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Home , 241 BC, 270 BC, 331 BC, Lord, Tyrrhenians, Zeno (consul 448)

The Rise and Fall of Rome & the Rise of Chrisanity World History GPS

• SSWH3 Examine the polical, philosophical, and cultural interacon of Classical Mediterranean sociees from 700 BCE/BC to 400 CE/AD. • 3a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the , and the . • 3b. Idenfy the ideas and impact of important individuals, include: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, , Julius Caesar, and Augustus Caesar. • 3c. Analyze the impact of Greek and Roman culture, polics, and technology. Parallel Events ( vs. Rome) • Events • Ancient Rome Events • 490-479 BC: Persian • 509 BC: Rome sets up a Wars Republic • 460 BC: Age of Pericles in • 450 BC: 12 Tables of Law • 270 BC: Rome controls • 431 BC: Peloponnesian most of Italian peninsula Wars • 264-146 BC: Punic Wars • 331 BC: Alexander the vs. Great conquers Persian • 133 BC: Roman power Empire: Hellenisc Age extends from to • 133 BC: end of Greek Egypt dominance in Med. world Rome: Beginnings

• Geography: Rome was built on 7 hills along Tiber River; located at center of & west of central Apennine Mts. (midway between Alps & Italian Peninsula’s southern p) • Defensible locaon & accessible for trade & transportaon Rome: Beginnings

• Lans: ancestors of the Romans – Herders and farmers: seled along the Tiber River along the 7 hills • Etruscans: ruled central and northern – Came from Asia Minor(Eastern Mediterranean) – Called themselves Tyrrhenians in honor of their • Romans borrowed , arch and worshipped similar /goddesses • Greeks: seled in southern Italy/ Rome: Beginnings

• -Legend has it that twin brothers, Romulus and Remus founded the city aer being raised by a wolf. • -According to the tale, the twins’ mother was a Lan woman and their father was the war Mars. • -This led Romans to believe that they had a divine origin. Rome: The Republic

• Romans drove out Etruscan rulers around 509 BC • Set up a Republic (govt. of the people) • Senate: most powerful governing body made up of 300 patricians (landholding ): served for life Checking for Understanding

• How did geography affect the development of Rome? • A republic is a democrac form of government in which people elect their leaders to make laws for them. How is this different from the democracy pracced by the Greeks in Athens? Rome: The Republic

• Patricians: wealthy • : common landowners (held most of farmers, arsans, the power) merchants (most of the • Inherited power and populaon) • Cizens with vong rights • Claimed authority to • Not allowed to hold govt. make laws came through posions ancestry • Eventually allowed to form an assembly & elect representaves called tribunes to protect them from unfair acts of officials Rome: Government under The Republic • Execuve: Assembly elected 2 consuls for one-year terms; commanded the army & directed the government; could not be re-elected for 10 years; each had veto power over the other • Legislave: Senate– 300 members (mostly patrician); controlled foreign/domesc policy; Tribal Assembly– made laws for plebeians & elected tribunes • Judicial:8 Praetors oversee courts & govern provinces • In mes of crisis (like war), a dictator was chosen with power to make laws & command the army for 6 months. The Roman Republic

• 450 BC: 12 Tables of Law set up in the Forum --- made it possible for plebeians to appeal decision of a The Roman Army

• All landowning cizens required to serve • 10 years military service was required to serve in public office. • Divided into legions (about 5000 men) and centuries (about 80 men) Roman Conquests & Wars

• Conquered most of Italy by 265 B.C. • 1st Punic War against Carthage: 264-241 B.C. Rome won control of Sicily & W. Med. • 2nd Punic War: 218-202 B.C. Nearly defeated by Hannibal but Scipio outsmarted him • 3rd Punic War: 149-146 B.C. Carthage destroyed • Aer Punic Wars, Rome dominated W. Med. then conquered E. Med. • Romans controlled from in the east to Spain in the west by 70 B.C. End of the Roman Republic

• Economic Problems: Wealthy landowners ran large estates/farms using slaves; many small farmers couldn’t compete, sold their farms, became poor, homeless or jobless, moved to cies • Gracchus Brothers (tribunes) proposed reforms like liming estate size & giving land to the poor but wealthy senators had them assassinated. End of the Roman Republic

• Military Problems: Some generals seized power by offering land to the poor who would fight for them & were no longer loyal to the Republic • This situaon allowed military leaders, supported by their own troop, to take power by force Checking for Understanding

• What was the difference in the patricians and plebeians? • In what ways was the government under the Roman Republic similar to our government? • Why was it important that the 12 Tables were wrien down and displayed in public? Julius Caesar

• He became consul in 59 B.C. & formed a triumvirate with Pompey & Crassus who helped him get elected. • Strong leader & military genius • Conquered Gaul (France) in 50 B.C. & appointed himself governor Julius Caesar cont.

• Caesar popularity made him dangerous so the Senate ordered his army to disband in 50 B.C. • 49 B.C.-Caesar defies the Senate & crosses Rubicon R. • 46 B.C. Caesar returns to Rome aer defeang Pompey’s army & named dictator • 44 B.C. Caesar named dictator for life • 44 B.C. killed by Senators who were afraid of losing power to him Reforms of Julius Caesar

• Granted Roman cizenship to people in the provinces • Expanded the Senate to include other regions • Created jobs for the poor through public building projects • Started colonies so people without land could own property • Increased pay for soldiers Beginning of the Roman Empire

• 2nd Triumvirate: Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew), Lepidus, Mark Antony controlled Rome aer Caesar’s death • 27 B.C.:Octavian turned against the other two, defeated them and named himself (supreme commander) & Augustus (“exalted one” • Pax Romana (Roman Peace) period between 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. of peace/prosperity in the Roman Empire The Roman Empire

• Government: civil services such as tax collecon & postal service maintained stability ; Senate sll funconed to make laws • Agriculture & trade: 90% of people engaged in farming; common coinage made trade easier; Rome traded in the Med., China, & India • Roman roads first built for the military helped trade and the spread of Roman culture Checking for Understanding

• What do you think was the main difference between the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire? Life in the Roman Empire

• Rich: had country & city homes; only rich could hold office (no pay); homes had running water/ baths; emphasized educaon(children had tutors at home or sent to boarding schools. • Poor: most lived in the country; Nearly 1 million Romans lived in crowded apartment buildings with constant danger of fire; government offered free food/entertainment to avoid rebellion Entertainment in the Roman Empire • Romans of all classes enjoyed circus, chariot races • Held in Circus Maximus—racetrack could hold 250,000 spectators • Also liked theater, mimes, jugglers, dancers, acrobats, clowns • Romans enjoyed spectacles in amphitheaters • Wild animals baled each other and professional fighters • Gladiator contests most popular, performed in Colosseum for 50,000 people • Roman baths were places for hygiene & socializing. (Baths had steam rooms, meeng rooms, pools) Entertainment in the Roman Empire A Roman Bath

The Colosseum Life in the Roman Empire

• Head of family—paterfamilias, • Upper class Romans placed great family father—oldest living male value on educaon • Had extensive powers over other • Parents taught children at home; members of family wealthy families hired tutors or • Within family structure, virtues of sent sons to exclusive schools to simplicity, religious devoon, learn Lan, Greek, law, math, obedience emphasized public speaking • Adopon important in Roman • Romans adopted much from society, a way to ensure family Greek mythology, also from name would be carried on Egypans, others • Women could do lile without • Each family worshipped local intervenon of male guardian, household gods, penates more freedom in lower classes • Many worshipped emperor in the Roman Empire • Slavery was significant to Roman life and economy • Probably more slavery than any previous civilizaon (as much as 1/3 of the populaon • Most slaves were conquered peoples (men, women, & children) • Slaves were property to be bought, sold, punished, freed, or put to death. • Strong male slaves were oen forced to become gladiators or professional fighters who fought to the death in public arenas Good & Bad Bad Good • Caligula: 37-41 A.D. • Nerva: 96-98 custom of mentally disturbed adopng heir • Trajan: 98-117 empire at • Nero: 54-68 vicious, largest; building programs; murderer, persecuted social welfare Chrisans • Hadrian:117-138 consolidated conquests; reorganized • Domian: 81-96 bureaucracy dictator; feared treason • Marcus Aurelius 161-180 everywhere & executed height of economic prosperity; many under suspicion defeated invaders; philosopher Mulple Causes: Fall of the Roman Empire Polical Social Economic Military • Polical office a • Decline in • Poor harvests • Threat from n. burden, not interest in public • Invaders European tribes reward affairs disrupted trade • Low funds for • Military • Low confidence • No war plunder defense interference in in empire • Gold/silver drain • Problems polics • Disloyalty, lack • Inflaon recruing • Civil war & of patriosm, • Crushing tax Roman Cizens unrest corrupon burden • Recruing of • Empire divided • Rich/poor gap • Rich/poor gap non-Romans • Capital moved to • Populaon • Increased • Decline of Byzanum decline due to in patriosm & disease & food western empire loyalty among shortage soldiers

IImmediate Cause: Invasion by Germanic tribes and Fall of the Roman Empire: Timeline

• 180 AD-Marcus Aurelia dies, end of Pax Romana • 284 AD-Dioclean divided empire into East & West, limits personal freedoms, • 305 AD- Death of Dioclean • 311 AD- Civil War with 4 rivals; Constanne wins the West • 324 AD-Constanne controls both halves of the Empire Fall of the Roman Empire: Timeline

• 330 AD-Constanne moves capital from Rome to Byzanum on the Black Sea. It was renamed Constannople. • 370 AD-Invasion by Huns pushed Germanic tribes (“barbarians”) into Roman territory • 410- Germanic tribes overran Rome & plundered it • 444-Ala the Hun aacks both halves of the empire • 476-last Roman emperor forced out by barbarians; Roman power in Western Empire disappears; Eastern half becomes Byzanne Empire Fall of the Roman Empire: Invasions Rome & the Roots of Western Civilizaon • Mixing of Greek, Hellenisc, and Roman culture produced Greco-Roman Culture or “Classical Civilizaon” • Roman Sculpture was realisc, praccal • Bas-Relief: form of sculpture in which images project from a flat background (used to tell stories, show crowds, soldiers fighng, and lanscapes • Mosaics: pictures/designs in flat surfaces using bits of glass, stone, or le The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Rome & the Roots of Western Civilizaon • Roman painng included frescos or large murals painted directly on their walls • Greek philosophy of stoicism () appealed to Romans with values of duty, moderaon, virtue, & endurance. • Epic poetry: Virgil wrote the Aenid modeled aer Homer’s epics • Ovid wrote light, wiy poetry such as Amores about being in love Rome & the Roots of Western Civilizaon • wrote a mulvolume history of Rome but used legends freely • Tacitus wrote accurate history in his Annals and Histories telling the good & bad of imperial Rome • The Lan language became the official language of the Roman Catholic Church and was also used to develop French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian & Romanian. Also, 50% of English words have a Lan root. Rome & the Roots of Western Civilizaon Architecture • Romans made good use of the arch and dome • First to use concrete to build structures like the Colosseum. • Aqueducts were used to bring water to cies (arches used to support them) • Roman roads made of stone & concrete connected the empire & some are sll used • Roman architectural forms used in US Capitol and many other public buildings The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Rome & the Roots of Western Civilizaon Roman Law • All have rights to equal treatment under the law • Burden of proof rests with accuser • People punished for acons, not thoughts • Unreasonable/unfair laws could be set aside The Rise of Chrisanity

• SSWH3 Examine the polical, philosophical, and cultural interacon of Classical Mediterranean sociees from 700 BCE/BC to 400 CE/AD. • e. Explain the origins and diffusion of Chrisanity in the Roman world. Rise of Chrisanity

• Rome took over Jewish kingdom in 6 AD. • OT Law & prophets taught that Messiah or “a savior” would come to free them from oppression (Genesis 3:15; Isaiah 9:2-7) • Some believed that Christ (born about 4 B.C.) was the Messiah and the “Son of God” • Over 350 prophecies about the Messiah were given several hundred years before the birth of Christ; Jesus fulfilled nearly all of them and some have yet to be completed

Rise of Chrisanity

• Genesis 3:15-- I'm declaring war between you and the Woman, between your offspring and hers. He'll wound your head, you'll wound his heel." The Message • Isaiah 9:6-7– “6 For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasng Father, of Peace. 7 Of the increase of his government and of peace there shall be no end, upon the of David, and upon his kingdom, to establish it, and to uphold it with jusce and with righteousness from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of of hosts will perform this.” ASV Events in the Life of Christ

• Born Approx. 4 B.C. in Bethlehem, Judea • Raised in Nazareth • Parents Mary & Joseph, descendants of David • Raised in Nazareth & did carpentry with his father • Public ministry for about 3 years starng age 30 • Crucified & resurrected about age 33 Teachings of Jesus

• Followed Jewish law & prophets promong & principles like Ten Commandments • Emphasized personal relaonship with God • Stressed love for God, neighbors, enemies, self • Taught that God would end wickedness & establish an eternal righteous kingdom for those who repented & believed in Him Death/Resurrecon of Jesus

• He aracted large crowds to hear his preaching & to be healed by him. • Jewish leaders claimed he blasphemed against God by claiming to be God’s son • They handed him over to Roman leaders who thought he might start a revoluon • He was crucified (nailed to a cross) on a Friday & rose from the dead on Sunday • He appeared to his disciples aer his death then ascended into heaven Isaiah 53:1-6 1 Who has believed our report? And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed? 2 For He shall grow up before Him as a tender plant,And as a root out of dry ground. He has no form or comeliness; And when we see Him, There is no beauty that we should desire Him. 3 He is despised and rejected by men, A Man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. And we hid, as it were, our faces from Him; He was despised, and we did not esteem Him. 4 Surely He has borne our griefs And carried our sorrows; Yet we esteemed Him stricken, Smien by God, and afflicted. 5 But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquies; The chassement for our peace was upon Him, And by His stripes we are healed. 6 All we like sheep have gone astray; We have turned, every one, to his own way; And the Lord has laid on Him the iniquity of us all. Spread of Chrisanity • Aer his death, Jesus disciples began teach that he was Messiah & could forgive sins • Acts 2 records the outpouring of the Holy Spirit which gave Chrisans such as Peter boldness to witness & 3,000 became Chrisans on that day from all over the Roman Empire • Pax Romana gave ideal condions for the Chrisan message to spread because travel was safe • Common Languages (Lan & Greek) made Chrisanity easy to understand • Paul was a Jew and Roman cizen who wrote several epistles (leers) in the & spread Chrisanity with his missionary journeys Paul’s Missionary Journeys Persecuon of Chrisans

• Chrisans refused to Roman gods (including the emperor) which was viewed as rebellion • Chrisans used as scapegoats for polical & economic problems • Exiled, imprisoned or executed; they were crucified, burned or killed in the arena by gladiators or wild animals The Appeal of Chrisanity

• It embraced all people-men, women, slave, free, poor or rich • Gave hope to the powerless • Appealed to those repelled by extravagance of imperial Rome • Offered personal relaonship with a loving God • Promised eternal life aer death • For discussion: Why do you think that Chrisanity connued to spread even though many early Chrisans faced terrible persecuon & death? The Roman’s Road-Plan of Salvaon • Roman’s 3:23 “For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.” • Romans 3:10 “As it is wrien: “There is none righteous, no, not one”” • Romans 6:23 “for the wages of sin is death but the gi of God is eternal life in Jesus Christ our Lord” • Romans 5:8 “But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us” • Romans 10:9-10 “that if you confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus and believe in your heart that God raised Him from the dead, you will be saved. For with the heart one unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvaon. Rise of the Roman Catholic Church

• 313- Constanne approves Chrisanity for the empire(Edict of Milan) • 380- Theodosius makes Chrisanity the official of the empire • Hierarchy of church leaders: local priests, bishops over several churches, pope was head of the church • Church leaders established OT & NT as the inspired Word of God Rise of the Roman Catholic Church

• Nicene Creed established in 325 to define basic church beliefs • Augusne-church father (Bishop of Hippo in N. ) taught salvaon by grace & grace could only be received by church membership & the sacraments