The Rise and Fall of Rome & the Rise of Chris4anity World History GPS • SSWH3 Examine the polical, philosophical, and cultural interac2on of Classical Mediterranean socie2es from 700 BCE/BC to 400 CE/AD. • 3a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. • 3b. Idenfy the ideas and impact of important individuals, include: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Augustus Caesar. • 3c. Analyze the impact of Greek and Roman culture, polics, and technology. Parallel Events (Greece vs. Rome) • Ancient Greek Events • Ancient Rome Events • 490-479 BC: Persian • 509 BC: Rome sets up a Wars Republic • 460 BC: Age of Pericles in • 450 BC: 12 Tables of Law Athens • 270 BC: Rome controls • 431 BC: Peloponnesian most of Italian peninsula Wars • 264-146 BC: Punic Wars • 331 BC: Alexander the vs. Carthage Great conquers Persian • 133 BC: Roman power Empire: Hellenis4c Age extends from Spain to • 133 BC: end of Greek Egypt dominance in Med. world Rome: Beginnings • Geography: Rome was built on 7 hills along Tiber River; located at center of Mediterranean Sea & west of central Apennine Mts. (midway between Alps & Italian Peninsula’s southern 4p) • Defensible locaon & accessible for trade & transportaon Rome: Beginnings • Lans: ancestors of the Romans – Herders and farmers: se[led along the Tiber River along the 7 hills • Etruscans: ruled central and northern Italy – Came from Asia Minor(Eastern Mediterranean) – Called themselves Tyrrhenians in honor of their king • Romans borrowed Etruscan alphabet, arch and worshipped similar gods/goddesses • Greeks: se[led in southern Italy/Sicily Rome: Beginnings • -Legend has it that twin brothers, Romulus and Remus founded the city aer being raised by a wolf. • -According to the tale, the twins’ mother was a Lan woman and their father was the war god Mars. • -This led Romans to believe that they had a divine origin. Rome: The Republic • Romans drove out Etruscan rulers around 509 BC • Set up a Republic (govt. of the people) • Senate: most powerful governing body made up of 300 patricians (landholding upper class): served for life Checking for Understanding • How did geography affect the development of Rome? • A republic is a democrac form of government in which people elect their leaders to make laws for them. How is this different from the democracy prac4ced by the Greeks in Athens? Rome: The Republic • Patricians: wealthy • Plebeians: common landowners (held most of farmers, ar4sans, the power) merchants (most of the • Inherited power and populaon) social status • Ci4zens with vo4ng rights • Claimed authority to • Not allowed to hold govt. make laws came through posions ancestry • Eventually allowed to form an assembly & elect representaves called tribunes to protect them from unfair acts of patrician officials Rome: Government under The Republic • Execu4ve: Assembly elected 2 consuls for one-year terms; commanded the army & directed the government; could not be re-elected for 10 years; each had veto power over the other • Legislave: Senate– 300 members (mostly patrician); controlled foreign/domes4c policy; Tribal Assembly– made laws for plebeians & elected tribunes • Judicial:8 Praetors oversee courts & govern provinces • In 4mes of crisis (like war), a dictator was chosen with absolute power to make laws & command the army for 6 months. The Roman Republic • 450 BC: 12 Tables of Law set up in the Forum --- made it possible for plebeians to appeal decision of a judge The Roman Army • All landowning ci4zens required to serve • 10 years military service was required to serve in public office. • Divided into legions (about 5000 men) and centuries (about 80 men) Roman Conquests & Wars • Conquered most of Italy by 265 B.C. • 1st Punic War against Carthage: 264-241 B.C. Rome won control of Sicily & W. Med. • 2nd Punic War: 218-202 B.C. Nearly defeated by Hannibal but Scipio outsmarted him • 3rd Punic War: 149-146 B.C. Carthage destroyed • A^er Punic Wars, Rome dominated W. Med. then conquered E. Med. • Romans controlled from Anatolia in the east to Spain in the west by 70 B.C. End of the Roman Republic • Economic Problems: Wealthy landowners ran large estates/farms using slaves; many small farmers couldn’t compete, sold their farms, became poor, homeless or jobless, moved to cies • Gracchus Brothers (tribunes) proposed reforms like limi4ng estate size & giving land to the poor but wealthy senators had them assassinated. End of the Roman Republic • Military Problems: Some generals seized power by offering land to the poor who would fight for them & were no longer loyal to the Republic • This situaon allowed military leaders, supported by their own troop, to take power by force Checking for Understanding • What was the difference in the patricians and plebeians? • In what ways was the government under the Roman Republic similar to our government? • Why was it important that the 12 Tables were wri[en down and displayed in public? Julius Caesar • He became consul in 59 B.C. & formed a triumvirate with Pompey & Crassus who helped him get elected. • Strong leader & military genius • Conquered Gaul (France) in 50 B.C. & appointed himself governor Julius Caesar cont. • Caesar popularity made him dangerous so the Senate ordered his army to disband in 50 B.C. • 49 B.C.-Caesar defies the Senate & crosses Rubicon R. • 46 B.C. Caesar returns to Rome aer defeang Pompey’s army & named dictator • 44 B.C. Caesar named dictator for life • 44 B.C. killed by Senators who were afraid of losing power to him Reforms of Julius Caesar • Granted Roman ci4zenship to people in the provinces • Expanded the Senate to include other regions • Created jobs for the poor through public building projects • Started colonies so people without land could own property • Increased pay for soldiers Beginning of the Roman Empire • 2nd Triumvirate: Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew), Lepidus, Mark Antony controlled Rome aer Caesar’s death • 27 B.C.:Octavian turned against the other two, defeated them and named himself emperor (supreme commander) & Augustus (“exalted one” • Pax Romana (Roman Peace) period between 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. of peace/prosperity in the Roman Empire The Roman Empire • Government: civil services such as tax collec4on & postal service maintained stability ; Senate s4ll func4oned to make laws • Agriculture & trade: 90% of people engaged in farming; common coinage made trade easier; Rome traded in the Med., China, & India • Roman roads first built for the military helped trade and the spread of Roman culture Checking for Understanding • What do you think was the main difference between the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire? Life in the Roman Empire • Rich: had country & city homes; only rich could hold office (no pay); homes had running water/ baths; emphasized educaon(children had tutors at home or sent to boarding schools. • Poor: most lived in the country; Nearly 1 million Romans lived in crowded apartment buildings with constant danger of fire; government offered free food/entertainment to avoid rebellion Entertainment in the Roman Empire • Romans of all classes enjoyed circus, chariot races • Held in Circus Maximus—racetrack could hold 250,000 spectators • Also liked theater, mimes, jugglers, dancers, acrobats, clowns • Romans enjoyed spectacles in amphitheaters • Wild animals baled each other and professional fighters • Gladiator contests most popular, performed in Colosseum for 50,000 people • Roman baths were places for hygiene & socializing. (Baths had steam rooms, mee4ng rooms, pools) Entertainment in the Roman Empire A Roman Bath The Colosseum Life in the Roman Empire • Head of family—paterfamilias, • Upper class Romans placed great family father—oldest living male value on educaon • Had extensive powers over other • Parents taught children at home; members of family wealthy families hired tutors or • Within family structure, virtues of sent sons to exclusive schools to simplicity, religious devo4on, learn Lan, Greek, law, math, obedience emphasized public speaking • Adop4on important in Roman • Romans adopted much from society, a way to ensure family Greek mythology, also from name would be carried on Egyp4ans, others • Women could do li[le without • Each family worshipped local interven4on of male guardian, household gods, penates more freedom in lower classes • Many worshipped emperor Slavery in the Roman Empire • Slavery was significant to Roman life and economy • Probably more slavery than any previous civilizaon (as much as 1/3 of the populaon • Most slaves were conquered peoples (men, women, & children) • Slaves were property to be bought, sold, punished, freed, or put to death. • Strong male slaves were o^en forced to become gladiators or professional fighters who fought to the death in public arenas Good & Bad Emperors Bad Good • Caligula: 37-41 A.D. • Nerva: 96-98 custom of mentally disturbed adop4ng heir • Trajan: 98-117 empire at • Nero: 54-68 vicious, largest; building programs; murderer, persecuted social welfare Chris4ans • Hadrian:117-138 consolidated conquests; reorganized • Domi4an: 81-96 bureaucracy dictator; feared treason • Marcus Aurelius 161-180 everywhere & executed height of economic prosperity; many under suspicion defeated invaders; philosopher Mul4ple Causes: Fall of the Roman Empire Polical Social Economic Military • Poli4cal office a • Decline in • Poor harvests • Threat from n. burden, not interest in public • Invaders European tribes reward affairs disrupted trade • Low funds for • Military • Low confidence • No war plunder defense