina.Butsales international brands began relations andexchanges of favours. together settrendsin the urban consumer economy through their social affected the relationships between political and economic elites, who hasalso campaign the austerity and corruption, waste official targeting While aimed at bolstering theParty’s legitimacywith the peopleand Curbing ExcessatHomebutNotAbroad? jointly state-owned. regulations don’tapply —yet thecorporation itselfmay well bewholly or Photo: us.moet.com growth inChinahaddropped fromtentotwentypercentjust five percentin2013 A Frenchluxurygoodsconglomerate that ownsMöet&ChandonandLouisVuitton reportedthatsales Just two years ago many foreign luxury firms had planned expand planned to had firms luxury foreignmanyagoyearstwo Just to decrease in 2013 and by 2014 some luxury malls and international brand shops in Shanghai and Beijing had become consumer deserts. Although luxury brands continue to boost their profiles with bullish retail promotions and press releases, there is no doubt that conspicuous consumption has decreased as a result of the austerity campaign. Yet by the first quarter of 2014, as global firms tracking luxury brands reported decreased sales in China, they noted that consumption of luxury goods by Chinese tourists overseas actually increased. In 2014, France, the home of many luxury brands, became the most favoured destination for middle-class Chinese tourists. It had already been high on the list of China’s wealthy, measured as the top wealthiest twenty-five percent of the country’s outbound tourists by income, who prefer it second only to

Bling Loses its Sparkle, by Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon

In 2012, China spent its way past the USA to become the biggest luxury goods market in the world, according to the Business of Fashion website. However, the same article notes that the growth of China’s luxury market dropped to seven percent in 2012, down from more than thirty in previous years. LVMH, a French luxury goods conglomerate that owns Möet & Chandon and Louis Vuitton, reported that sales growth in China has dropped from ten to twenty percent to just five percent in 2013. In the same period, Salvatore Ferragamo’s revenue growth in Asia halved to ten percent. When the price of shoemaker Tod’s shares fell seven percent, the company blamed declining demand in Asia. While industry says the anti-corruption cam- A lucky licence plate in China has become al- paign is responsible for declining sales, changing most as much a status symbol as a car. Super- tastes are also partly responsible: the ostenta- stitious rich people spend a small fortune to purchase an auspicious plate. The luckiest tious embrace of luxury brands by déclassé nou- number, and therefore most expensive, veau riche has also taken some shine off the bling is eight, or ba, which rhymes with fa, the Chinese character for wealth for the truly well-heeled. Photo: Patrick Streule/Flickr 215 214 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier organised tour. In2003,inresponseto theSARS (Severe Acute Respira places openedto Chinesetourists, butthey could only travel aspartof an first the became Macao and Kong Hong 1983, In 1980s. the in Mainland plemented an ‘individual visitor scheme’to boost mainland tourism. Chi tourismKong’s and put many industry businesses in peril, Hong Kong im Hong in meltdown a caused which crisis, flu’) ‘avian or Syndrome, tory na’s middleclass shoppers,discouraged from buying quality goods and effect onsales. banonthebearfailedtoChinese quarantine services have any immediate intense that thelavender estate limited salesto oneperperson.Even a inally created as away to deal with excess lavender. The demand grew so tourists descended on the town Nabowla, Tasmania islandstate of (thesouth-eastern Australia), Chinese lavender-stuffed, lavender-coloured plush bear from alavender estate in bear Photo: ZhangXinyu/Weibo town Chinese touristsdescendedonthe from alavenderestateinTasmania. with alavender-colouredplushbear Zhang Xinyupostedaphotoofherself Chinese citizens first gained the opportunity to travel outside the outside to travel opportunity the gained first citizens Chinese en masse en to snap up the same tosnapupthesame 张馨予 China. widely known and even reproduced in become — have Aix-en-Provence of fields Cru, Dijonto Santenay, to thelavender landscapes —from theRoute desGrands fabled coloursof Provence. Theseregional women, would headsouthto seekoutthe Other travellers, led predominantly by and buying wine,oreven whole cellars. the source,visitinggreat chateaux red winesof Bordeaux and Burgundy to Chinese tourists took to pursuing the the maindraw. Australia, whereenvironment theclean is en masse to snap up the same bear — orig- After thefashionmodelZhang Xinyu Having seen Paris, somewealthy

posted aphoto ofwith a herself - - -

WHERE THE ECONOMIC ELITE WENT IN 2013* 1. Australia 2. France 3. Dubai 4. Switzerland 5. Maldives 6. United States 7. Japan 8. Germany 9. 10.

*Defined as the top twenty- Australia was mainland China’s most popular six percent by income of travel destination in 2013 Photo: Northern Territory Tourism ‘outbound tourists’. Data source: 2013 survey by FT (Financial Times) China Confidential survey of 1,227 middle income consumers in ten first- and second-tier cities. http://www.ftchinaconfidential.com/outbound2013

luxury brand products in China because import duties and consumption taxes had made them far too expensive, found the same goods in Hong Kong’s shopping malls — tax free. If the individual visitor scheme intro- duced new possibilities for travel and consumption, it was a privilege that was unevenly distributed. Just as the first economic experiments of Deng Xiaoping’s program of Reform and Opening Up were first trialled in the Special Economic Zones of Shenzhen in the south before being extended to coastal cities and finally interior provinces, from south to north and east to west, the individual visitor scheme initially allowed independent travel only to residents of certain places in Guangdong. Later, this was extended to Beijing and Shanghai. Shenzhen, on the Hong Kong border, was able uniquely to offer multiple-entry visas for Hong Kong beginning in 2009. 217 216 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier ada in2010.In2013,Rwanda becamethe116th country to make thelist. (by2008 which werethere time ninety-five Can- countries and list) the on countries becameapproved destinations in 2004–2005, the United States in Australia andNew Zealandbeingadded to thelistin1999. MostEuropean with region, and Pacific Asia the to confined were destinations’ proved travel by Chinesenationals to othercountries.Through ‘ap the1990s, Kam-leung the HongKong for Commerce Secretary andDevelopment Gregory tions, theirarrival hasnotalways beengreeted with joy. InJanuary 2014, While mainland Chinese tourists boosttheeconomiesof theirdestina- Exceptional Zones:HongKongandMacao 54.3 millionvisitors arriving inHongKong came from mainland China. to one hundred million by 2023.In2013,40.8 millionof the year’s annual as many asseventy milliontouristsannually within three years, andup Hong Kong, anurban area with a population of 7.2million, could receive Photo: hk.apple.nextmedia.com ItbecametheunofficalsymbolofHongKongprotestsin2014 689 votesbyChina’seliteelectoral committee. ‘Mr. 689’isthenicknameHongKongershavegivenCYLeung,installedasChiefExecutiveofKongin2012with During thistime,thegovernment gradually relaxed on restrictions 蘇錦樑

sparked public consternation when he claimed that So - WHERE MIDDLE-CLASS TOURISTS WANTED TO GO IN 2014 1. France 6. Japan 2. United Kingdom 7. United States 3. Italy 8. Singapore 4. Germany 9. South Korea 5. Hong Kong 10. Switzerland Chinese tourists are buying up infant milk powder Data source: Hurun Report 2014, People’s everywhere they can get it. In Hong Kong the Daily Online, retrieved 26 January 2014 phenomenon has resulted in widespread shortages. Hong Kong authorities have imposed a two-tin export restriction on mainland Chinese tourists Photo: voanews.com

There had already been both media criticism of and protests against Mainlanders (‘locusts’) for the bad manners that some displayed and the negative impact of mainland tourism in general (see the China Story Year- book 2013: Civilising China, Forum ‘Civilised Tourism’, p.14). In March 2014, a particularly theatrical protest saw about one hundred people wearing Cultural Revolution-style costumes, waving red flags and holding posters with the Hong Kong Chief Executive CY Leung’s 梁振英 face ‘photo- shopped’ onto Mao Zedong’s body as they shouted slogans like ‘Love your country — buy Chinese products’ 愛國愛國貨. In response to this popular backlash, in May 2014, the New China News Agency published a list of ‘do’s and don’ts’ for Mainlanders planning a visit to Hong Kong. The intro- duction to these guidelines reminded travellers that, ‘when you go some- where, follow local custom’ 入乡随俗, elaborating on differences in daily life between the Mainland and Hong Kong. Another concern is economic. In March 2014, The Economist named Hong Kong number one on its new ‘crony-capitalism index’, by a wide margin. The index tracks economic activity susceptible to ‘rent- seeking’, which it defines as ‘grabbing a bigger slice of the pie rather than 219 218 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier in orderto recordtransactionsas domestic. UnionPay terminals registered onthe Mainland and smuggled into Macao items for cash.The second type of fraud involves the use of handheld to pay for orother luxuriesviaUnionPay jewellery andthenreturnthe Latest model Latest conduct Flashy projects ‘Image’ packaging Gaudy Long conferences entourages Large Travel jurisdiction one’s outside budget determines Spending vehicles State-subsidised clubs in time Expending Exotic meats Eating out OUT Recycle-reuse leadership Thrifty facilities ‘Ordinary’ Plain wrapping meetings Short retinue Limited grassroots the to Visits spending determines Budget retail bought Cars family with time Spending Simple dishes in Eating IN OUT WHAT’S AND IN WHAT’S

UnionPay cards. The most common ruse is useof the illegal from came total, official billion inunreported income,twicethe billion. But an estimated furtherUS$90 in Macaoreachedanunprecedented US$45 By 2013, official figures for gaming revenue title of biggest gambling centre intheworld. and Macao. is widely accepted by ATMs inHongKong approval of thePeople’sBank of China. It by allbanksinChina and operates with the China’s only domestic bankcard. Itisused legally take out of the country. UnionPay is amount of foreigna citizencan currency to circumvent Chineselaws restrictingthe tors make fraudulent useof UnionPay cards campaign. Some visi- the anti-corruption including theanti-waste regulations and aimed attices circumventing Chineselaw, about mainland visitors engaginginprac- shiftier neighbours’. Singapore for their‘role asentrepôt It citesconnections. bothHongKong and over competitors as a result of political involves businessesgaining advantages making thepiebigger’, andwhich often In 2006,Macaobeat LasVegasto take the Local authorities arealsoconcerned for In May 2014, the unprecedented growth of UnionPay card use in Ma- cao raised concerns in Beijing that, as reported by the Macau Business Daily, ‘tens of billions of yuan in illicit funds are being funnelled out of the Mainland and into casinos in direct contravention of national curren- cy controls’. UnionPay quickly announced measures to ‘combat overseas money laundering [and] capital flight’. The Macao Monetary Authority ordered casinos and shopping malls to search out and remove all unreg- istered UnionPay card machines. Subsequent media reports indicate that mainland visitors still commonly use UnionPay in Macao, but casinos and shops have not been able to add new payment terminals and there is on- going official scrutiny.

Globalisation of Capital and Residency Schemes

Ever since the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2008, well-heeled Chinese have invested in the housing market in many of the world’s most desirable cities. Wealthy investors ‘rationally overpay’ to park capital in real estate that then routinely lies vacant. The decision to invest in property overseas is not surprising. In China, property reverts to the state after seventy years; there is no such thing as ownership in perpetuity. According to the global real estate services firm Jones Lang La- Salle, Chinese investment in real estate abroad increased by twenty-five percent in the first quarter of 2014 over the pre- vious year to a total of US$2.1 billion. Among the most popular cities with cashed-up Chinese investors are those where housing is the least ‘Naked officials’: Party and government offi- cials who send their families and suspicious affordable: Hong Kong, Vancouver, fortunes to Hong Kong or Western countries, including tax havens with no extradition Sydney, San Francisco, San Jose (Silicon treaty with China, without a legitimate work-related reason Valley), Melbourne, New York, London, Photo: Weibo 221 220 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier colloquially as ae en oe ara ae ald nkd officials’ ‘naked called are abroad moved been have for their children. Bureaucrats whose spouses,children — and assets — levels were consideringhow to acquireforeign nationality orresidency county and provincial at officials government and party the of half that not allow it.Asurvey by theChineseAcademy of SocialSciencesrevealed should incomes whose officials government includes overseas investing campaign, the problemthose running the anti-corruption is that Chinese net worth’ individuals plannedto move overseas.From the standpoint of $85,000 fine for buying existing dwellings justacost of doingbusiness’. reactions among‘cashed-up foreign realestate investors view theexisting new rules andstricter enforcement of existingrules,while reported effect of foreign buyers on Australian real estate prices has suggested over thetwelve months to June 2014.Aparliamentary into inquiry the percent risein housing prices in Sydney and 9.2 percent risein Melbourne 15.4 the in factors also purchases non-resident that suggest figures some purchase only new-build housing (thusstimulatingwhile construction), the real estate market. The law holds that non-residents are allowed to on part, significant a is investment Chinese which of investment, foreign valued Canadianpermanent residency. percent of which were from China, claiming that the scheme had under- Investment Program, which had some 65,000pending applications, seventy reach ofresidents. local InFebruaryits Immigrant 2014,Canadacancelled thatconcern Chineseinvestment ispushing housing prices outof the Los Angeles and Auckland. As a result, in many of thesecitiesthereis party andgovernment rule’ of Chinainthesixyears to 2011. illegal money flows, no less than US$3 trillion had been illicitly spirited out p.230). According to the Global Financial Integrity Group, which monitors A financial industry survey found that forty-seven percent of ‘high of percent forty-seven that found survey industry financial A of the impact on reports conflicting been have there Australia, In In a 2013 speech on the drive for clean government (‘honest and clean luoguan 裸官 (see Forum ‘Chinese Families Going Global?’, 党风廉政 ), Wang Qishan, head of theCen - 裸体官员 , known WHEN IN HONG KONG: RULES FOR MAINLAND TOURISTS DO Keep clear of roads and avoid blocking paths Speak softly Refrain from bumping or pushing people Avoid greeting people loudly from a distance Treat service staff politely Avoid excessive bargaining

DON’T Drink or eat on the MTR Smoke in a non-smoking area Mainland Chinese tourists are the subject of global criticism. The Chinese government has issued guide- Litter or spit on the ground lines on how to travel abroad Source: Xinhuanet.com Cross the road against a red light Forget to wear your seatbelt in a taxi Ride in the first-class train carriage without paying

Source: Xinhua News Agency, 9 May 2014

tral Commission for Discipline Inspection, previewed measures to bring China’s 1.18 million ‘naked officials’ into line. Wang identified how the problem of nepotism, like all forms of corruption, interferes with the de- velopment and operation of the market. But his observation exposes the contradiction between party-state expectations for political elites and the rational choices individuals make in the global market. The Hong Kong Capital Investment Entrance Scheme bars applicants from China but makes an exception for Chinese nationals who have per- manent residence in another country. For a fee of HK$200,000 (US$25,800) Hong Kong immigration agents help mainland citizens obtain residency permits in other countries with lax requirements for residency so that they can take advantage of this loophole. Of more than 17,000 mainland 223 222 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier 2013 Rwanda 2013 2012 Madagascar, Cameroon, Colombia, Samoa Iran 2011 Serbia Uzbekistan, Korea, North Micronesia, of States Federated Lebanon, , 2010 Cape Verde,2009 Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mali, Ghana, Guyana, Montenegro, States United Taiwan, Israel, Polynesia, French 2008 Namibia, Monaco, Morocco, Uganda, Bulgaria, Bangladesh, Argentina, Andorra, 2007 Tonga Mongolia, Grenada, Bahamas, 2006 Mexico, PDR, Lao Jamaica, Fiji, , Brazil, Barbados, Barbuda, and Antigua 2005 Finland, Ethiopia, Estonia, Denmark, Republic, Czech Cyprus, Belgium, Austria, 2004 Africa, South Pakistan, Maldives, India, Hungary, Germany, Cuba, Croatia, 2003 Nepal, Malta, Indonesia, , 2002 Vietnam Myanmar, Japan, Cambodia, , 2000 Zealand New Australia, 1999 Korea South 1998 1992 Philippines 1990 Singapore Malaysia, year. by 1988 China, with 1983 agreements Status Year Destination Destination Approved GO TRAVELLERS CHINESE WHERE Source: Chinese National Tourism Association (www.cnta.gov.cn) Association Tourism National Chinese Source: , United Arab Emirates Arab United Guinea, New Papua Syria Oman, Venezuela, Vanuatu Kingdom, United Russia, , Islands, Mariana Northern Zimbabwe Zambia, Tunisia, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Seychelles, Tanzania, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Liechtenstein, Latvia, Kenya, Jordan, Italy, Ireland, Iceland, Greece, France, Sri Lanka Macao Kong, Hong Chinese investors in the Hong Kong scheme, a group that constitutes eighty-seven percent of the total, 13,300 have residency papers from Gam- bia and Guinea-Bissau. In the third quarter of 2013, applicants for Hong Kong’s program more than doubled from the previous year to 3,380, a record high. Officials from the People’s Republic may apply with civilian mainland identity cards while maintaining household registration status and businesses in China. Applications from mainland students to Hong Kong universities have also increased significantly, including applications from mature-age stu- dents. In the 2010s, the proportion of postgraduate students from main- land China studying at Hong Kong universities increased to more than half. In the academic year 2011–2012, out of fewer than 7,000 postgraduate students at Hong Kong universities, 4,298 were from China. By 2012–2013, the number increased to 4,586. Most pursue master’s programs in busi- ness, finance, accountancy and other professional degrees. The postgradu- ate visa is a more economical way to obtain Hong Kong residency than the capital investment scheme. It allows graduates one year to find a job and, after another six years, the opportunity to apply for permanent residency. After Canada cancelled its popular (and relatively low-cost) Immi- grant Investment Program, similar schemes in Australia, Europe and the US became even more popular. In November 2012, Australia introduced the Significant Investor Visa, which mandated an investment of AU$5 mil- lion in a local business or approved managed funds for those who would want to obtain permanent residency. Within a year, eighty-five percent of the applications came from mainland Chinese. In October 2014, the Aus- tralian government went even further, announcing a new ‘premium’ in- vestor visa for applicants investing AU$15 million or more in the country, who can then get permanent residence in one year. In Europe, the direct purchase of real estate entitles the buyer to res- ident status in Portugal, Spain, Greece and Cyprus. In 2012, Portugal intro- duced a ‘318 Golden Visa’; this allows the granting of permanent residency after five years and EU residency after an additional one year for buyers of 225 224 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Urban, Mobile and Global 2014 Carolyn Cartier establishment and long-term maintenance of viable market institutions. state embraces market discourses and desires rather than focusing on the systemfundamental contradictions in a in political-economic which the reveals also it But consumption. excess and corruption official at outrage economic reforms. Itsanti-waste directives exposeand address popular tensibly soughtto cleartheway for theimplementation of anewwave of security andenvironmental qualityat homeandabroad? capital mobility? What aretheirimplications for national loyalties, food ties? How willregulations setby theParty work inaneraof international clean government in relation to the way they take up global opportuni- into Australia. earnings illicit of dollars of millions of hundreds brought had who ficials working with their Chinese counterparts to seizetheassetsof corruptof context. InOctober 2014,theAustralian Federal Policerevealed they were a global in officials and elites Chinese of behaviour the for implications cally played out only in China itself. The current austerity campaign has tistically evident Butsuch campaigns results have canbequick. histori- sta- least at or superficial campaign, political a launches Party the When Conclusion any othercounty, anditincreasedafter Canadashutdown itsprogram. year’s allocation. Demand from China for theUS scheme exceeds that from the of percent eighty up making investors Chinese with early, filled had quota of investment visas for permanent residencyin the United States successful applicants camefrom China. year,first the valueestatea In with 400 real €500,000. greater of 248 than As noted elsewhere campaign in this volume,os theanti-corruption How will political and economic elites reactto the new pressures for In August 2014,theUSState Department announcedthat theannual - - The political campaign is unlikely to be able to rein in the new urban mo- bility. Domestic and international mobility in China has increased dramatically over the past thirty years. The impending loosening and reform of the once-strict household registration system will grant legal residency status to millions of urban migrants; it will address the problems of the urban underclass and increase their potential for in China’s burgeoning cities. At the same time, urban professionals are growing anxious about the future in which they share social welfare with millions of new urban citizens. New constellations of mobility make the cities of the outside world, by comparison, desirable and realistic destinations and sites of comparative possibility. The Shared Destiny of groups and classes in China extends their desire to embrace a global destiny — the ramifications of which are hard to predict. 227 226 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK FORUM 2014 Capital Flight FORUM FORUM CAPITAL FLIGHT

Chinese Families Going Global? · LUIGI TOMBA

Buying up the Block · JEREMY GOLDKORN

Chinese Families Going Global in Popular Culture

Yao Ming, Wildlife Protector

Shared Air, Shared Destiny · WUQIRILETU 231 230 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chinese Families Going Global? 2014 Luigi Tomba CHINESE FAMILIES GOING GLOBAL?

Luigi Tomba

ARLY JUNE EACH year in China is China Morning Post, some even hedge Egaokao 高考 season, when mil- their bets by praying to Mao Zedong as lions of hopeful pupils enrol in the well. At the time of the examinations university entrance examinations. In themselves in 2014, the topic ‘gaokao 2014, 9.4 million students competed blessing’ 高考祝福 topped the Weibo for almost seven million places, a high ranking with fifty-seven million posts. number indeed, although not all plac- The infamous pressure gaokao es are equal. China’s leading univer- places on students, and the unavoida- sities only admit the highest scoring ble disappointment some of them suf- candidates. Lower marks leave many fer, results increasingly in their seek- with the choice between a mediocre ing places in universities elsewhere. higher and, if they Over the last decade, many North can afford it, an expensive degree in American, British and Australian uni- an overseas university. versities have become increasingly With the family’s fortunes at dependent on full fee-paying Chinese stake, parents of students crowd the students (see Information Window temples dedicated to Confucius at this ‘Chinese Students Abroad’, p.235). The time of the year. China’s new mid- movement of students into universities dle-class families spare no effort to abroad is also part of the larger trend ingratiate their children with China’s of the internationalisation of China’s ultimate sage. According to the South , who desire greater ac- 233 232 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chinese Families Going Global? 2014 Luigi Tomba consumption to theworld economy. growing global importance of Chinese a ‘Sinodependency Index’, to map the p.204).In 2012,TheEconomist Chapter 5‘Urban, MobileandGlobal’, brands, holidays and property (see mation but also to international name cess notonly to education andinfor- gested that the globalisation of China’s Source: offbeatchina.com mation butalsotointernational brand-names, holidays andproperty Times The middle class,whodesire greateraccessnotonlytoeducationand Foreign analysts have longsug coveron5March2013:Theinternationalisation of started - about China’s political and economic ileges and overcoming their anxieties interested inconsolidating theirpriv or otherassetsabroad appearmore racy. Yet familiesinvesting ineducation make themmoreinterested indemoc as thoseonfreeexpression;that itwill cerned aboutpoliticalrestrictionssuch become moreaware of and thuscon middle class will also lead them to China’s China’s infor - that Chinese with as early 2014, estimates wealth, published in 胡润 they change China. change theworld before gime. They may well by challengingthere tating politicalchange latest annual Hurun to enter theUS. The largest travel partyever recently becamethe keting professionals mainland direct-mar- a group of over 7000 by aglobalisedmarket: opportunities offered ing more aware of the becom- Chinese arealso travel andeducation. future than inprecipi reportonChina’s It isnotjustabout ------sets of more than US$1 million trans- ferred a total of US$465 billion out of the country in 2011 alone. Sixty- four percent of Chinese millionaires polled for the same report have either taken residence in a second country or are planning to do so. In April 2014, a Hong Kong man was caught trying to The movement of private capi- cross the border into Shenzhen with US$580,000 taped to his body. In general, travellers are only allowed tal (and entrepreneurship) to foreign to carry up to US$5,000 when entering the mainland without submitting a declaration form countries causes the domestic lead- Photo: ership anxiety. This can be seen in a number of measures taken by the gov- ments openly engineered the growth ernment over the last twelve months of the middle class through subsidis- to keep China’s hard-won prosperity ing home ownership on a broad scale, from bleeding over its borders. Bei- especially among employees of the jing’s concerns are not so much with public sector (some of whom would individual consumers or China Inc.’s later move into the private sector). productive, strategic and lucrative in- Low entry prices and cheap credit ena- vestments. It is with the steady and bled this first-generation middle-class, seemingly uncontrollable drift of pri- known as the ‘home-owning class’ vate savings to consumer-friendlier 房产阶级, to enjoy an unprecedented economies and the flight of capital, capacity for discretionary spending. especially that acquired illegally by of- Later, inflation in housing prices made ficials and the wealthiest families (see it far harder for the next generation to Information Window ‘Naked Officials’, purchase their own home. p.236). The importance of home own- Corruption is only part of the sto- ership for Chinese families goes well ry. The wealth of China’s middle class beyond the financial value of the prop- and the rich is also heading overseas erty. A recent article in the Guangzhou because it is becoming more difficult Daily 广州日报 placed the home at the to create and accumulate wealth at centre of a family’s ‘chart of social rela- home. For over two decades beginning tionships’ 社会关系图. Reflecting deep- in the 1990s, local and central govern- ly held popular beliefs, the newspaper 235 234 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chinese Families Going Global? 2014 Luigi Tomba comes. The same indicator was 6.2in than theaverage yearly householdin- more than twenty-two times higher housing prices were already Beijing’s ing for theleastaffordable housing. already topped the IMFworld rank (Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen) had cities Chinese first-tier three 2011, By don theirdreamsof owning property. ing bubble hasforcedmany to aban- strictions oncredit to rein in the hous re and prices inflated of combination cess to theproperty market. The recent in particularoftento struggle gainac- difficult. China itself isbecomingincreasingly home. Andsatisfying thesedesiresin families when it comes to buying a Chinese the strategies of middle-class appear, they undeniably help to shape retrograde thesemotivations might ability of the families’ sons. However according to the chart, the marriage and, mostimportantly health services their socialnetworks will be; accessto will make and how well-connected type of friendschildrenandadults which their childrenhavethe access; the quality of schoolingto elementary tunities familieshave. Theseinclude of aproperty determine theoppor- suggested that the location and value Individuals and young families - - - - and a sign that China’s growth is still much lower than the world average still only about thirty-seven percent, of consumption to the ChineseGDPis than twenty percent. Thecontribution income, againstaworld average of less their of percent fifty than more to on economy.try’s Chinese families hold help stimulate and rebalance the coun- vate of reserves Chinese families will This damages the prospect that thepri- courages savings over consumption. the usually peakmonth of May. corded nosaleof landrightsat allin cities like Hangzhou,for example, re of publicrevenue. Somefastgrowing one of their most important sources use rightsto constructioncompanies, a dramatic downturnof insales land- numerous municipalitiesof 2014, experienced months first the In well. as the bottom lineof localgovernments fordability of housingriskshurting failing to make adent. The low af for this purpose) are,for the moment, ments allocated US$19 billion in 2014 erately priced housing (local govern- to stimulateof theconstruction mod- ously expensive by localstandards. where housing is considered notori- New York and 9.2 in Sydney, two cities Low housing affordability en- Urgent attempts by governments - - Chinese Students Abroad, by Jeremy Goldkorn China is the world’s biggest exporter of students. More than three million Chinese travelled overseas for educational purposes between 1978 and 2013. In 2013, there were 413,900. While this represented a 3.58 percent rise over the previous year, the Chinese Ministry of Education reports that this was the first year that the growth rate declined to a single digit level after five continuous years of double digit growth.T he Chronicle of Higher Education reported in August 2014: ‘American graduate schools … reported no rise in offers of admis- sion to Chinese students, the first time in eight years with no growth’. Yet the US remained Chinese students’ favoured destination. According to the Ministry of Education, in the 2012–2013 school year a total of 235,597 Chinese citizens were study- ing there. The UK hosted a total of 56,535 Chinese students in the 2012–2013 school year and Australia 78,277, though this figure seems to include the 25,000 students reported by Chinese media to have been studying in New Zealand in 2012. Chinese media reports that another 25,346 Chinese students were enrolled in Canada in 2012. According to Eol.cn, an official education portal site, the top destinations for outward bound students are: • USA 30% • France 4% • UK 21% • Germany 2% • Australia 13% • Singapore 2% • Canada 10% • South Korea 1% • Hong Kong 7% • Others 5% • Japan 5%

The USA is still the top choice for Chinese students seeking an education abroad Source: usa.chinadaily.com.cn 237 236 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chinese Families Going Global? 2014 Luigi Tomba two decadesof consumption stimuli. too dependent oninvestment despite Institute, Chinesefamily consumption the predictions of theMcKinsey Global more andattractive to them.In investments inproperty arebecoming of thesecashsavings —andoverseas wealthiest familieshold alarge portion 2008. Allindications suggest that the yuan, doubletheamount estimated in in 2012was about eightytrillion ‘investable assets’heldby individuals tary, who was forced to retire prematurely in May 2014, only a few weeks before his boss, boss, his before weeks a few only 2014, May in prematurely retire to forced was who tary, Professor Lin Zhe School Party Central of assessment The rise. the on been has trend the and yuan, billion 800 at valued acquired) illegally or legally (whether assets taking 2008, and 1995 tween ill-gotten gains. gains. ill-gotten with so doing is overseas official patrimonies and public any families send to that is afford can who salary government aset on the for worry real the that question no is there But servants. public Chinese of performance good the for support family of importance the stressed also media The servants. public as duties their to commitment and patriotism’ of family would overseas be enough to block their promotion, if not worse. his orher to relocate for an that official warned document party A central campaign. ruption forms of contribution to the local economies. other or institutions educational in enrolment enterprises, local or estate real in ments invest to thanks places these in or residency acquire They reason. work-related a legitimate without China, with treaty extradition no with havens tax occasion, on ing, every entered them, large of chunks their to suspicious Hong fortunes Kong or countries, includ Western with and, official’ families their send ‘naked who officials government and expression party the describes It language. 2008, day in blog popular a in appearing first After Officials Naked million naked officials. officials. naked million According to one People’s Bank of China report, 18,000 officials left the country be country the left officials 18,000 report, China of Bank People’s one to According ‘lack their for them criticised and officials naked of cases exposed commentaries Media In January 2014, the Party named naked officials one of the major targets of its anti-cor its of targets major the of one officials naked named Party the 2014, January In A prominent recent case was that of Fang Xuan Xuan Fang of that was case recent A prominent According to one report, the , by Luigi Tomba Luigi , by 林喆 as reported in in reported as Caixin revealed that, from 1995 to 2005, China had 1.8 1.8 had China 2005, to 1995 from that, revealed and London,especially sincetheHong exceed thoseof even New York, Sydney investments, but prices therecan now early destination forhousing luxury ceiving economies. Hong Kong was an is enough to have aneffect onthere into the global property market alone world dependsonChina’sgrowth. it also expands the ways in which the decade. Asthisfortune moves offshore, trillion yuan annually over the next will increasefrom ten to twenty-seven 方旋 h aon o mny flowing money of amount The , Guangzhou’s deputy party secre party deputy , Guangzhou’s ------ 万庆良 , was indict- ed on much worse charges of cor- ruption. There followed a wave of demotions of officials from other cities in Guangdong province for the same reason while still others scrambled to recall their families A ‘naked official’ returns from Canada Photo: tehparadox.com from overseas to save their ca- reers. The Guangdong campaign has publically identified 1,000 naked officials as a model and a warning for the rest of the country; about 900 of these have reportedly already been disciplined or demoted. 胡春花, the recently appointed Party Secretary of Guangdong, widely seen as a front-runner for the top job in Beijing at the next transition, has been particularly zeal- ous in his implementation of the central government’s anti-corruption drive. He has intro- duced large scale ‘democratic life meetings’ 民主生活会 for officials who are party members, with criticism and self-criticism sessions inspired by Maoist practices to address the con- cern, first expressed by party leaders in the 1920s and 1930s, that party officials maintain a lifestyle compatible with Communist ideology. The campaign against naked officials is ‘going global’ as well: ‘’ (see p.223) has reached Australia, where ninety percent of all applicants in Australia’s ‘Signifi- cant Investor Visa’ scheme are from the People’s Republic. The Australian Federal Police have agreed to collaborate with Chinese authorities to seize the assets of Chinese citizens alleged to be laundering the returns of corrupt activities into investments in Australia.

Kong government increased stamp of Chinese investment would likewise duty and introduced new restrictions cast a shadow on the sustainability of for non-local buyers. the Australian construction industry. Chinese investors currently pur- London, meanwhile, has seen an chase around twelve percent of all increase of 1,500 percent in Chinese new residential real estate built in investments in real estate from 2010 to Australia, and are expected to invest 2013 (£54 million to £1 billion). And in more than AU$44 billion in the Aus- 2014, the Chinese surpassed the Rus- tralian property market over the next sians to top the buyers’ list in Manhat- seven years. Such investments, mainly tan. Out of every one hundred foreign by private families, will have a signif- home buyers in the USA in 2012, elev- icant impact on the affordability of en were Chinese, up from five percent Australian housing. Yet any drying up in 2007. 239 238 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chinese Families Going Global? 2014 Luigi Tomba greater outflow of managed private managed of outflow greater estate overseaswill leadto aneven and insurance fundsto invest inreal tions that allow large Chinese wealth families. target private Chinese investors and in Australia and the US, meanwhile, Chinese corporate real estate projects was intheresidential market. Many percent. Eightypercent of that growth twenty-five over by grew investments quarter of 2014,overseasreal estate the first In markets. profitable more ing corporate realestate capitalinto housing pricesat homearealsopush- Photo: JoeArmao/news.domain.com.au Melbourne, forAU$1,255,000 inDecember 2013 three-bedroom houseinthecatchmentareaforGlenWaverley, aprestigiousSecondaryCollegein Chinese investorsaredramatically pushinguppropertypricesinAustralia. JoeTan andElsieLuabought a Analysts suggest that newregula - Slower economic growth and time, adding an element of wealth cre by investing inrealestate at thesame their investment in overseas education lies often to try maximise the return on pectations and anxiety. Chinesefami- creating opportunities along with ex impact on world consumer markets, significant a having is wealth private ofstructure estate globalreal markets. Chinese capitalisaffecting the new only the latest symbol of how much iconic Lloyds building in London, is nation’s second-largest insurer, of the na’s Ping An Insurance Group, the markets.The recent purchaseby Chi capital into international real estate Directly orindirectly, China’s

- - - ation to the net cost of sending chil- travel) rather than goods (see Chapter dren to study overseas. According to 5 ‘Urban, Mobile and Global’, p.204). one source in the last five years, the Although within China itself, there has percentage of lower middle-class chil- been a clampdown on the building of dren sent overseas to study has moved golf courses to preserve land for more from two to thirty-four percent of the productive uses, including agriculture, total. Another survey suggested that Chinese developers have become in- the number of families who intend to terested in golf courses in the US and send their children to study abroad Europe. In those countries, golf cours- is already more than forty percent, es have seen a steady drop in prices although almost half of all families and memberships since 2006. Chinese (forty-seven percent) see the financial investors have stepped in to feed the costs as prohibitive. increasing appetites of the new and The overall cost of such degrees globally mobile middle class for what often greatly surpasses the benefits to under Mao was a forbidden recrea- returnees in a domestic economy in- tional activity. creasingly saturated with graduates in While China’s wealthy are off mid-level positions: it doesn’t always rescuing the world’s real estate mar- pay off in terms of better jobs or high- kets from the financial crisis, contrib- er salaries. Faced with a drain on its uting to the funding of world-class talent, China struggles to lure back its educational institutions and reviving overseas graduates. The government overseas golf courses, some less-privi- recently introduced changes to China’s ‘green card’ system to make it easier for leged Chinese families fight just to get established Chinese professionals with their children into school. The recent an international education and foreign dramatic case of Wang Guangrong citizenship, as well as other foreign na- 王光荣, father of four, who committed tionals, to live and work in China. suicide in Guangzhou because he could There has also been a recent not afford to pay the extra school fees growth in what is called ‘spiritual con- imposed on him for a violation of the sumption’ 精神消费, a cryptic term that family planning policies, is a stark re- means the purchase of services (in- minder that global mobility is far from cluding health services, education and universal among China’s families. 241 240 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Buying up the Block 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn BUYING UP THE BLOCK

Jeremy Goldkorn

N 2014, FOR THE first time the Chi- Inese outnumbered all other foreign buyers of real estate in the United States, including Arabs and Russians. They tripled their investment in Eu- ropean property, snapped up several billion dollar projects in the UK and were reported to be driving Australia’s overheated property market, where house prices grew ten percent across the country in the year to 30 June and fifteen percent in Sydney. Wang Jianlin is a Chinese businessman According to CLSA, a Hong Kong- and philanthropist. He serves as the Chairman of the , based brokerage and investment ser- China’s largest real estate developer. He has a net worth of US$36.6 billion vices firm, the wave of Chinese money Photo: image.wanda.cn flowing into the Australian property market is ‘phenomenal’. Claiming that the Bank of New Zealand reported that roughly ten million Chinese families in 2013, one out of every four foreign- are interested in migrating to Austral- ers buying property in New Zealand ia, CLSA expects the trend to continue was Chinese, a higher proportion even for at least three years. In March 2014, than Australia’s. 243 242 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Buying up the Block 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn to January 2014,according to Real Cap investment to €3.05 billion intheyear real estate, Chinesebuyers tripledtheir nese buyers hasbeenoncommercial entire property database inChinese. website Zillow beganpublishing its York.the USproperty In response, California, Washington State andNew More thanhalfof that was spent in from US$12.8billiontheyear before. property in the year to March2014,up spent US$22billion onresidential Realtors estimated that Chinesebuyers survey by the National Association of estate In theUS, agent a KnightFrank. £1 millionin 2013, accordingto the all purchasesof homesworth over homes, accounting for sixpercent of London’s top foreign buyers of luxury Source: Harper Stereograph Collection, Boston Public Library, on Flickr on Library, Public Boston Collection, Stereograph Harper Source: Beijing-based AnbangInsurance Groupin2014 A postcarddepictingtheiconicWaldorf-Astoria HotelinNewYork Cityc.1850–1920,whichwasacquiredby In Europe, where thefocus of Chi Chinese buyers arealready - - ly to continue: inJanuary, Wang Jian Wharf towers in June. The trend is like ty percent stake in oneof theCanary group ChinaLife’s purchaseof aseven deals in2014,includingtheinsurance flagship several saw which London, in ital Analytics. Much of theactivity was Astoria hotel onPark Avenue. US$1.95 billion for the storied Waldorf agreed to pay the Hilton hotel group announced inearly October that ithad jing-based AnbangInsurance Group to attract Chinese money: the Bei cial realestate investments continue other side of the Atlantic, US commer real estate On the projects in the UK. p.106), pledged to invest £3billionin Chinese Internet: Unshared Destiny’, Alibaba’s Jack Ma(seeChapter 3‘The 2014 China’ssecondrichestmanafter lin, theheadof DalianWanda andin the - - - - -

245 244 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chinese Families Going Global 2014 in Popular Culture CHINESE FAMILIES GOING GLOBAL IN POPULAR CULTURE

OLLOWING THE END of the Cultur- tells her to say ‘I love you’. The scene, Fal Revolution (1964–1978), when and the series as a whole, sparked the first large groups of immigrants much discussion about the superiority/ from China began to settle in the US, inferiority complex with which many Canada, Australia and elsewhere, TV Chinese people viewed the West and shows and films have documented America in particular, Chinese male and reflected on the motivations and behaviour and notions of cultural pu- challenges of emigration, a politically rity and contamination. loaded subject. Other TV shows and movies about The first to make a real splash was this period also describe the struggle of the highly popular 1993 twenty-one Chinese in the US to cope with — or re- part television series A Beijing Man in bel against — their low socioeconomic New York 北京人在纽约, which told the status there as well as cultural clashes. story of a Beijing musician, Wang Qi- The 2001 film The Gua Sha Treatment ming 王起明 (played by Jiang Wen 刮痧 tells the story of a grandfather 姜文), who moves to New York to pur- who gives his American-born grand- sue his dreams of fame. In one scene, son a traditional Chinese medical cure, Wang, who has earned his fortune but gua sha, that involves scraping the skin lost his values and his family, showers with a hard object. But the marks on a blonde Caucasian prostitute with the child’s skin lead people to accuse dollar bills as he has sex with her. He his daughter of child abuse. 247 246 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chinese Families Going Global 2014 in Popular Culture New York New Photo: icba.com highly popular1993twenty-oneparttelevisionseries Reflections onthemotivationsandchallengesofemigration: The Qi-Ming 王起明

北京人在纽约 whomovestoNewYork topursuehisdreamsoffame , tellsthestoryofaBeijingmusician,Wang A Beijing Man in in Man Beijing A

The twenty-five episode New 2008 TV series Couple’s Time Lag 夫妻 World 新大陆, a Sino-American co- 时差 echo familiar themes of cultural production first screened in 1995, maladjustment, but the characters are depicted the challenges faced by the finally on an equal footing with their earliest migrants in the 1980s, includ- new neighbours, no longer broke or ing students working in Chinese res- linguistically and culturally inept. taurants to survive. In films like the hugely popular 2012 The 2001 Dangerous Journey 危 comedy Lost in Thailand 人再囧途之 险旅程 (originally titled Tou Du Ke 偷 泰囧, the foreign country is an exotic 渡客) a twenty-six part TV series shot locale for adventure while the 2013 in China, the US and New Zealand tells romantic comedy Finding Mr Right the grim tale of a woman (played by 北京遇上西雅图 is set in Beijing and Wang Ji 王姬) who becomes a ‘snake- Seattle, to which the female protag- head’ (people smuggler). The most recent wave of mi- onist Jiajia 佳佳 (played by Tang Wei grants, from 2000 to the present, has 汤唯) flies to give birth to the child of largely comprised China’s middle her married tycoon boyfriend back in class, skilled workers and their fam- China, but falls in love with a Chinese ilies. Films such as Farewell, Vancou- doctor now driving a taxi in Seattle: ver 别了, 温哥华 shot in 2003 and the it’s complicated. 249 248 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Yao Ming, Wildlife Protector 2014 YAO MING, WILDLIFE PROTECTOR

NE OF CHINA’S best-known celeb- sulted in a fifty to seventy percent de- Orities, retired basketball superstar crease in the prices and sales of shark Yao Ming 姚明, has teamed up with do- fins in China, according to a survey re- mestic animal activists, as well as with leased in August 2014. international organisations such as Since 2012, Yao has also used WildAid, African Wildlife Foundation his considerable public influence to and Save the Elephants to campaign call for an end to the brutal practice against the illegal wildlife trade. of bear bile farming 熊胆. Bear bile, Yao’s environmental activism used in traditional Chinese , began in 2006 when he joined a Wil- is extracted from Asiatic black bears dAid campaign targeting the massive through the ‘free drip’ extraction Chinese consumption of shark fin soup method, in which farmers drill a per- 鱼翅羹, a traditional delicacy in south- manent hole into the bear’s abdomen ern but that involves and gall bladder to allow bile to be great cruelty to sharks and endangers tapped — a hideously painful process. their population. Coupled with an offi- The bears are also confined in cages. cial State Council ban on the consump- Yao now wants to persuade Chi- tion of shark fin and other expensive na’s to give up the delicacies at lavish official banquets, deeply rooted tradition of collecting the efforts of Yao, along with Jackie and presenting as gifts lavishly carved Chan and other celebrities, have re- elephant tusks and rhinoceros horns. 251 250 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Yao Ming, Wildlife Protector 2014 in August 2014. the heart of Africa’swildlife conservation crisis,aired on state broadcaster CCTV ivory sales. ference, of which he is a member, Yao calledfor a Chinese government ban on speech atof theopening session theChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultative Con - with WildAid and Save the Elephants in April 2013 and, in March 2014, during a He launched the ‘Say No to and Ivory’ the ‘Say No to Rhino Horn’ campaigns Photo: onehourlife.com Basketball superstarYao Mingcampaignsagainsttheillegalwildlifetrade. that followsYao intotheheartofAfrica’swildlifeconservationcrisis.Itwasfirstairedon CCTV inAugust2014 The EndofWild the 野性的终结 , a documentary that, adocumentary follows Yao into The End of the Wild the of End The is a documentary isadocumentary

253 252 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Shared Air, Shared Destiny 2014 Wuqiriletu SHARED AIR, SHARED DESTINY

Wuqiriletu

Breathing Together, Struggling was China’s theme for the 2013 World Together Environment Day. At that time, the Ministry of Environmental Protection On 25 February 2014, the concentration called on all citizens to do their part to of fine particulate matter, known as protect the environment, and to realise PM2.5, reached 400 micrograms per cu- the dream of a beautiful China with a bic metre of air in Beijing, hazardous by blue sky, green earth and clean water. the standards of both the American En- On 10 September 2013, the State vironmental Protection Agency and Chi- Council issued its Air Pollution Preven- na’s own air quality index system. That same smoggy day, President Xi Jinping made an unannounced visit to a lane off the popular tourist street of Nanluogux- iang in the captial, talking with the peo- ple who lived there. The news report on his visit was subtitled ‘breathing the same air and sharing the common fate’ 同呼吸,共命运. A slightly different slogan,

‘breathing the same air and sharing 25 February 2014: Xi Jinping ‘breathing the same air and sharing the common fate’ the common struggle’ 同呼吸,共奋斗 Source: talk.takungpao.com 255 254 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Shared Air, Shared Destiny 2014 Wuqiriletu ferredto astheNational Ten the actionplan lists ten policies,re cubic metre. ticulate matter to sixtymicrograms per par- fine of density averageyearly the ultimate goal for Beijing is to reduce quality asawhole.in thecountry The take much longer to improve theair Delta and the Pearl River Delta.Itmay and Hebei province; the Yangtze River ity in the regionsof Beijing, Tianjin take five years to improve the air qual same time,itemphasises that itcould stability and theChineseDream.At the izens, economicdevelopment, social air qualityto thehealthof China’s cit municipalities. Theactionplanlinks provinces, autonomous regionsand for implementation at thelevel of the tion Action Plan lace. The the action plan need stresses and themassmobilisation of thepopu lishment of clearlinesof responsibility warning of pollution events, the estab monitoring and early co-operation, agement, regional legal supervision, environmental and economic man- saving and environmental protection, innovation, energy structure,energy ronmental principles,technological along enviindustrial restructuring - They cover thetreatment of sewage, In orderto achieve itstargets, 大气污染防治行动计划 国十条 - - - - - . capital Seoul reported a concentration levels reached400,theSouthKorean same February day that BeijingPM2.5 tions as far away as California. On that been discovered by monitoring sta- ticulates traceableback to China have In fact,for some years airbornepar- affected, particularly in the northeast. in China, neighbouring countries are ders. Whenairpollutionlevels rise no bor- Air andairpollutionrespect In theSameBoat ing thesystem of accountability. than slogans. Itadvocated- strengthen for example, hadbecomelittlemore tion plans, on national housing policy, hand, the paper warned that otherac- will and commitment. Onthe other good startingpoint —itshowed good- goals. pledging to work towards the plan’s olis Daily bility book’ Air Pollution control target responsi- gions andmunicipalities signed ‘The provinces, autonomousthirty-one re of Environmental Protection andthe that everyone breathes. struggle to improve the quality of air for broad socialparticipation: ashared Hebei province’s Yanzhao Metrop In January 2014,the Ministry 燕赵都市报 大气污染防治目标责任书 吴越同舟 called the book a - - , GOALS OF THE ACTION PLAN by REGION

362 363 Goals Provinces, cities, districts

-25% Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei

Average annual reduc- -20% , Shandong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, tion target of PM2.5 Zhejiang concentration -15% Guangdong, Chongqing

-10% Inner Mongolia Shared Air, Destiny Wuqiriletu -15% Henan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang 2014

-12% Gansu, Average annual reduc- tion target of PM10 -10% , Liaoning, Jilin, Hunan, Anhui,

CHINA STORY YEARBOOK CHINA STORY concentration Ningxia

-5% , Fujian, , Guizhou, Heilongjiang

Continuous Hainan, Tibet, Yunnan improvement

of atmospheric pollutants two to three can put aside their points of difference times the usual level. According to Ja- to work for the common good. On 20 ‘Chindia’ 中印大同 pan’s Ministry of the Environment, March 2014, environmental protection more than ten municipalities in Japan officials and atmospheric pollution China, the United States of America, the European Union and India are issued air pollution warnings on 26 experts from Japan, China and South the world’s biggest contributors to global emissions, generating more than February. Korea gathered in Beijing for the first half of global greenhouse gases in 2013. Yet neither President Xi Jinping Officials from South Korea and time to discuss co-operative meas- of China nor Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India were among the 120 Japan have expressed a willingness ures to control air pollution. About toheads work of togetherstate who with attended China theto reUnited- a monthNations later, Climate on 28–29 Summit April, held Daegu on duce23 September PM2.5. Some 2014 inJapanese New York, media where city one in of South the main Korea topics hosted was the reduc six- outletsing greenhouse have used gas the emissions. old saying Xi‘Wu did, teenthhowever, two-day, send Vice-Premiertripartite meeting Zhang of andGaoli Yue as his— in special the same envoy. boat’ 吴越同 environment ministers from China, 舟 toOne describe week howbefore former the enemiesSummit, China’sSouth Korea State and Council Japan. approved the

2014 Conclusion.indd 362 3/09/2015 1:08 pm 257 256 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Shared Air, Shared Destiny 2014 Wuqiriletu tries. ing people’shealthinthethreecoun- pollution problems arealready affect change. Yoon Seon-kyusaid that air atmospheric pollutionand climate Minister to discussissues including and IshiharaNobuteru, theJapanese KoreanMinister for theEnvironment tection metwith Yoon Seon-kyu,the uty Minister of Environmental Pro meeting, Li Ganjie meeting, Li Ganjie to hostthesummit. During the2014 in 1999. The three countries take turns one first the hosted it and ministers, an annualmeetingof environmental Source: earthobservatory.nasa.gov 9 October2014:Pollution fromnorth-easternChinablowsoverthe BohaiSeaonitswaytoKoreaandJapan South Korea had first proposed first had Korea South 李干杰 , China’s Dep - - -

enterprises and research institutions, laboration amonglocalgovernments, countries willpromote furthercol- take placein South Korea). The three in MarchBeijing; the secondwill meeting had in fact already been held first (The atmosphere. the to related regular meetingsdevoted to issues three countries alsodecidedto hold of water andseaenvironments.The lage environments and the protection climate change, the protection of vil- sity, the disposal of electronic waste, airquality,of biodiver co-operation: - areas priority on agreement five-year The meeting concludedwith a

Spot the difference: Beijing National Stadium (‘The Bird’s Nest’) Photo: Jeffrey Kesler and share technologies and informa- ramics, casting, forging, printing and tion on controlling carbon emissions. dyeing from the city. These would Ishihara Nobuteru and Yoon move to nearby cities in Hebei, around Seon-kyo also agreed to share infor- Tianjin and in Inner Mongolia once mation on PM2.5 levels and conduct they had upgraded their technologies scientific research on trans-border air to eliminate or ameliorate pollution. pollution, encouraging China to join The news spread fear through the communities surrounding Beijing. in. Li Ganjie, who blamed China’s air People worried that the industries that pollution on long-term industrialisa- had polluted Beijing would now move tion, indicated that China’s attitude en masse and un-reconstructed, to pol- is positive and open to three-sided lute their hometowns. A microblog- or bilateral co-operation with South ger in Inner Mongolia who posted a Korea and Japan. protest against what he (mistakenly) described as ‘three hundred polluted A Rumour in Inner Mongolia enterprises moving from Beijing to On 18 May 2014, a newspaper in Beijing Inner Mongolia’. He wrote: ‘An indi- reported that 300 polluting enterprises vidual may be powerless, but united, would move out of Beijing by October. our power is infinite … our hometown The newspaper said that Beijing would is not a garbage dump! Please forward ban twelve high-polluting industries this message, friends of Inner Mongo- such as lime, stone, architectural ce- lia, so that our children can breathe 259 258 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Shared Air, Shared Destiny 2014 Wuqiriletu (2014–2020), which(2014–2020), ZhangGaoli Vice-Premier gas emissions.Xi did, however, send main topics was reducing greenhouse 2014 in New York, where oneof the Climate Summit held on23September state who attended theUnited Nations of India were amongthe 120 heads of nor Prime Minister Narendra Modi neither President Xi Jinping of China of global greenhouse gasesin 2013. Yet emissions, generating morethanhalf world’s biggest contributors to global the European Union and India are the China, the United States of America, ‘Chindia’ terms of airpollution. destiny,share Beijing’s at leastnotin to makethat clear itwas notaboutto ofMongolia 500yuan.Inner was keen fine a and detentionadministrative of sentenced themicroblogger to ten days spreading rumours,theauthorities clean air. Thank you!’ Arrested for (2014–2020)’ the ‘National Climate Change Plan China’s State Council approved his specialenvoy. forty-five percent from 2005 levels. 2005 from percent forty-five emissions per unit of GDP by forty to 2020 Chinawillreduceits carbon One week before the Summit,

中印大同 国家应对气候变化规划 pledges that by 张高丽 as mate Summit 2014, New Delhihost change. Amonth before theUN Cli committed to actingjointly onclimate tive of newly industrialisedcountries in BASIC China, Brazil,SouthAfricaand India Chinese government initiative united from developed countries. In 2009, a consider to beunreasonablepressure alised countries to resistwhat they other developing ornewly industri strategic alliance between China and enables a South–South co-operation mate change by developed countries. fund. the establishment of a co-operation with year next from support financial Furthermore, China would double its General inadvancing thisco-operation. support the United Nations Secretary change andprovide US$6millionto on climate South–South co-operation China would energetically promote post-2020 plan. Zhang also said that China would soon be announcing its climate change. Zhang promised that to respondactively to thechallenge of working with international partners stressed that Chinaiscommitted to At theUNsummit, ZhangGaoli of international negotiations on cli long beencriticialof the domination The Chinesegovernment has 基础四国 . BASIC isacollec - - - - - Zhang Gaoli at the United Nations Climate Summit in September 2014 Source: news.cn ed the eighteenth BASIC Ministerial China has consistently advocated a Meeting on Climate Change, which joint strategy and a united voice for reaffirmed the importance of the prin- what the Chinese call Zhong Yin datong ciple of ‘common but differentiated 中印大同 (loosely, ‘the Sino-Indian responsibilities’. Commonwealth’) and Indian MP A week later, Chinese Vice- Jairam Ramesh has named ‘Chindia’. Premier Zhang Gaoli met with rep- It is clear that the issue of air pollution resentatives of ‘developing countries is one of shared destiny with India, with similar positions’ 立场相近的发 as it is with China’s neighbours to the 展中国家. Chief among these is India. northeast — and the world at large. 260 261

The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice and Elisa Nesossi Susan Trevaskes 2014 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK CHINA STORY

THE SWORD OF DISCIPLINE AND THE DAGGER OF JUSTICE Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nesossi XI JINPING AND THE PARTY leadership have been reshaping China’s justice and security agendas to strengthen both the authoritarian rule of the Party and the authoritarian rule of law. They advocate what they call ‘rule of law thinking’ 法治思维 to rebuild public trust in the country’s politico-legal institutions, which include courts, procuratorates (the institutions encompassing public investigators and prosecutors), police, national security and para- policing agencies. This is a strategic shift, following a decade of weiwen 维稳, or ‘Stability Maintenance’, a political program closely associated with the Hu Jintao–Wen Jiabao era that covers a range of politico- legal activities aimed at preventing and/or breaking up collective protests and dealing with court cases raised by individual complainants.

Image: A drug dealer being sentenced in a public trial Source: Aly Song/fofg.org 265 264 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi ly-minded public rights lawyersintellectualsand pro-human such as independent Arresting defamation. of crime the of definition the within inalised theonlinespreading of rumoursby including such behaviour rights of Chinesecitizens.Inlate 2013,for example, thegovernment crim- cluding those that somewould argue fallwithin the legalorconstitutional cess of law, they arecracking down on public ofexpressions dissent, in- ing to strengthenjudicial institutions to inspirepopulartrustinthepro with rule of law thinking: at thesametimethat Chineseleadersareseek pluralism and dissent. This can make for a seemingly uneasy relationship which theParty outitsambitiouseconomicreform cancarry agenda. (and thesecurityof theParty) but also to create astableenvironment in together towards this goal, which aims not just to ensure public security prosecution, police, national securityand para-policing agencies work spectrum. Thepartyleadershiphasdemanded that allof China’s courts, institutions isadeclaredobjective ofico-legal reforms acrossthe justice cacy of thecurrent political structure. Rebuilding the credibility of polit effi- the enhance and system legal the in trust public encourage will that of law,to heseeks create astrong underlying judicial and legalframework and politicalproblems that may threaten stability. Inpromoting therule quirement of ‘unity of thought’ Law’, p.202). the the very discontent and instability that justice’, fostered judicial corruption anderrors of justice,further fuelling of thecomplainants. Thistrend,often referredto asthe‘localisation of interests of local government and local developers morethan it does those aging judicialmediation over litigation. Mediation arguably favours the encour- disputes, andadministrative civil resolving in flexibility erable ous At theheightof itsuseinthemid-to late 2000s, andasdiscussedinprevi- China Story Yearbook 2013: Civilising China, Chapter 4‘Under Rule of China Story Yearbooks, theweiwen Party-inspired ‘unity of thought’ is by definition largely intolerant of intolerant largely definition by is thought’ of ‘unity Party-inspired Xi Jinping’s ideaof Shared DestinyXi Jinping’s within China is based on the re 统一思想 program gave localcourtsconsid- weiwen , especially in relation to social was meant to quell (see - - - - -

Pu Zhiqiang 浦志强 in the lead-up to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 1989 Protest Movement was also, presumably, a pre-emptive strike to dis- courage disunity in thought and practice over this sensitive period.

The Handle of the Dagger

Xi Jinping requires unity in practice as well as thought within the nation’s justice and security agencies. As noted above, from late 2012, Xi’s leader- ship has downplayed the ‘Stability Maintenance’ strategy of Hu Jintao. In late 2013 and in 2014, the Party moved to strengthen its central oversight of the administration of law and justice. The party leadership was aware that it had to win back the hearts and minds of people whose trust in the law had been seriously eroded by political and judicial corruption, and who had become more inclined to seek justice through collective protests and petitions than through the legal system. ‘Unity of thinking’ on law and justice thus seeks to shift pub- lic understanding of the locale of justice from the streets back to officially regulated spaces within the legal system. In his keynote address at the National Conference on Politico-legal Work on 8 Jan- uary 2014, Xi Jinping who, as noted earlier, heads the new National Security Commis- sion and Central Leading Group for Internet Security among other posts, declared that China’s politico-legal organs need more than ever before to play a pivotal role in bring- The term ‘the handle of the dagger’ ing about sustainable economic growth and became popular after Xi Jinping used it in his keynote address at the social stability. Over the coming years, he 2014 National Conference on Polit- ico-legal Work. The term implies a said, introducing a key new metaphor, polit- battle: a fight against corruption, dissent and terrorism ico-legal organs will be required to act as the Photo: Weibo/chinadigitaltimes.net 267 266 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi Xu Caihou BIG GAME: FIVE ‘TIGERS’ FIVE GAME: BIG powers of his office, although it was not certain he will face the courts as he is reportedly reportedly is cancer. he as bladder with ill courts the critically face will he certain not was it although office, his of powers the abusing and bribes taking for trial face would member Politburo onetime the 2014, June in Party Communist the from Expelled 2013). in ended (which CMC the on term Xu’s General during rife was promotions selling and buying of practice the that alleged is It province. Liaoning from workers factory of son and (CMC), Commission Military Central the of man Vice-Chair the Caihou, Xu General tiger: bigger even an exposed Junshan Gu of fall The development racket. a land over presiding and contracts military from kickbacks ing collect years, many for corruption PLA of heart the at been edly report had province, Henan from son a farmer’s Gu, General but provided, were details further No power. of abuse and zlement embez bribery, of charges faced Department, Logistics PLA the of head deputy former the Junshan, Gu General 2014, March In Junshan Gu ing to to ing late in down Gu 2011.General At the time, hebring encountered significantto resistance, accord tried first department, the in corruption up cleaning of charge in man the and Department tics Photo: news.163.com in bribes accepting 35.6millionyuan the Partyforalledgedly Tienan wasdismissedfrom Energy Administration Liu vice-chairman oftheNational In September2014,former General Liu Yuan Yuan Liu General The New York Times York New The 徐才厚 谷俊山 刘源 , the Political Commissar of the Logis the of Commissar Political , the . , by Jeremy Goldkorn Jeremy , by magazine nounced. an been has sentence no but Party the from dismissed was He bribes. in yuan million 35.6 taking of Liu accused prosecution the Hebei, Langfang, in 2014 September in trial his At schemes. illicit his of part allegedly also was who wife his with along May him in arrested 2013then and March in position official his from Liu sacked dealings, business corrupt for son his detained they month following The investigation. under him placed already her. kill to threatening —and a mistress having kickbacks, taking credentials, academic his faking of Liu fall. Luo Changping Changping Luo fall. of the National Energy Administration, was vice-chairman the former first big Tienan, Liu tiger Party, to Communist the of reins the over took Jinping Xi after month one just 2012, December In Liu denied the allegations. But it seemed the authorities had had authorities the seemed it But allegations. the denied Liu Caijing

刘铁男

财经 罗昌平 , used his Sina Weibo account to accuse accuse to account Weibo Sina his , used , the deputy editor of the financial financial the of editor deputy the , - - - - - Photo: wenweipo.com abuse ofpower bribery, embezzlementand Junshan facedcharges of In March2014,General Gu - - 蒋洁敏 In June 2014, the Party expelled Jiang Jiemin, who until re- cently had been the chairman of China’s largest state oil company, China National Petroleum Corporation, from its ranks. From March 2013, Jiang had also been the director of the state-owned Assets Supervision and Administra- tion Commission, the body that supervises China’s largest government-run businesses. He was abruptly removed In June 2014, the Party expelled Jiang Jiemin, who was the chair- from both posts six months later and disappeared into the man of China’s largest state oil company hands of investigators. Four other senior oil executives Photo: finance.sina.com.cn vanished along with him at the time of writing. No charges had been laid. But it appeared that the investigations were part of the preparation for the case that would be made against the former Politburo Standing Committee mem- ber Zhou Yongkang, for Jiang was one of Zhou’s prominent associates.

Zhou Yongkang 周永康 Xi Jinping and the anti-corruption investigators have ap- proached the biggest tiger of them all, the first Politburo Standing Committee member to face investigation in dec- ades, with extreme caution. The son of an eel fisherman from Jiangsu province, Zhou rose through the oil industry to eventually take charge of China’s security apparatus, including its law courts. Anti-corruption investigators first detained several of his key allies, including not only Jiang Jiemin, but also 李春城, the former deputy In July 2014, former Politburo party secretary of Sichuan, and 李东生, a Standing Committee member Zhou former deputy public security minister. Yongkang was investigated for corruption They then began detaining members of his family, Photo: polymerhk.com including his son Zhou Bin 周斌 and his daughter-in-law Huang Wan 黄婉. Finally, in July 2014, state media formally announced that Zhou himself was being investigated for corruption. Several state media editorials promised that Zhou was far from the last tiger in the campaign’s sights. 269 268 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi Cultural Revolution: to ‘sweep away allmonsters and demons’ Chinese commentatorsdescribe thegoal inlanguage reminiscent of the campaign sinceatmost ambitious leastMao’sdays’.anti-corruption Some search focuses on Chinese politics and governance, has labelled this ‘the a fight against corruption, dissent and terrorism. (For the etymology of the etymology (For and terrorism. dissent corruption, against fight a who supported high-speed economicgrowth at any cost. problems leftoverentrenched from socio-political thetimeof HuJintao, political approach to reform and indicates his determination to conquer when we metaphorinforms openthe doorto Xi’s 2014.’ This ‘deep-red’ ‘deep red’Maoistterminology, noting:‘A dagger-handle iswhatus greets between ‘light red’ discourse such as the ‘China Dream’ and harder core analysts taken abackby Xi’suseof Maoistterminology. Qiandistinguishes tor of theChina Media Project at Hong Kong University, was amongthose torship’. Theprominent Hangzhou-borncommentator ,direc- QianGang all, referred system to asthe ‘tool the politico-legal of theproletarian dicta- ger-handle’, may seemincongruent with rule of law thinking; Mao, after ‘dagger-handle’ of the Party 牛鬼蛇神 Photo: gbtimes.com anti-corruptioncampaign face ofXiJinping’s mission forDisciplineInspectionandisthepublic Wang Qishanserves asSecretaryoftheCentral Com- The use of Maoist rhetoric, including terminology such as ‘dag- . 党的刀把子 Tony Saich, a scholarwhose re wields the ‘Sword of Damocles’. tigates corruptpartymembers) internal party agency that inves and Inspection Commission (the chief Wang Qishan, the Discipline words of China’s anti-corruption the metaphoricaldagger, inthe Mixed Metaphors’,p.146 the term, seeChapter 4‘Destiny’s . This language implies a battle: While theParty’s leaderwields ff. 横扫一切 ) - - The Fourth Plenum’s Rule of Law Ideology

Rule of law is now the Party’s umbrella term that signifies its overall gov- ernance intentions for the next eight years. The Xi Jinping leadership seeks to build its legitimacy and to improve its legal system not by distancing the Party from the affairs of the justice system, but the very opposite. This clearly emerges from the resolutions issued after the Third and Fourth Plenums of the Eighteenth Party Congress in, respectively, November 2013 and October 2014. Both documents reiterated Xi Jinping’s focus on the rule of law and the re-invigoration of the authority of the Party in Beijing. The Party will enhance its oversight of legal and governmental insti- tutions so that they operate within a tight ‘Rule of Law Framework’ 法治 的框架内, as Premier Li Keqiang puts it, and implement policy from the top down. The Resolution of the Party’s Fourth Plenum (CCP Central Com- mittee Decision Concerning Some Major Questions on Comprehensively Advancing the Country in Accordance with the Law issued on 28 October 2014), states that the Party’s supremacy and socialist rule of law are com- patible 党的领导和社会主义法治是一致的. In fact, the document insists that the Party will now ‘implement its leadership role through the rule of law’ 把党的领导贯彻到以法治国. Rule of law discourse also has an important ideological role to play. The Party intends it to guide both the thoughts and behaviour of the citi- zenry and their political masters alike. To this end, the Resolution intro- duces the idea of integrating two principles of governance: ‘ruling the na- tion in accord with the law’ 以法治国 and ‘ruling the nation in accord with virtue’ 以德治国. The latter intends to foster a sense of morality in Chinese society and state. At the same time, the Party intends to ‘rule the nation in accord with the law’ by making central, provincial and local party po- litico-legal committees responsible for unifying thought and action in the realm of law and politics. They are to do this by ‘standardising’ judicial decision-making and improving the transparency and credibility of the judicial process. 271 270 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi is likely to bemaintaining socialstability)duringthe adjudication pro judges must withstandpressure from localinterests(whose mainconcern Party expectsprosecutors to thework supervise of policeandjudges; how the [usual] recitation of relevant norms’, Cohen says, to specifyhow the Constitution. ble ostensibly places the Party above all laws and other provisions in the ly give theParty theleadingpoliticalrole ingoverning China. The Pream- ological principlesestablishedinthePreambleof theConstitution explicit Provisions onPreventing Miscarriages of Justice body,law-and-order theCPLC, issued a strongly-worded directive, titled and judicial authorities at thelocallevel. InJuly 2013,the Party’s main justice’. and ‘preventing‘standardising judicial decision-making’ miscarriages of cial openness’, ‘judicial independence’, ‘judicial fairness and credibility’, vision’, ‘institutionalisation, standardisation and proceduralisation’, ‘judi out of theThird andtheFourth Plenumsincluded: ‘transparency’, ‘super- party, power. to SPCandpolitico-legal ‘re-centralise’ Key phrasescoming tion of Novemberrevealed 2013 justice agendas and plansto ‘de-localise’ from July to October 2013,andtheParty CongressThird Plenum Resolu - Party’sCommission Central (CPLC)reform announcements Politico-Legal statements by Xi in 2013, a series of Supreme People’s Court (SPC) and the wards, culminating in the Resolution of October 2014. A succession of Xi’s push for theruleof law had begun to gather pacefrom mid-2013 on- Recentralising theNexusofLawandPolitics scope, expert Jerome Cohen thwarting abusesof power andmiscarriages of justiceinlocalcourts.The

The overall focus is on promoting stronger oversight of political The Resolution includes mention of the Constitution because the ide

and largely empty of ideological clichés. describes the directive in as ‘stunning’

The Provisions ‘go beyond 防止冤假错案 , aimed at - - - - cess; and how party politico-legal committees, which will still coordinate the work of the courts, police and prosecutors, must refrain from interfering in judicial decision-making. The Provisions and other reform documents published in 2013 and 2014, including the new SPC five-year plan for court reform issued on 9 July 2014, indicate that the SPC has made a priority of recon- Jerome A Cohen is an expert on Chinese law and figuring central-local judicial decision-making so the an advocate of centre can exercise greater control over local courts. Photo: its.law.nyu.edu They list important justice reforms such as shifting responsibility for re- sourcing courts from the local to the provincial level. This move makes it much harder for local political authorities to threaten local judges and courts with withdrawing revenue in order to obtain favourable outcomes in administrative and civil disputes with local residents. The SPC intends to limit judicial discretion and inconsistency — especially in administra- tive or civil disputes that touch on social stability concerns — while en- hancing transparency, including by posting judgments on court websites. Reform documents strongly encourage courts to ‘unify’ 统一 their decision-making. To this end, the SPC has stepped up its case guidance system, promoting a number of model cases that illustrate best practice. These models enable local courts to ‘standardise’ 规范化 disparate and un- even decision-making to achieve greater consistency in adjudicating and sentencing. This will make it possible to declare with confidence that ‘sim- ilar judgments are made in similar cases’ 同案同判 across the nation: unity of thinking and action within the justice system.

Enhancing Judicial Accountability

The SPC employs a number of high-profile reformist judges, including its President, Zhou Qiang 周强, and Deputy President, Shen Deyong 沈德咏, 273 272 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi the enforcing of courtverdicts. the disclosure of caseresults; and thedisclosure of information regarding platforms of openness’:judicial transparencyin regard to trialsin process; men pursuing compensation for wrongful incarceration. ing afarmer’scomplaint aboutwater pollutionandanother involving two a copyright infringement case. There is also a judicial review case involv- compensation for theforced demolitionof aproperty; anotherdealtwith cases relating to the ‘livelihood of the masses’. In one, the litigant sought ernment over thoseof localcitizens. that have ledto thefavouring of theinterestsof developers local and gov - judicial decision-making inorderto discourage‘unifying’ venal practices courts, asstated above: limiting judicial discretion andstandardising on ‘justice for the people’ and practical changes in the work style of the unveils the broad agendas for judicial reform. Itappeals to judges to focus legal development inChina.TheOpiniononImproving Judicial Credibility neverthelessimportant indicatorsof achange inthegeneraldirection of people’s interests. ity’. The courts must safeguard socialjusticeandequality, while protecting officialspolitico-legal to ‘carry the sword of justice and the scales of equal- reputation of courtsinrecent years.To thisend,XiJinping hasordered cluding the‘aggressive mediation’ detailedabove) that have sullied the who arebothkeen to abandontheStability Maintenance practices(in- coming years: sharp relief the reforms that the SPC and the Party intend to pursue in the • • • The Opinion on Improving Judicial Transparency announced‘three postedAmong themodelcases by theSPCinearly 2014areseven new thesameweightWhile aslaw,these Opinionsdonotcarry they are

OpiniononPreventing Miscarriages of Justice (21November 2013). OpiniononImproving Judicial Transparency(21November 2013) Three important SPC opinions promulgated inlate 2013bringinto Opinion onImproving Judicial Credibility(28October 2013)

It involves providing general information on court websites about provisions and procedures relating to litiga- tion processes, documents, fees, risks and alternative dispute reso- lution mechanisms such as media- tion. The Opinion on Preventing The execution of street vendor Xia Junfeng Miscarriages of Justice, meanwhile, for killing two chengguan, urban law enforce- ment officers, sparked an outcry on Chinese confirms provisions made in the social media sites Photo: Xinhuanet.com revised 2012 Criminal Procedure Law on excluding evidence obtained through torture and other illegal means. It requires judges to follow strictly legal procedures and reminds courts of appeal that they are responsible for counterchecking judgments in cases where the evidence was sketchy or the facts unclear. It also pro- vides for senior judges to adjudicate in cases involving capital punish- ment. (The number of executions carried out each year remains a state secret.) The Opinion also attempts to put a halt to the trend over the last decade of courts and judges sometimes acquiescing to populist demands — especially when state officials are perceived to have provoked suspects or defendants to violent acts of revenge. The Opinion on Preventing Mis- carriages of Justice declares that: ‘people’s courts … should not make any judgments that contravene the law under the pressure of public opinion or of involved parties’ appeals, or in the name of “maintaining social sta- bility” ’. An example is the case of Xia Junfeng 夏俊峰, an unlicensed street vendor arrested in 2009 for the murder of two chengguan 城管 (urban law enforcement officers). Xia alleged that thechengguan had beaten him and that he acted in self-defence (see Forum ‘The Execution of Street Vendor Xia Junfeng’, p.300). The SPC came under considerable popular pressure not to approve Xia’s execution but it refused to bow to public sentiment. On the other hand, following continued public outcry over scandals involving the treatment of petitioners in ‘reprimand centres’ and ‘black 275 274 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi tions have experimented with asystem of ‘community corrections’ replace RTL. Duringthe last ten years, theauthorities in some jurisdic petitioners visitgovernment buildingsinperson. of a website that encourages virtual petitioning rather than requiring that establishment the including officials, to appeal may petitioners which by the ruleof law in handling petition casesand expands thepublic channels of importance the stresses document The redress. for calling and officials institutionsdealwith petitioners voicing grievancespolitico-legal against introduced new guidelines for reforming and regularising the way that jails’, inFebruary 2014theParty’s Central Committee andtheState Council Abolishing Re-educationThroughLabour cedural requirements for itsapplication of Justice will be.TheMinistry is date, it is stillunclearhow this mechanism will be used and what the pro 矫正 Photo: backchina.com a hugepublicoutcry eight dayslaterfollowing tion. Shewasreleased daughter intoprostitu raped andforcedher for thosewhoallegedly ing tougherpunishment re-education fordemand a halfyearsoflabour was sentencedtooneand zhou, Hunanprovince, Tang Hui唐慧,fromYong- whereby offenders spend their sentence in community To service. - - enhanced system of ‘communitywould corrections’ the authorities deemedunacceptable. scribed church group or speakingout onasubject example, attending theprayer meetingsof apro drugs, but also religiousorpolitical dissent: for 教养 system Through Labour(RTL of Re-education sion announced by the Third Plenum to abolish the The international media have highlighted thedeci- ty of going through a trial. Such crimes included pet years for minor crimes without the inconvenience er authorities to incarcerate peoplefor up to four been employed for decadesto allow policeandoth- theft, According to theResolution of thePlenum,an ), the use of that has and the trafficking of trafficking the and prostitution illegal 社区 劳动 - - - - On 21 March 2014, a group of human rights lawyers were arrested in Jiansanjiang, Heilongjiang province, after they visited a black jail. On 25 March, six lawyers began a hunger strike outside the Qixing Detention Centre when their request to meet with the detained lawyers was refused Photo: voanews.cn

now working toward a final draft of a new Community Corrections Law to solve these uncertainties, standardise diverse practices of ‘community correction’ around the country and to regulate this expanded institution. The reform of RTL has also generated debate about the legality of oth- er forms of detention, including those replacing RTL. These include the ‘custody and rehabilitation’ 收容教养 of juveniles, prostitutes and those who procure their services; ‘’ 黑监狱 for petitioners who have not been charged with a crime but whom the authorities deem inconven- ient or offensive; ‘criminal detention’ 拘留 for pre-trial criminal suspects and ‘residential surveillance’ 监视居住. The last was originally an alterna- tive to pre-trial detention but is now used as a form of extra-legal house ar- rest for activists, their close relatives (such as the imprisoned Nobel Peace Laureate ’s 刘晓波 wife, Liu Xia 刘霞) and individuals accused of undermining stability. 277 276 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi of thelastdecade. p.292) and one of the most high-profile human rights lawyers and activists the lawyer Xu Zhiyong als and groups to silenceitscritics,somepre-emptively. Amongthem was the authorities imposed charges of ‘disrupting public order’ on individu fifth anniversary of the 1989 Protest Movement and its violent suppression, paigners andadvocates of greater politicalandfiscaltransparency. scribed in Chinese law cam- and the constitution aswell asanti-corruption ber of lawyers who have beenarguing for citizensto enjoy therightspre nature of Beijing-style ruleof law when itdetained orarrested anum- In 2014(asinprevious years),the government showed theauthoritarian Authoritarian RuleofLawinPractice 新公民运动 Photo: 37dts.com crowd todisruptorder inapublicplace’ for breachingthe1997 CriminalLawby‘gathering a Xu Zhiyongwassentencedtofouryearsinprison 22 January2014:Well-known humanrightslawyer During the first half of the year, in the lead-up to the sensitive twenty- (see Forum (see ‘Xu Zhiyong andtheNew Citizens’Movement’, 许志永

, a founder of the New Citizens’ Movement place’ crowd to disrupt orderin a public years inprison for ‘gathering a ple’s Court sentenced Xu to four Number One Intermediate Peo held Xu’s guilty verdict on appeal, Beijing Higher People’sCourt up and 2013. Threemonths later, the during aseriesof protests in2012 lice officers from enforcing the law ers, make aracket and obstruct po onlook attract leaflets, distribute ing on people to unfurl banners, to his role in organising and call- Criminal Law. The charge referred cording to Article291of the1997 On January 2014,theBeijing 聚众扰乱公共场所秩序 ac------

On 4 June 2014, tens of thousands of people gathered in Hong Kong’s Victoria Park to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Beijing massacre. In mainland China, commemoration of the anniversary is strictly forbidden Cartoon: Baiducao, TAM/oclphkenglish.wordpress.com/category/news-clippings/ cartoons/

sparking outrage among human rights advocates both inside and outside China. Repression in the name of public order became more common in the months leading up to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 1989 Protest Movement. Emblematic of Beijing’s attitude towards ‘disunity of thinking’ 279 278 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi student protest. A small, private commemoration of the1989 in thiscase,hewas guiltyof attending a order hasincreaseddramatically —from around 160,000in2005to more 880 individuals, while the number of those charged with disrupting public ment to subvert state power percent decreasedby in2013to twenty-one the numberof peoplecharged with subversion, separatism andincite public order offences.The Dui Hua Foundation group research claims that on charges of subverting state security, they charge themwith common proach to quelling dissenting voices. Rather thanpursue outspoken critics quarrels quarrels and provoking troubles’ tained on5May onsuspicion of ‘picking was thecaseof lawyer PuZhiqiang,de red lineof law’. the Tiananmenevents, thehumanrightslawyer had‘clearly crossed the claimed that by meetingto commemorate publishedon8Maytary onPu’sdetention 滋事 Photo: Xinhua againstterrorism vows to‘strikefirst’ 27–30 April2014:XiJinping visitstheXinjiangUyghurAutonomous Regionwherehe These developments in early 2014 revealed the party-state’s new ap (Article293of theCriminalLaw) Global Times commen 寻衅

— - - Photo: CCTV arrested andparaded onstatetelevision US-based websiteBoxun, XiangNanfu,is 3 May2014:Acitizenjournalistforthe - - On 27 May 2014, fifty-five people were sentenced at a mass trial in Yili, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. At least three people were sentenced to death. Others were jailed for murder, separatism and organising or participating in terror groups. Xinhua claimed that around 7,000 locals and officials withnessed the mass sentencing Photo: voanews.com

than 355,000 in 2013. Other dissenters besides Pu Zhiqiang who have been charged with the seemingly innocuous offence of ‘picking quarrels and provoking troubles’ include the labour activist Lin Dong 林东 and the Box- un 博讯 journalist Xiang Nanfu 湘南富, among others. This strategy is reminiscent of the way in which the dissident artist Ai Weiwei was dealt with in 2011: the authorities charged the outspoken crit- ic of the Party with tax evasion. Similarly, in June 2014, they charged the Australian-Chinese artist Guo Jian with ‘visa fraud’ before deporting him to Australia. Both instances are examples of the way the party-state cyn- ically attempts to deflect criticisms of human rights abuses by smearing the character of dissidents, implying that they were fraudsters or common criminals. The authorities are more comfortable with pinning charges of subver- sion and separatism on those in the restive north-western ethnic region of Xinjiang who do not share Xi Jinping’s vision of their place in China’s Community of Shared Destiny. The robust ‘unity of thinking’ underlying 281 280 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi work againstterrorism tice —thepolice,procuratorate and the courts—to coordinate their the sourceof discontent butasthemeansto itsresolution. people’ and sees the assimilationnary policies towards the Uyghurs not as ‘cast himselfasapaternalleader devoted to improving thelives of ordi- sword. AsthejournalistChrisBuckley noted inThe approach operatesXi Jinping’s in this case, however, as a double-edged and terrorist suspects andconvicted offendersat alarge public arena in major public shaming rally inthecityof Yili.They paradedthesecriminal up both suspects andconvicted criminalsandput them ondisplay at a ration of war, on27 May, police,prosecutionand judicial forces rounded primarily aimed at Xinjiang separatists. Within one week of this decla- Terror’ (seeForum ‘Terrorism p.308) and Violence in and from Xinjiang’, trial thatwaswatched bythousands labelled the‘ Van’, before beingtakentoapublic streets ofYueyang, Hunanprovince,onthebackofatruck In October2014,fifteensuspectsweredriven throughthe Photo: Weibo In May, thecentral authorities calledonthethreearmsof state jus 暴恐主义 , declaringayear-long‘People’s War on Legal Daily ror’. Thefollowing day, the of the‘People’sWar onTer- made for this opening salvo an exception was apparently through the streetin trucks, including by driving them ed criminals and suspects, and humiliating of convict outlawed the public parading the Supreme People’sCourt ple, including schoolchildren. es infront of over 7,000peo pects received theirsentenc- the 1980s and 1990s. The sus the style of theStrike Hard 打 anti-crime campaigns ofanti-crime Although in the 1980s New York Times,Xihas 法制报 applauded 严 - - - - the public ritual: ‘These kinds of rallies are an important way for the peo- ple to see for themselves the outcomes of our efforts. They will improve the resolve of criminal justice organs (to fight the war) and will console the victims of terrorism.’

Contesting the Rule of Law

Muslim separatists and human rights advocates alike reject the idea of a Party-led rule of law. It is also clear that some in the party hierarchy, including its leftist wing, are not comfortable with the new rule of law thinking. A week before the Fourth Plenum Communiqué was announced, an article on law and politics in the Central Party School mouthpiece Red Flag 红旗 declared that it is not rule of law but ‘the people’s democratic dictatorship’ that must be urgently realised across the nation. ‘The Party must guarantee the fundamental interests of the labourers and masses and not substitute these interests for those who will benefit from the rule of law.’ Others have chosen more practical means of contesting Xi’s rule of law ideology. On the very day that the Fourth Plenum Communiqué was announced, another old-fashioned Maoist public sentencing rally hit the news headlines in Mao’s home province of Hunan. Authorities in Hua- rong county convened a joint ‘public arrest and public sentencing rally’ to put on public display sixteen suspects and eight convicted criminals, who were then placed in trucks and paraded on the streets following the outlawed practice. ‘The three heads’ (of the local police, prosecution and court) jointly organised the event to mark their local ‘strike hard’ cam- paign against robbery. While the event itself occurred three days before the Plenum, Hunan authorities waited until the day the Fourth Plenum Communiqué was released to broadcast the vision of the parading trucks on the television news. While social commentators and bloggers noted this ‘coincidence’, Beijing was initially silent. Three days later, Xinhua issued 283 282 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Sword of Discipline and the Dagger of Justice 2014 Susan Trevaskes and Elisa Nessosi Conclusion an editorialNews intheBeijing reconcilable, contradictory demands on the courts and other agents of administration andpolicies. Xi’s tolegitimise help also It will efficiency. and fairness judicial prove dicial andpolicingpractices across thelegalsystem willindeedhelp im- by governing ‘in accordance with the law’. Standardising and unifying ju supposed ‘clean’politicsof central partyoversight; thisiswhat hemeans dirty politicsof localcorruptionandprotectionism, andto melditwith the from the clutches of ‘politics’. His purpose is to decouple law from the of ideological battle for judicial independence, nor an effort to wrest‘law’ sword againstcorruptofficials. the DisciplineandInspectionCommission underWang Qishanwieldsthe Group for Internet Security, to wield the dagger against terrorists while head of thenew National SecurityCommission and the Central Leading teristics’. the Deng Xiaoping era but now with some additional ‘Xi Jinping charac - ‘comprehensively advancing theruleof law’, arecycled catchphrase from which justiceisconceptualised andpractised.To thislist,we cannow add for how justiceisdispensed.Thesepoliticalwatchwords shapetheway in — HarmoniousSociety, Stability Maintenance andsoon—setthecontext the last threedecadesis the idea that broad national political discourses One constant that hasbeenondisplay inthejusticearenaChina over officials isthedifficultpart’. that theevent ‘proved that rulingthepeopleiseasy while ruling (local) Yet Xi’sinsistence ondoingthis‘thepartyway’ placespotentially ir- commitment justiceisnotsomekind toXi Jinping’s ‘recentralising’ interpretationXi Jinping’s of theruleof law includeshisability, asthe 新京报 , declaringinhighdudgeontones - justice. It will be difficult for them to deliver ‘justice for the people’ while ‘unifying’ with the centre. Indeed, the government’s requirement that the judicial organs join the battle to ‘unify thinking’ places the credibility of the justice system in question even as it is ridding itself of some of its most questionable historic practices. 285 284 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK FORUM 2014 The Rights and Wrongs of the Law FORUM FORUM THE RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF THE LAW

Picking Quarrels and Provoking Trouble · JEREMY GOLDKORN

Xu Zhiyong and the New Citizens’ Movement · SUSAN TREVASKES

An Old Approach to New Protests · SUSAN TREVASKES

The Execution of Street Vendor Xia Junfeng · LINDA JAIVIN

Almighty God: Murder in a McDonald’s · AIDEN XIA

Terrorism and Violence in and from Xinjiang · JAY WANG 王造玢

Orange as the New Black · JOANNA (YEEJUNG) YOON 289 288 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Picking Quarrels and Provoking Trouble 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn PICKING QUARRELS AND PROVOKING TROUBLE

Jeremy Goldkorn

URING 2013–2014, the authorities increasingly used the criminal charge Dof ‘picking quarrels and provoking troubles’ 寻衅滋事 to detain activists, writers and dissidents, including all those listed below. Another criminal charge authorities have used against political dissidents or critics is that of ‘gathering a crowd to disrupt public order’ 聚众扰乱公共场所秩序罪, for which the noted lawyer Xu Zhiyong is currently serving a four-year prison sentence (see Forum ‘Xu Zhiyong and the New Citizens’ Movement’, p.292).

2013 14 September: Cao Shunli 曹顺利

Cao Shunli, a lawyer and rights ac- tivist, is detained at Beijing Capital Airport on her way to a human rights conference in Geneva. A month later she is formally arrested on charges of ‘picking quarrels and provoking trou- Cao Shunli, a civil rights activist, was arrested on charges of ‘picking quarrels and provoking troubles’ bles’. Despite suffering from tubercu- Photo: renminbao.com losis, liver disease and uterine fibroids, she is denied medical help and dies in detention on 14 March 2014, two weeks short of her fifty-third birthday. 291 290 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Picking Quarrels and Provoking Trouble 2014 Jeremy Goldkorn ed’ their assets — public servants except as ‘Citizensarewelcome to disclose coveredcar withsatirical slogans such New Citizens’Movement’, p.292) ina ment (see Forum ‘Xu Zhiyong and the members of theNew Citizens’Move dong province to attend thetrialof Beijing from Jiangmen city, Guang- The lawyer Wang Quanping drives to 8 April: Wang Quanping 2014 der criminal detention and paraded on website Boxun, XiangNanfu isput un- A citizenjournalistfor theUS-based 3 May: XiangNanfu charged. for thirty days. Heissubsequently an, Guangdong province, isdetained workers at sports shoefactoriesin Donggu- 40,000 some of benefits er strikes for socialsecurityand oth- whose organisation helped organise Lin Dong,aprominent labouractivist 22 April: LinDong provoking troubles’. charged with ‘picking quarrelsand personnel at the courtroom door and He isdetainedby plainclothessecurity 欢迎人民公开财产 人民公仆就免了 欢迎人民公开财产 林东 向南夫 王全平 - - . provoking troubles’. and accusedof ‘pickingquarrelsand 6 May: PuZhiqiang p.316). (see Forum ‘Orange as the New Black’, state television in a greenprisonvest 14 September: TieLiu formally charged on13June. 2014 ahead of theanniversary, Pu is man rightslawyersdetained inMay p.260). Oneof at leastfour otherhu- of DisciplineandtheDagger of Justice’, crackdown Sword (see Chapter 6‘The anniversary of the Tiananmen Square twenty-fifth the of commemoration is detainedafter attending aprivate campaign to abolishlabourcamps, who gained prominence through his Pu Zhiqiang, a civil rightslawyer 黄泽荣 name HuangZerong Party, Tie Liu (real of theCommunist and vehement critic ground publisher old writer, under- The eighty-one-year ) isdetained 浦志強

铁流 Photo: rfa.org Tie Liu

293 292 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Xu Zhiyong and the New Citizens’ Movement 2014 Susan Trevaskes XU ZHIYONG AND THE NEW CITIZENS’ MOVEMENT

Susan Trevaskes

U ZHIYONG WAS until recently a in 2003. Originally called the Sunshine Xlecturer at the Beijing University Constitutionalism Social Science Re- of Post and Telecommunications and search Centre, Gongmeng promoted is among China’s best-known human the rule of law and the protection rights lawyers. He was awarded a PhD of citizens’ constitutional rights. In in law in 2002 from Peking University 2009, the authorities forced the clo- under the supervision of the famous sure of Gongmeng and detained Xu legal scholar Zhu Suli 朱苏力. In the on charges of tax evasion. Following aftermath of the Sun Zhigang 孙志刚 his release, Xu and supporters con- incident (in which Sun, a young man, tinued advocating for the promotion was beaten to death while in police and protection of human rights. They custody in Guangzhou) in 2003 he was one of the three legal scholars who wrote to the National People’s Con- gress advocating the abolition of the system of Custody and Repatriation 收 容遣送. Together with the lawyer Teng Biao 滕彪, he founded Gongmeng Xu Zhiyong 公盟 (The Open Constitution Initiative) Photo: news.sina.com.cn 295 294 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Xu Zhiyong and the New Citizens’ Movement 2014 Susan Trevaskes and life. Today, themovement claims doms of belief,thought,expression rights andthebasicinalienablefree to Xu, citizens have legaland political bearers againstthestate. According that holdsindividuals asbeingrights izens’ Spirit’, a concept of citizenship the promotion of theidea of a ‘New Cit emerged inMay 2012inthecontext of ity. dom andindividualresponsibil- social capsulates individual autonomy, free 公民 collectively calledthemselves ‘citizens’ , a term that, according to Xu, en- The New Citizens’ Movement - - -

11 April 2014. People’s Court upheld the verdict on Higher Beijing The instance. first of ticle 291of theCriminal Law) inatrial to disrupt order in a public place’ (Ar- years in prison for ‘gathering a crowd People’s Court sentenced him to four the BeijingNumber OneIntermediate August that year. On22January 2014, tained on16July andarrested on22 on 12April 2013. Hewas formally de in thirtycitiesaround China. approximately two hundred activists Xu was putunderhousearrest -

297 296 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK An Old Approach to New Protests 2014 Susan Trevaskes AN OLD APPROACH TO NEW PROTESTS

Susan Trevaskes

N THE VIEW OF the party-state’s continuing sensitivity to social unrest, col- Ilective public protests remain a perceived threat to political stability. In May 2014, fearing that a proposed waste incinerator plant for Hangzhou’s Yahang district would contaminate their water supply, over 20,000 residents took part in a public protest, blocking a major highway. The following day, the local police, the procuratorate, courts and justice bureau jointly issued an ‘Important Notice’

In May 2014, fearing that a proposed waste incinerator plant for Hangzhou’s Yahang district would contaminate their water supply, over 20,000 residents took part in a public protest Photo: Shared by a protestor via takungpao (大公报) 299 298 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK An Old Approach to New Protests 2014 Susan Trevaske lic order‘offenders’ accusing ‘criminals’ of the1980sand1990s. campaigns many hard-lineanti-crime 提前介入 dling cases’ prosecution‘jointlyand courts han- calls to mind the oldpracticeof police, tifying them as criminals, the notice convicted of analleged crimeandiden- ment. By threatening peoplenotyet police inexchange for lenient treat urgedon thelistto those surrender to list, warned of harshpunishments and the wanted ontheir trouble-makers erty anddisturbthepublicorder. toothers beat uppolice,damage prop ‘intervening in a case in advance’ The notice posted photographs of , as was routine during the 联合办案 违法者 犯罪者 andthecourts of inciting andpub - - -

301 300 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Execution of Street Vendor Xia Junfeng 2014 Linda Jaivin THE EXECUTION OF STREET VENDOR XIA JUNFENG

Linda Jaivin

IA JUNFENG WAS a laid-off the family nationwide sympathy, but Xfactory worker who sold grilled the final verdict by the Liaoning Pro- meat kebabs with his wife, Zhang vincial People’s High Court, on 9 May Jing 张晶, in the city of Shenyang. On 2011, upheld the death sentence. The 16 May 2009, around ten chengguan, authorities informed his family only urban law enforcement officers, con- hours before giving Xia a lethal injec- fronted the couple. tion, on 25 September 2013, and only Chengguan, who have a reputa- tion for brutality, have the thankless task of clearing city streets of stalls operating without a business licence, and are deeply unpopular with the public. Xia claimed it was in self- defence that he killed two and injured one with a fruit knife. But, on 11 No- vember 2009, the Shenyang Interme- diate People’s Court sentenced Xia to death for manslaughter. Anonymous cartoon posted on Weibo criticising Xia Junfeng’s execution. The A two-year-long appeal by his background drawing was done by Xia’s son wife and a volunteer legal team earned Source: executedtoday.com/tag/shenyang/ 303 302 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK The Execution of Street Vendor Xia Junfeng 2014 Linda Jaivin for term onWeibo. broke, Xia’snamewas themost-searched- spread outrage; for aday after thenews beforeinforming his family, sparked wide thorities apparently told thepressaboutit son. Hisexecution, andthefactthat theau- a photograph for histhenthirteen-year-old take to request last Xia’s refused They first. allowing them to seehim for halfanhour Source: executedtoday.com/tag/shenyang/ Weibo, condemningXia’sexecution A cartoonbyactivistcartoonistKuangBiao,circulatedon -

305 304 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Almighty God: Murder in a McDonald’s 2014 Aiden Xia ALMIGHTY GOD: MURDER IN A MC DONALD’S

Aiden Xia

T AROUND 9:00PM, on 28 May 2014, five people attacked and killed a wom- A an in a McDonald’s restaurant in Zhaoyuan 招远, Shandong province. A by- stander filmed the murder on a mobile phone and the footage spread rapidly on the Internet. Within days, the police announced that the suspected killers were all members of the Church of Almighty God (also known as Eastern Lightning

On 21 August 2014, members of Church of Almighty God were put on trial for homicide and ‘using a cult to undermine the law’. State media widely publicised the trial Photo: Weibo/news.sohu.com 307 306 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Almighty God: Murder in a McDonald’s 2014 Aiden Xia 东方闪电 Zhang Lidong teacher namedZhaoWeishan accomplices received seven andten years respectively. death sentences. Anotherreceived life without parole, and the remaining two ing acultto underminethelaw’. State mediawidely publicisedthetrial. ince. Allof them were accusedof intentional homicide, and three of them of ‘us list of fourteen illegalcults. the victima‘demon’ she refusedto give themherphonenumber. Heexpressednoremorse, calling On 31May, CCTV aired footage from an interview with the main culprit, On 11 October, two of the five accused, including Zhang Lidong, received Lidong, Zhang including accused, five the of two October, 11 On prov - in Shandong Yantai, trial on put were suspects five the August, 21 On orTheReal God 张立冬 魔鬼 , who said that his group wanted to convert thevictim, but . Shortly after media published theincident,a state-run 实际神 赵维山 ), anorganisation founded in 1990by a physics andbannedasacultin1995. -

309 308 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Terrorism and Vioelnce in and from Xinjiang 2014 Jay Wang 王造玢 TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE IN AND FROM XINJIANG

Jay Wang 王造玢

The last year has seen an unprecedented number of violent attacks in or linked to Xinjiang. These include attacks on civilians in railway stations and markets that were recorded on mobile phones and have been recognised by the international community (or at least US Secretary of State John Kerry) as terrorist attacks. The Chinese government sees these attacks as linked both to the Xinjiang independence and global jihadist movements. Below is a timeline of attacks and government re- sponses.

28 October 2013: Five people die when Usmen Hasan crashes into a crowd at Tiananmen Square Photo: Weibo/thehindu.com 311 310 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Terrorism and Vioelnce: A Timeline 2014 Jay Wang 王造玢 Seriqbuya 16 November 2013:Knife Attack, recent history.Beijing’s in attack terrorist first the call media official what in injured are people er his wife and mother. oth- Thirty-eight and two passengers in his vehicle — ing two bystanders alongwith himself shui Bridge inTiananmenSquare, kill- crowd of tourists and passersby at Jin- 乌斯曼·艾山 A man later identified as Usmen Hasan Crash, Tiananmen,Beijing 28 October 2013:Deliberate Car attack, while anothertwoattack, areinjured. Two local policeemployees die in the the policestation, andareshotdead. als, armedwith knives andaxes, storm 16 November, nineUyghur individu cording toon Chinesemedia reports, lation againstthe harshmeasures. Ac- protestsfrom Uyghur thelocal popu a security crackdown. This prompts 喀什 in Seriqbuya township near Kashgar in thedeaths people of twenty-one A violent incident inApril 2013results inXinjiang.Authorities order 色力布亚 crashes an SUV into a

- -

sives Attack, Yarkand 30 December2013:Knife andExplo gar; two policeofficersalsodie. calls a near Kash‘violent- terror gang’ of what theChinese Foreign Ministry kill fourteenPolice Uyghur members Kashgar Police and‘Terror Gang’, 15 December2013:ClashBetween male assailant capturedonthe spot. suspected killers dead, with one fe twenty-nine civilians and four of the civilians. Thestabbing attack leaves Yunnan and indiscriminately attack by of the Kunming Railway Station in and cleavers rushinto theticket lob all-black attire and armed with knives male andtwo female assailants cladin At 9:20pm local time, a group of six at TrainStation, Kunming 1 March2014:Massacreof Civilians captured by police. the attackers areshotdead and one is Yarkand county near Kashgar. Eight of in fire on vehicles police set and sives, attack apolicestation, throw explo knives’reports, ‘ninethugs carrying According to regionalgovernment 莎车 - - - - 1 March 2014: Six male and two female assailants indiscriminately attack civilians with knives and cleavers at Kunming Railway Station in Yunnan. The attack leaves twenty-nine civilians and four of the suspected killers dead Photo: Xinhua/scmp.com

Another 143 individuals (including 30 April 2014: Suicide Bombing at seven police officers) are injured. On Railway Station, Ürümqi 3 March, China’s Ministry of Public At 7:10pm on the final day of a four- Security announces that an additional day tour of Xinjiang by Xi Jinping, two three suspects have been arrested. assailants detonate suicide bombs at the exit of the Ürümqi South Rail- 28 April 2014: Xi Jinping Visits Police and Villages, Kashgar way Station, after initially attack- ing passengers with knives. The On 26 April, state media report that Xi attack leaves three dead and seventy- Jinping has told a Politburo study ses- nine others injured. sion that the Chinese public must build a ‘wall of bronze and iron’ to fight ter- 15 May 2014: Police Counter-terror- rorism, and ‘make terrorists become ism Training, Xinjiang like rats scurrying across a street as everybody shouts “beat them!” ’. Two Following Xi Jinping’s April visit to days later, he visits a Kashgar police Xinjiang, China’s Ministry of Public Se- station and a Uyghur village, and curity selects thirty specialist officers watches military counter-terrorism from around the country to train local training at a nearby base. police in Xinjiang on counter-terror- 313 312 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Terrorism and Vioelnce in and from Xinjiang 2014 Jay Wang 王造玢 Aksu in fire open police 2014, May 20 On Attack, Ürümqi 22 May 2014:SUVCrashandBomb manufacture of guns. ising terrorist groups andtheillegal cluding inciting ethnichatred, organ- terms of varying lengthsfor crimesin- sentencesthirty-nine peopleto prison The Xinjiang People’s Higher Court Ürümqi 20 May 2014:MassSentencing Rally response training. ing theuseof weapons andemergency ism tacticsandcombat skills,includ- Han Chinese. wounded, most of whom areelderly two SUVs. Morethan ninety others are collisionbetween the die in a head-on including four of theassailants, who are killedintheearly morningattack, run over passersby. Forty-three people on a busy street market in Ürümqi and shoppers at explosives fling SUVs two in assailants five later, days Two tire. to protest on restrictions religious at Xinjiang onacrowd that hasgathered 阿克苏 prefecture in western - ants hadforeign assistance. andclaimthat theassail- the attack, ratist group as themastermind behind stan IslamicMovement Uyghur sepa- 提·萨吾提 ment names Nuramat Sawut 215 otherpeople.Thegovernarrest - tackers die,accordingto police,who at the of fifty-nine and attack the of Yarkand county. Thirty-seven victims ing towns of Elixku and Huangdi in the neighbour- in offices government assailants attacked a police station and According to Xinhua, large groups of Attack, Yarkand 28 July 2014:MassKnife andAxe year. dia give them special prominence this Such bans are not new, but state me expound upon the dangers of fasting. members, teachers and students, and declare that thebanextends to party media ing duringRamadan.State-run forbid Muslim civil servants from fast A numberof government departments Fasting for Ramadan,Xinjiang 1 July 2014:OfficialsBanned From , leaderof theEastTurke 努拉买 - - - - 8 August 2014: Ban on Beards and Burkas, Karamay 克拉玛依

The majority-Han city in northern Xinjiang temporarily bans men with long beards as well as women wearing burkas, headscarves, and veils from taking city buses for the duration of a sporting event that finished on 20 August. The temporary restrictions also prohibit anyone wearing star and crescent symbols from taking public transportation.

21 August 2014: Financial Rewards for Mixed Marriages, Xinjiang

As part of a trial effort to soothe ethnic tensions through assimilation, prefec- ture-level officials from various dis- tricts in Xinjiang offer annual payouts Ban on beards and burkas in Karamay: The five so- of 10,000 yuan for five years for mixed- called ‘five abnormal styles’ that were prohibited Source: thatsmag.com race marriages between Uyghurs and

Han Chinese. 21 September 2014: Bomb Attack on Market and Police Stations, Bugur 1 September 2014: Rewards for Tip- County 轮台 offs, Ürümqi Rioting mobs converge on an open-air Officials in Ürümqi announce apro- market and two police stations in cen- gram of rewards of up to one million tral Xinjiang, setting off explosives that yuan for tip-offs from citizens that pre- kill ten people, including two police vent large-scale terrorist attacks and officers, two police assistants, and six activities. bystanders, while injuring fifty-four 315 314 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Terrorism and Vioelnce in and from Xinjiang 2014 Jay Wang 王造玢 哈木·土赫提 Ürümqi sentences Ilham Tohti The IntermediateCourt People’s of onment, Ürümqi Professor Sentenced to Life Impris 23 September 2014:Economics own lives usingexplosives. who areeithershotdeadortake their the deaths of forty of theattackers, others. The police responseresults in prisonment oncharges of separatism Nationalities University),to life im- sity (formerly known in English as the MinzuUniverateconomics Beijing’s - Source: NewcastleChinatown onmarketinKashgar Knife andbombattack , aUyghur professorof 伊力 - belxi marketfarmers’ inKashgar’s Maral- Four Uyghur men attack a Han Chinese Attack onMarket, Kashgar 12 October 2014:Knife andBomb and promoting Han-Uyghur dialogue. and economic issues facingUyghurs language website that discussed social was detained in January, ran a Chinese and incitingethnichatred. Ilham,who during theraid. arekilled attackers four All officers. cluding an unknown number of police explosives, takingeighteen lives, in- 巴楚 county with knives and

317 316 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Orange as the New Black 2014 Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon ORANGE AS THE NEW BLACK

Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon

Since 15 July 2013, CCTV has aired a number of confessions made by people accused but not yet convicted of a wide variety of crimes. Many appeared in orange prison uniforms (either waistcoats or jumpsuits), with others in yellow and green.

Liang Hong, 15 July 2013 Peter Humphrey and Yu Yingzeng, 27 August 2013 Vice-President of Operations in China for pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmith- GSK employed Peter Humphrey, a Kline (GSK), Liang Hong 梁鸿, ap- Shanghai-based British private investi- peared on the primetime CCTV News gator, and his Chinese-born American 新闻联播 to confess that GSK had used wife Yu Yingzeng 虞英曾 to identify bribes to expand its business in China. the whistle-blower who had reported In September 2014, the Changsha City its alleged corrupt practices to the au- Intermediate People’s Court (Hunan thorities (see Liang Hong). Humphrey province) fined GSK three billion yuan, and Yu confessed on CCTV to having the highest penalty given to a foreign company to date. Liang and other illegally bought and sold private infor- senior GSK executives received sen- mation on Chinese citizens. tences of two to four years for bribing non-government personnel. 319 318 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Orange as the New Black 2014 Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon Xue Manzi Dong Rubin Wei Lu Office, Information Internet State On 12August 2013,thechiefof the Charles Xue, 29August 2013 present was Charles Xue sibilities’ to society. Oneof theBigVs he reminded them of their‘respon- tial microbloggers or‘Big Vs’, where 2009 when he blogged about the death Dong Rubin cause of amedical condition. charges, Xue wason bailbe released April 2014,before theauthorities laid In as fact. information unverified on he had abused his power, and passed made him feel ‘like anemperor’, that Weibo on influence his that said he second confession from Xue in which Rumours’, p.432). Struggletion WindowAgainst ‘The book 2013:CivilisingChina, prostitutesthe ChinaStory (see Year- (a crimeinChina) and anaddiction to a video of Xue confessing to group sex prostitutes. On29August, CCTV aired policearrested Xueweek, for soliciting of government policies.Thefollowing , On 15 September, CCTV aired a tedd dne wt influen- with dinner a attended 薛蛮子 , 17 October 2013 董如彬 ), afrequent critic shot to famein 薛必群 Informa- (aka - Chen Yongzhou Chen Yongzhou, 26October 2013 Internet promotion business. his of clients of benefit the for mation Dong confessed to exaggerating infor - meme. InhisOctober TVappearance, term which then became an Internet 唐先兵 In 2013,LiuHan 2014 ruary aired atapeshowing Tang Xianbing Bo Xilai. On 21 February 2014, CCTV en former Chongqing Party Secretary media reports linked him to the fall- blackmail and other crimes.Some other suspected gangmembersfor murder, thirty-five with arrested was real estate tycoon in Sichuan province, ing agameof hideandseek lice claimedtheinmate haddied play - of aninmate inaYunnan jail.Thepo Tang Xianbing and after hearingChen’sconfession. afterbut many hisarrest, went quiet had expressed outrage immediately Hunan province. Fellow journalists stories aboutabusinessinChangsha, he had been bribed to run fabricated appeared on CCTV News to confess that , a security guard with Liu’s 陈永州 刘汉

Liu Han,21Feb , aminingand , a journalist, 躲猫猫 , a - - company, confessing to multiple mur- May, CCTV broadcast blurred footage ders on Liu’s orders. Liu and Tang of a ‘Ms Gao’, a figure in orange prison have both been handed the death sen- clothing, expressing remorse for her tence. actions.

Zhang Lidong, 31 May 2014 Qin Zhihui, 1 April 2014 On 28 May, members of the Church Qin Zhihui 秦志晖 (aka Qin Huohuo of Almighty God religious cult beat a 秦火火), an Internet publicity agent, woman to death in a McDonald’s res- appeared on CCTV News confessing taurant in Shandong province. In his to spreading rumours and fabricating televised confession, the main culprit, stories online. He was sentenced to Zhang Lidong, said they wanted to con- three years in jail on 11 April. vert the victim, but she refused to give them her phone number (see Forum Xiang Nanfu, 3 May 2014 ‘Almighty God: Murder in a McDon- Xiang Nanfu, a freelance contributor ald’s’, p.304). to the US-based Chinese news web- site Boxun who had written on such topics as organ-harvesting and police brutality, appeared on CCTV News and confessed to writing false stories that damaged China’s image.

Gao Yu, 7 May 2014

Gao Yu 高瑜, a seventy-year-old jour- nalist, was arrested on 24 April 2014 and accused of providing an internal Party document to an overseas web- site (see the China Story Yearbook Gao Yu, a seventy-year-old journalist, was arrested 2013: Civilising China, Forum ‘Party on 24 April 2014 and accused of providing an inter- nal party document to an overseas website Policies from One to Ten’, p.114). In Photo: blogs.wsj.com 321 320 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Orange as the New Black 2014 Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon Film director ZhangYuan Zhang Yuan, 27June 2014 himself interrorist activities. and promised never again to involve participated injihad. He apologised him that hewould go to paradiseifhe the leader of the gang had convinced tacked patrons withaxes.Mirzat said lour in Hotan city in Xinjiang and at men who hadentered amahjongpar- confessed to beingoneof threeUyghur Mirzat as identified man A Mirzat, 21June 2014 appeared on CCTV in a 2008 drug bust. Zhang had form, having previously itive urinetest earlier that month. fessed to usingdrugsfollowing a pos Photo: media.people.com.cn positive urinetest. confessed tousingdrugs, followinga Independent filmdirectorZhang Yuan

张元 木尔扎提 con- - -

charging for sexualservices. as to organising illegalgamblingand her connectionto theRed Cross aswell on vest. She confessed to lying about makeup andwearing anorange pris without her glamorous props: sans been seen had she time first the was plicable riches. HerCCTV appearance celebrity, frequently showing off inex I’, p.204). She remained an Internet Chapter 8‘Voicesfrom theBlogosphere Yearbook 2012:Red Rising,Red Eclipse’, Chinese Red Cross (seetheChinaStory luxurious lifestyle while claiming to work for the her flaunting for 2011 in Guo Meimei Guo Meimei,3August 2014 Photo: CCTV/ent.qq.com Guo Meimei 郭美美 became notorious - - Ko Chen-tung and Jaycee Chan, 18 August 2014

On 18 August, Beijing media reported that Jaycee Chan (aka Fang Zuming 房祖名), the actor and son of the Hong Kong movie star Jackie Chan, had been arrested in Beijing on drug-related charges together with Taiwanese actor Ko Chen-tung (‘Kai Ko’) 柯震东. That night, Ko appeared on CCTV crying Ko Chen-tung tearfully apologises on CCTV Photo: law.southcn.com and apologising to his fans for his mis- behaviour. Copies of the yellow and blue vest Ko wore quickly became a trending item on the online commerce site Taobao. 323 322 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Bringing Order to All-Under-Heaven 2014 Geremie R Barmé CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION BRINGING ORDER TO ALL- UNDER-HEAVEN

Geremie R Barmé

Image: Xi Jinping and Barack Obama ‘tieless’ at the Evening Talks at Yingtai Source: thatsmag.com Bringing Order to All-Under-Heaven

326 Xi Jinping’s formulation of the Community of Shared Destiny was a key 327 rhetorical device used in China’s regional and international policy during 2013–2014. It promised to ‘operationalise’ resuscitated, and long-debated ideas related to All-Under-Heaven tianxia, discussed in the Introduction to this volume. Non-mainland analysts and commentators generally have scant interest in Chinese party-state attempts to articulate new interna- tional relations or strategic concepts in a language that weds statist Con- fucian concepts with those of Marxist-Leninist modernity. Perhaps it is an Bringing Order to All-Under-Heaven Geremie R Barmé affront that a derivative Marxist state lays claim to some unique approach

2014 to world affairs, even though its economic and global heft are undeniable. Status quo thinkers rarely want to make room for unorthodox approaches, especially those essayed by a one-party state that has been in an agonistic

CHINA STORY YEARBOOK CHINA STORY relationship with the West since the Second World War. Nonetheless, the concept of Shared Destiny continued to enjoy Xi Jin- ping’s endorsement; in recent years, the expression appeared no fewer than sixty-two times in the Chinese leader’s statements and speeches. As we noted earlier, Shared Destiny is premised on mutuality; as Xi Jinping put it, bilateral relationships and the regional order rely on amity, sin- cerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness. But China is, if nothing else,a radically pragmatic state that cloaks its needs in high-flown rhetoric and bombast. On the ground it is concerned with the practical organisation of national relationships and it pursues this with a single-minded obsession with hierarchy, structuring its concentric view of the world according to various levels of strategic relationship, each with elaborate conditions and benefits attendant upon them. In the Maoist-era international affairs were conceptualised in terms of Three Worlds, that of the regnant superpowers, a cluster of developed nations and the riven nations of the Third World. Mao Zedong constantly mulled over the complex interplay between these spheres, calculating his strategic moves according to what he saw as fluid contradictions and ad- vantageous opportunities for China. In the new and evolving ordering of the world as conceived by Beijing, the communities of shared destiny too One Belt One Road: China is working with sixty nations to build a modern-day Silk Road, on land and by sea Source: chinadialogue.net jostle for attention, and they demand constant cultivation, just as strategic partnerships require nurturing in the hope of real-world and long-term pay-offs. Although the term Shared Destiny has a prominent place in Chinese discourse, over time it may well be overshadowed by the well-funded propaganda push from late 2014 to advance the newer concept of One Belt One Road 一带一路. This is a series of proffered trade and communi- cations corridors promised to embed China further into global networks, and to allow China to bind others to what it has called its ‘locomotive of Chinese development’ 中国发展的列车.

Evening Talks at Yingtai

The year 2014 ended with blue skies for China. The cerulean vault over and crisp air of Beijing was cleared as a result of a months’ long government- directed mass campaign to reduce pollution in and around the Chinese capital. The of what would be celebrated as ‘APEC Blue’ or APEC蓝 for the November 2014 APEC Summit involved the policing of factory, vehicle and domestic emissions by over 400,000 cadres in Beijing 328 itself, the city of Tianjin, as well as in the nearby provinces of Hebei, 329 Shanxi, Shandong, Henan and Inner Mongolia. The blue skies of 1–12 November provided a benign covering for an- other smoothly run global event in the Chinese calendar. For the world APEC 2014 was made all the more significant by the fact that it featured a major China–US Summit on the sidelines. Known as the ‘Evening Talks at Yingtai’ 瀛台夜谈 — Yingtai being the island palace at Zhongnanhai, the party-state compound in Central Beijing — the summit was regarded as a Bringing Order to All-Under-Heaven Geremie R Barmé significant but similarly casual event as the June 2013 Sunnylands Summit

2014 in the US (see Chapter 2 ‘Whose Shared Destiny’, pp.60–61). The Beijing meeting between presidents Xi Jinping and Barack Obama was capped by a US–China Joint Announcement on Climate Change. A prelude to the Unit- ed Nations Climate Conference to be held in Paris in late 2015, this agree- CHINA STORY YEARBOOK CHINA STORY ment promised ambitions post-2020 actions on climate change. The formal announcement declared that:

The United States intends to achieve an economy-wide target of reduc- ing its emissions by 26%–28% below its 200 level in 2025 and to make best efforts to reduce its emissions by 28%. China intends to achieve the peaking of CO2 emissions around 2030 and to make best efforts to peak early and intends to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20% by 2030.

There were also undertakings to increase these targets over time. In the age of the Anthropocene, that is the global era shaped crucially by human activity, shared destiny is inextricably bound up with climate change, resource depletion and efforts at mitigation. Given the impor- tance of pollution in China and, indeed, the near-hysterical concern that the Chinese party-state has about such nebulous polluting factors as those found in the realm of ideas, politics and culture, we will take Pollution 染 as the theme of the 2015 China Story Yearbook. The Masked City Photo: From the series ‘The Masked City’, by Sam Gallagher, 2014 330 331 Chronology 2014 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK CHINA STORY CHRONOLOGY

The following outline chronology covers some of the key events touched on in this book.

2013

24 September: Xia Junfeng, a street 16 October: The Party’s bi-monthly po- vendor convicted of killing two cheng- litical theory journal Qiushi publishes guan (urban law enforcement officers) an article strongly denouncing democ- is executed in Shenyang, Liaoning racy and ‘constitutionalism’ (requiring province, despite popular support the Chinese party-state to follow the for him and widespread resentment Chinese constitution), part of a broad- against chengguan. er campaign against liberal thinking.

24 October: A court in Shandong 25 September: Li Tianyi 李天一, the province rejects the appeal of Bo Xilai, seventeen-year-old son of celebrity the former Chongqing party boss sen- People’s Liberation Army singers Li tenced to life in prison for bribery, em- Shuangjiang 李双江 and Meng Ge 梦鸽, bezzlement and abuse of power. is sentenced to ten years in prison for gang rape in a case that attracted wide- 25 October: During a speech at a spread attention and outrage in China. conference on Diplomatic Work with 333 332 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chronology 2014 East Turkestan IslamicMovement. claims responsibilityonbehalfof the on the Siteintelgroup.com website tourists. An audio recording published and injuring two people forty, including foreign killing and flames Tiananmen Square, bursting into crashes into a crowd of people on number plate and a Uyghur driver 28 October neighbours. ciple for China’s diplomacy with its This is understood asaguiding prin- root in[our]neighbouringcountries’. community of common destiny to take ‘letting theawarenessstresses of a Neighbouring Countries, XiJinping Beijing with the release ofBeijing with the release alengthy eenth Central Committee concludesin the ChineseCommunist Party’s Eight 12 November it hadnotbeenready for publication. denied censoringthestory, saying that Bloomberg inChina. Bloomberg ship for fear of repercussions against businessman andChina’stop leader- a story ontiesbetween awealthy News inHongKong chosenotto run reports that editors at Bloomberg 8 November: : AJeep with a Xinjiang : TheThird Plenum of The New York Times -

requiring allgovernment andadminis Chang’e-3 Chang’e-3 2 December unilateral proclamation. tralia and the United States protest the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Japan, Aus East China Seaincluding the disputed tification Zone’ over a large area of the ment proclaims an ‘Air Defence Iden- 23 November for economicreform. communiqué laying out the latest plan ‘Regulations on Official Receptions Official on ‘Regulations practices, theState Council releases ranging campaign againstcorrupt 12 December:Aspartof awide- na willforever holdhigh the bannerof states that theCommunist Party of Chi Party XiJinping Secretary General niversary of thebirth of MaoZedong, Beijing to commemorate the120than- 26 December items. and otherluxury fin shark of consumption the against eight prohibitions including those trative departments to observe thirty- ments’ for AllParty andGovernment Depart ing thecountry’s firstmoon rover. 党政机关国内公务接待管理规定 嫦娥三号 : At asymposium heldin : China launches the : The Chinese govern- - lunarprobe carry - - - - ,

Mao Zedong Thought. Before the sym- president sharing a meal with the sol- posium, Xi and China’s other six top diers. leaders visit Mao’s mausoleum on Ti- 9 February: CCTV broadcasts an inves- ananmen Square and they bow three tigative report showing police raiding times in front of Mao’s statue. saunas, karaoke bars and other venues 28 December: Xi Jinping turns up associated with the sex trade in Dong- unannounced at a steamed bun res- guan, Guangdong province. Sixty-sev- taurant in Beijing and buys a twenty- en people are detained in the raid and one-yuan set meal consisting of six twelve venues shut down, and a week pork and onion buns, pork liver stew later the Public Security Bureau warns and fried mustard greens. Despite lit- it will not tolerate such crimes. tle coverage in the official media, the 10 February: The first official talks be- news circulates widely on Weibo. tween the Republic of China (Taiwan) 29 December: The Party’s Central and the People’s Republic of China in Committee and the State Council sixty-five years take place at a sym- prohibit officials from smoking in bolic meeting in Nanjing, the former venues where smoking is banned, republican capital. No national flags and from using public funds to buy are displayed and the officials present cigarettes including for use in official wear no official or party insignia. hospitality. 25 February: The Uyghur scholar and professor at the Minzu University of 2014 China in Beijing, Ilham Tohti, who had been held incommunicado since be- 23 January: The Beijing Municipal ing detained in Beijing on 15 January, Bureau of Statistics announces that is formally charged with ‘separatism’ Beijing’s population reached 21.15 mil- (advocating Xinjiang independence). lion at the end of 2013. In September, a court finds Tohti guilty 26 January: Xi Jinping visits a PLA bor- of separatism and jails him for life and, der outpost in Inner Mongolia, and the in November, an Ürümqi court rejects People’s Daily publishes images of the his appeal and upholds his conviction. 335 334 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chronology 2014 made under duress. Nomade underduress. verdict had her confession,retracts saying itwas that crimeinaBeijing court where she On 20 November, she is charged with state to secrets anoverseas website. parently confessing to having leaked jing. Sheislater shown onCCTV ap Chinese journalist,isdetainedinBei- 24 April: Yu, Gao aseventy-year-old rise by between ten andforty percent. agglomeration, property prices there Trade Agreement opposition to the Cross-Strait Service al legislative assembly, to voice their Legislative Yuan, Taiwan’s unicamer- dents andotheractivists occupy the 18 March: In Taipei, hundreds of stu- in Yunnan province. than 130at Kunming Railway Station twenty-nine people and injure more knives, allapparently Uyghurs, kill 1 March: Some ten men armed with Hebei (or Jing-Jin-Ji the centre of the new Beijing–Tianjin– in Hebeiprovince islikely to become Caijing 7 April: Student Movement. Sunflower The dubbed soon is ment wan and Mainland China. The move reports that reports thecityof Baoding After the business magazine

signed between Tai- 京津冀 ) regional - -

strategic partnership. outlines his vision for a China–Africa tion Centre in Addis Ababa in which he speech at the African Union Conven- la and Kenya. On 5 May, he delivers a Nigeria, Ango visit Ethiopia, official to arrives ontheAfrican continent for an 4–11 May: ChinesePremierLiKeqiang earlier thanscheduled. na recalls the rig on 16 July, a month and nearly onehundredinjured.Chi peoplearekilled at leasttwenty-one Vietnam on13–15May duringwhich three days ofunrest in anti-China sparks adiplomatic row aswell as claimed by bothcountries. Therig near the Paracel Islands,which are 120 milesfrom Vietnam’s coast and rigin watersinstalls anoil-drilling 2 May: Without consultation, China three andinjuringseventy-nine. with knives, abomb explodes killing capital of Xinjiang, attack bystanders largest trainstation inÜrümqi, the 30 April: Aftera group of menat the ing this been announcedat thetimeof compil - Yearbook. - -

6 May: A month before the twenty-fifth years; the price China will pay for the anniversary of the 1989 Beijing mas- gas remains a ‘commercial secret’. sacre, Pu Zhiqiang, a human rights 22 May: Two vehicles without licence lawyer, is detained by police on suspi- plates plough into crowds at an open cion of ‘causing a disturbance’. Pu is air market in Ürümqi, followed by the formally arrested in June and, on 21 detonation of explosive devices, killing November, Pu’s lawyer reveals that Pu at least thirty-one people and injuring may face additional charges that could ninety-four. result in a ten-year prison sentence.

23 May: , a mining tycoon 6 May: Six people are injured in a knife with ties to Zhou Yongkang, China’s attack outside a railway station in former security chief, is sentenced to Guangzhou, the third violent stabbing death for organised crime in a trial in at a major Chinese railway station in as Hubei province that included thirty- many months. five other defendants charged with 13 May: For the first time, female sol- ‘organising, leading and participating diers form part of China’s honour in Mafia-like groups’. guard welcoming a foreign head of 28 May: A woman is beaten to death state to China: in this case, the presi- by five members of the Almighty God dent of Turkmenistan. cult at a McDonald’s outlet in Zhao- 19 May: US Attorney General Eric yuan, Shandong province. On 11 Holder charges five members of the October, two members of the cult are PLA with the criminal hacking of com- sentenced to death for the murder, puter systems belonging to US compa- and three others are given prison nies as well as a labour union in order sentences. to steal trade secrets. 10 June: The State Council releases a 21 May: After ten years of negotiations, white paper on the ‘one country, two Russia’s Gazprom and China’s CNPC systems’ policy, hardening Beijing’s sign a US$400 billion gas deal for Rus- stance with regard to Hong Kong au- sia to supply China with gas for thirty tonomy. 337 336 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chronology 2014 other socialmedia accounts of the 7 July: TheWeibo microblog and um Corporation for corruption. manager of the China National Petrole Yongchun ister of Public Security and Wang - formersion; LiDongsheng, vice-min vision and Administration Commis Assets Super- head of the State-Owned Commission;tary JiangJiemin,former of China’s Central Mili- vice-chairman the Party expelsXu Caihou, former process.afterThe meetingoccurs to reform theinternalinvestigation presided over by XiJinping, agrees 30 June: A meeting of the Politburo, gemony’. ple have ‘no gene for invasion orhe made in May 2014)that Chinese peo (first assertion his reiterates Jinping Treaty between China and India, Xi sixtieth anniversary of the Panchsheel 30 June: At aceremony marking the legal andinvalid’. Chinese government denouncesas‘il- executive isselected, apollthat the proved process by which the chief the Beijing-ap on referendum ficial in Hong Kong participate in an unof 20 June: Morethan 350,000 residents 王永春 , former vice-general , formervice-general ------action with China. Bothsidesdescribe inter- summit-level first Modi’s Brazil, the sidelinesof theBRICS Summit in dra ModimeetsPresident XiJinping on 15 July: Indian Prime Minister Naren- la andCuba. stopping inBrazil,Argentina, Venezue second state visit to Latin America, 14–23 July: XiJinping undertakes his ‘stand upto China’intheinterview. that she did not directly use the phrase personally writes to Xinhua to clarify Bishop as a ‘complete fool’. Bishop editions of the torial inboth the Englishand Chinese respect weakness’. On 14July, an edi- with China, which she says ‘does not ‘manage for the worst’ when dealing stand upforAustralian values and Julie Bishop reportedly pledges to 10 July: Australian Foreign Minister as the‘BigVs’. accounts with large followings, known officially-verified holding mentators paign to reininoutspoken onlinecom- a widely publicised government cam- Internet; itisapparently thetarget of million followers, disappear from the Chengpeng outspoken writer and social criticLi 李承鹏 Global Times deride , who hadnearly six - the talks as unusually substantive, 29 July: Wang Weiguang 王伟光, head which lay the foundation for a new of the Chinese Academy of Social chapter in Sino-Indian ties. Sciences (CASS), states that CASS is not ‘a relaxed alliance for freelancers’ 1 July: At a Sotheby’s auction in Hong 自由撰稿人的松散联盟 but a frontline Kong, billionaire businessman Liu for the dissemination of the thinking Yiqian puts in the winning bid of of party leaders, scientific theory and US$36.3 million for an extremely rare ideology. Its top ten research grants Qianlong-era (eighteenth century) por- for 2014 are all awarded to study Xi celain cup with a chicken motif. It was Jinping thought and ideology. the most expensive work of Chinese 3 August: CCTV broadcasts a news sto- art to sell at auction in 2014 up to that ry featuring the Internet celebrity Guo date — but in November, Liu set anoth- Meimei confessing to prostitution and er record when he paid US$45 million gambling charges. at a Christie’s auction, also in Hong

Kong, for a fifteenth-century Tibetan 7 August: A new law requires real- thangka (a Tibetan Buddhist painting). name registration for all public accounts on instant messaging ser- 21 July: The proportion of Internet vices such as the popular mobile app users in China getting online via their WeChat as part of a crackdown on smartphones reaches 83.4 percent online rumours, libel, pornography — more than 500 million people, and violence. According to state surpassing for the first time the media, Tencent had closed twenty proportion using desktops or laptops. million WeChat accounts for offering prostitution services. 29 July: China’s state media announces that Zhou Yongkang, a former member 14 August: Jaycee Chan, also known of the Chinese Communist Party’s Po- as Fang Zuming, the son of actor Jack- litburo Standing Committee, is under ie Chan, is detained after police find investigation for serious disciplinary more than one hundred grams of mari- violations, ending more than a year of juana at his apartment. Also detained speculation about Zhou’s fate. is the Taiwanese actor Ko Chen-tung. 339 338 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chronology 2014 finds the company guilty ofbribing guilty company the finds a courtin Changsha, Hunan province GlaxoSmithKline operations in China, into the British pharmaceutical giant the announcement of an investigation 19 September: Morethanayear after billion. York Stock Exchange, raisingUS$25 public offering inhistory ontheNew ant Alibaba launches the largest initial 18 September: a battalion to aUNpeacekeeping force. contributed has Beijing that time first tions. UN officials reveal that this is the protect Chinese workers and installa- South Sudan to safeguard oil fields and diers inaUNpeacekeeping forcein 9 September: 2 May). recent tensions in the relationship (see Vietnam, for talksinBeijing to address of theCommunistal Secretary Party of Hong Anh,specialenvoy of theGener- 27 August: take drugsat hishome. mally charged withallowing othersto On 17September, JayceeChan isfor - Xi Jinping meets with Le China deploys 700sol- Chinese ecommerce gi- Chinese ecommerce tute its agreement to hostaConfucius Insti- cago suspends negotiations to renew 26 September: TheUniversity of Chi billion yuan. three it fines and products, doctors and hospitals to promote GSK for Press,Publication, Radio, Film and 14 October: The State Administration of onlinepublicopinion. a euphemism for government control legal toolstheInternet, for ‘managing’ tion, butthat alsoadded another setof protect people from online persecu- to intended rules’ engine flesh human Court issues new rulings dubbed ‘anti- 11 October: police, who detainseveral protesters. provoke a heavy-handed response by electoral reforms, protestsspread and student strikes inHongKong over 28 September will alsocloseitsConfucius Institute. Pennsylvania State, announcesthat it On 1October,US university, asecond atacademic freedom theuniversity. condemning theInstitute’s impact on faculty members had signed a petition 孔子学院 China’s Supreme People’s . Morethanonehundred : Following aweek of - Television 国家广播电影电视总局 bans 24 October: Representatives from books by at least eight Chinese writ- twenty-one Asian nations sign an ers and scholars, including economist agreement to establish the Asian In- Mao Yushi, legal scholar Zhang Qian- frastructure Investment Bank, a Chi- fan 张千帆, historian Yu Ying-shih 余英 nese initiative that will lend money for 时 and columnists Xu Zhiyuan 许知远 infrastructure development in poor- and Xu Xiao 徐晓. er parts of Asia. The US, Japan, and Australia declined to join. The bank’s 15 October: At a ‘Forum on Art and founding capital is US$50 billion. Literature’ in Beijing, Xi Jinping calls on Chinese artists to create ‘socialist 10–12 November: The twenty-sixth culture and art’ that is ‘artistically out- annual gathering of APEC leaders standing and morally inspiring’ and takes place in Beijing. Factories and that serves ‘correct’ viewpoints with government offices are shut down and regard to history, nationality and cul- car use restricted for a week, giving ture. He singles out patriotic blogger rise to the phrase ‘APEC Blue’ APEC蓝 Zhou Xiaoping for special praise for to describe the resulting clear skies. his ‘positive energy’. Commentators 10 November: On the sidelines of the liken it to the 1942 speech on art and APEC gathering in Beijing, following literature by Mao Zedong that guided an awkward handshake, Chinese Pres- China’s cultural policies for the first ident Xi Jinping and Japanese Prime three decades of the Communist era. Minister Abe Shinzo hold their first 20–23 October: The Fourth Plenum formal talks. Session of the Eighteenth Central Com- 12 November: China reveals plans to mittee of the Chinese Communist Party establish a new bank to fund develop- convenes in Beijing. An official Central ment of the ‘New Silk Road’, reviving Party Communiqué is released togeth- intercontinental land routes and mar- er with a document on ‘Governing the itime links through central Asia. Four Country According to the Law’. days earlier, Xi Jinping had announced 341 340 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Chronology 2014 14 November: short-stay citizens. visasfor ordinary reciprocal ten-year, multiple entry change aswell asthe introduction of bitious bilateral agreement onclimate and Barack Obama announce an am- 12 November: inAsia. financial co-operation ture development andindustrial and in a New Silk Road fund for infrastruc- that China would invest US$40billion Abbott and Xi Jinping, representatives tween Australian PrimeMinister Tony 17 November: by two emotions:‘fear andgreed’ . ia’s policiestowards China are driven ister Tony Abbottadmits that Austral - Chancellor Angela Merkel, PrimeMin- at Kirribilli HousewiththeGerman 16 November blame. journalists had only themselves to foreign journalists,saying thebarred refusal to give visasto anumber of defending the Chinesegovernment’s journalist onpressfreedominChina, to aquestion from a New York Times APEC gathering, Xi Jinping responds ence with BarackObamafollowing the : Inaprivate exchange At a joint press confer- Following a meeting be Presidents XiJinping - into shares. vestors rushed to move their money a boostto China’sstock markets asin- immediate effects of therate cutwas to offset slowing growth. One of the widely seenas aneconomicstimulus of China cutsinterest rates, amove 21 November: by 2050. ocratic’ commitment to make China ‘fully dem- that Xihas made an unprecedented stands thestock formulation, and says Prime Minister Tony Abbottmisunder- nious by the middle of the century’. ic, culturally advanced and harmo thatcountry isprosperous, democrat aims to becomea‘modernsocialist Australia’s parliament, saying China 17 November: operating inChina. utives from Western tech companies exec- as well as firms Internet Chinese ipants includetheheadsof allmajor of Wuzhen, Zhejiangprovince. Partic- World Internet Conference in the town 19–21 November: China hosts the Agreement’. ture of the China–Australia Free Trade tion of Intent to work towards signa- of China and Australia sign a ‘Declara Xi Jinping addresses The People’sBank - - - 25 November: The Legislative Affairs 11 December: Police bring a peaceful Office of China’s State Council releases end to the seventy-five days of occu- for public comment a draft of China’s pation of Hong Kong’s central Admi- first national law against domestic ralty district by pro-democracy pro- violence, formally defining domestic testers; the last site (in Causeway Bay) violence as a crime and streamlining is cleared on 15 December. Protests the process for obtaining restraining continue, guerrilla style, with people orders. carrying yellow umbrellas while sing- ing Christmas carols and carrying out 30 November: As violent clashes be- other actions. tween pro-democracy protestors and police continue in Hong Kong, Beijing 13 December: China marks its first bars a group of British politicians from state commemoration of the Nanjing entering Hong Kong after one of them Massacre 国家公祭. declares support for the protests.

4 December: China celebrates its first China Constitution Day 国家宪法日.

9 December: China awards the third annual Confucius Peace Prize (found- ed in response to the awarding of the to Liu Xiaobo in 2010) to . Cuban students in Beijing accepted the award on be- half of their retired president. Previ- ous recipients include Vladimir Putin and 連戰 (former premier of Taiwan and chairman of the Kuo- mintang). 343 342 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Contributors 2014 CONTRIBUTORS

Geremie R Barmé is an historian, ed- Wardwell, based in Hong Kong. He itor and translator who has published is also a writer and commentator on widely on late-imperial and modern China-related issues. China. He is the Founding Director of the Australian Centre on China in the Gloria Davies is a literary scholar and World (CIW), College of Asia and the historian of China. She is Professor Pacific, The Australian National Uni- of Chinese Studies in the School of versity. Languages, Literatures, Cultures and Linguistics at Monash University and Carolyn Cartier is an urban geogra- pher who works on China and compar- an Adjunct Director of the CIW. ative urban studies. She is a professor Rebecca Fabrizi has a background as at the University of Technology, Syd- a diplomat for the UK and the EU. She ney and an Adjunct Director of CIW. is a Senior Strategic Research Fellow at Chen Shuxia 陈淑霞 is a PhD candi- CIW. Her research focuses on China’s date at CIW, researching on Chinese foreign policy-making apparatus, and photography groups as ‘amateur’ cul- on China’s relations with other major tural actors in the 1980s. powers, with its neighbourhood, and

Antony Dapiran is a partner of on regional and global governance international law firm Davis Polk & structures. 345 344 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Contributors 2014 ist, translator, with Geremie co-editor The Monkey andtheDragon, anessay - books, includingtheChina memoir Linda Jaivin istheauthor of eleven China. social life in Taiwan and mainland exploring contemporary culturaland representation inChinese contexts, His work examines knowledge and and an Adjunct Director of CIW. Chinese at theUniversity of Tasmania Mark Harrison He isanAdjunct Director of CIW. softwork, power andrelated issues. He writes onChineseunited front Asian Studies, University of Adelaide. ies andisHeadof theDepartment of GrootGerry ate Director of CIW. development issues.She isanAssoci on arange of Chinese transition and Jane Golley isaneconomistfocused Beijing. twenty years of living andworking in Nashville, Tennessee in 2015 after collaborator of CIW. He relocated to of Danwei.com, the digital research media entrepreneurand founder Jeremy Goldkorn isawriter and new lecturesin Chinese Stud- isaSeniorLecturerin - y im eis sa n the Pacific and Asia series film ly month- CIW’s China, and co-curates cinema, media and visual culturein low at CIW. on Sheconductsresearch Qian Ying CIW andEditor of EastAsianHistory. religions inChina. HeistheDirector of Benjamin Penny isanhistorian of cepts of criminaljustice,1980–2015. ject focuses onchanges inChinesecon- low at CIW. Her current proresearch Elisa Nesossi relations andtradepolicy. CIW specialisinginindustry–state David Murphy isaPhD candidate at he iscurrently researchdirector. of Danwei.com,and co-founder where Joel translator Martinsenisaliterary ative activism. and recent networks of EastAsiancre China–Japan relations through art, low at CIW who researches modern Olivier Krischer at CIW. Rebel Voices andeditorial consultant tion NewDreams: Chinese GhostsOld R Barméof theanthology of transla- 钱颖 is an ARC Research Fel-

is apostdoctoral fel- isapostdoctoral fel- - -

Screens. She will be an assistant pro- Jay Wang 王造玢 is the international fessor at Columbia University in 2015. product lead at a mobile social media startup, and enjoys translating in his Richard Rigby is a former senior spare time. diplomat and intelligence analyst who is now Director of the ANU China Nathan Woolley is a postdoctoral Institute and an Associate Director of fellow at CIW and an historian of CIW. dynastic China.

Brendan Taylor is Head of the Wuqiriletu is a PhD candidate at Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the School of Culture, History and ANU. He is a specialist on great power Languages at the ANU, and a research strategic relations, including Asia- officer at CIW. His research focuses on Pacific security (especially China and informal life politics in Mongolia and North Korea), US–China relations and North East Asia. economic sanctions. Aiden Xia 夏克余 is writer and works Susan Trevaskes is a researcher in as a researcher at Danwei.com in Bei- the area of a Chinese criminal justice jing. at Griffith University and is an Adjunct Director of CIW. She publishes on jus- Joanna (Yeejung) Yoon is a recent tice issues including policing, punish- graduate of Washington University in ment and the politics of law and order. St Louis with a major in East Asian Studies. She attended the Inter-Uni- Luigi Tomba is a political scientist versity Program to study Chinese from who has published widely on China’s 2013 to 2014. political and social change and the ur- ban condition. His latest book is The Zou Shu Cheng 邹述丞 is a student of Government Next Door. Neighborhood Classical Chinese history, thought and Politics in Urban China (Cornell Uni- literature. He recently completed an versity Press, 2014). He is an Associate Honours degree at ANU, investigating Director of CIW and was the co-editor filial and unfilial behaviours in pre- of The China Journal from 2005–2015. Qin thought. 347 346 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK Online Material 2014 ONLINE MATERIAL

Electronic versions of this book and supplementary materials are available for free download in a variety of formats at: www.chinastory.org. Below are some of the resources available on The China Story site:

China Story Yearbook 2014: The China Story Journal Shared Destiny The China Story Journal is a compan- thechinastory.org/yearbooks/ ion to the Yearbook where we publish a yearbook-2014 variety of articles, essays and enquiries throughout the year China Story Yearbook 2013: thechinastory.org/journal Civilising China

thechinastory.org/yearbooks/ Key Intellectuals yearbook-2013 Profiles of some of China’s leading public or citizen intellectuals, men and China Story Yearbook 2012: women who are vitally involved with Red Rising, Red Eclipse the ideas, debates and concerns about thechinastory.org/yearbooks/ China’s present and its future direction yearbook-2012 thechinastory.org/thinking- china/-key-intellectuals Dossier Chinese-language source materials and Index and searchable database for supplementary materials related to the The China Story Yearbooks thechinastory.org/yearbook/dossier thechinastory.org/index

Index and searchable database for the China Story Yearbook 2014 thechinastory.org/index/2014 349 348 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK List of Information Windows 2014 LIST OF INFORMATION WINDOWS

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 INT INT Under One Heaven The Chinese Internet: Unshared xi . Mingyun 命运, the ‘Destiny’ in Destiny ‘Shared Destiny’ 117 . Major Global Websites Blocked xv . Public Appearance in China xxi . Chairman of Everything 121 . Pressed and Ironed xxiv . Xi at the Helm: An Itinerary 142 . From the Manual of Disobedience xxx . Tigers Explain Tigers Used by the Hong Kong Protestors xxxv . China’s Destiny: Quotations from Generalissimo Chiang CHAPTER 4 INT INT CHAPTER 1 Destiny’s Mixed Metaphors 159 . Top Ten Academic Research Topics Great Expectations in 2013 27 . The Rise of Chinese Internet Finance 160 . Learning from Xi Jinping 28 . Local Government Debt: ‘No Money. 164 . New Internet Slang and Memes Really, No Money’ 166 . The Spring and Autumn Style 春秋 笔法 INT . CHAPTER 2 184 Translation: Magic, Realism

Whose Shared Destiny? 63 . Silent Contest 66 . MH370 69 . Russia–China Pipeline 351 350 CHINA STORY YEARBOOK List of Information Windows 2014 INT 236 235 222 221 218 217 215 213

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Naked Officials Chinese Students Abroad Where ChineseTravellers Go Mainland Tourists When inHongKong: Rules for What’s InandWhat’s Out Wanted to go in2014 Tourists Where Middle-Class in 2013 Where theEconomicElite Went Bling LosesitsSparkle Urban, MobileandGlobal CHAPTER 5

INT 266

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Big Game: FiveBig Game: ‘Tigers’ the Dagger of Justice The Sword of Disciplineand CHAPTER 6