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1848 INTRO_8pp 20/1/05 4:30 pm Page i (Black plate) Introduction New perspectives on thinking and learning for sustainability Linkingthinking introduction 1848 INTRO_8pp 20/1/05 4:30 pm Page ii (Black plate) Foreword “To live in the third millennium, … we shall need new thinking joined with new ways of perceiving and visioning ourselves, others, nature and the world around us.” Ervin Laszlo, 3rd Millennium – The Challenge and the Vision, Gaia Books, 1997 Welcome to the Linkingthinking Series, an innovative resource designed to help develop both students’ and your own understanding and skills with regard to relational or systems thinking. WWF Scotland commissioned these materials in the belief that the ability to think in a more connective or integrative way is essential to living in a highly interdependent world. You do not have to know anything about systems thinking beforehand to benefit from these materials. The Linkingthinking Series was written as an introduction to systems thinking, to help educators and students develop their own latent abilities to think relationally. You don’t have to ‘work through’ all of the units. They have been designed so that they can be used flexibly – either as a professional development course, as a teaching course, or as a resource that can be dipped into and adapted to help enhance teaching across a wide range of disciplines. The Linkingthinking materials have been trialled and tested. You can be confident that they will help you and your students discover some new perspectives, promote discussion and develop new skills to think effectively about complex issues. The citizens and professionals of tomorrow will require such qualities as flexibility, resourcefulness, creativity, self-reliance and empathy, and the ability to participate actively and responsibly. The Linkingthinking materials are designed to help develop the thinking skills that underpin these qualities.. 1848 INTRO_8pp 20/1/05 4:30 pm Page iii (Black plate) Introduction Table of contents Linkingthinking Series Foreword Introducing the Linkingthinking Series The Linkingthinking Perspectives Series Unit 1 Linkingthinking, education and learning: an introduction by Stephen Sterling Unit 2 Developing Linkingthinking perspectives and skills in problem solving by Stephen Sterling Unit 3 Exploring sustainable development through Linkingthinking perspectives by Stephen Sterling Unit 4 Linking(thinking) everyday life to natural systems and resource use by Paul Maiteny The Linkingthinking Focus Series Unit 5 Linkingthinking and Core Skills by Deryck Irving Unit 6 Bringing environmental issues into the mainstream curriculum by John Salter Unit 7 Using Linkingthinking in a real system by Deryck Irving The Linkingthinking Toolbox Glossary Terms that are underlined throughout the Linkingthinking materials, are defined in the Glossary Introducing the Linkingthinking series iii 1848 INTRO_8pp 20/1/05 4:30 pm Page iv (Black plate) Introduction Introducing the Linkingthinking Series What is this about? Linkingthinking is: • a new and ground-breaking flexible suite of learning and teaching resources • for teachers, lecturers and other educators, and their students • about thinking and acting in more relational ways: the why, what and how • about generating new perspectives, introducing systems ideas and developing relational thinking skills which are broadly applicable to different situations and contexts • a set of ideas, tools, and activities that will help you and your students learn Linkingthinking skills easily • a challenging, thought-provoking resource, designed to help you and your students generate new perspectives appropriate to a highly interdependent world. The Linkingthinking materials comprise: • two series of units: The Perspectives Series (four titles), The Focus Series (three titles) • a freestanding Toolbox of activities • a Glossary. But what is ‘Linkingthinking’? It’s the term used here to describe thinking about the nature and consequences of relationships. Similar terms are ‘systems thinking’ and ‘holistic thinking’. We are used to analytical thinking and reductionist thinking which understands things by taking them apart. But in a highly complex and turbulent world, there’s an increasingly shared view that analytical thinking is not enough. Indeed, by itself, it’s probably compounding our problems. Linkingthinking is the necessary complement to analytical and critical thinking: approaches to problem solving and ways of thinking that are more holistic, systemic, ecological, inclusive and integrative. Why this resource? Although there is a strong argument for developing Linkingthinking ideas and skills in education, it is hardly yet recognised in current curricula and policy objectives. Because of this, there are few, if any, educational resources which help develop these essential skills. Is this for me? If you, your institution or organisation: • are interested in thinking skills but think the debate so far is ‘missing something’ • feel perplexed or overwhelmed by complexity in our lives • are interested in developing understanding about how things interrelate • are concerned by too much fragmentation and segregation in educational structures, knowledge, or policy making • are interested in the sort of thinking skills, values and concepts that might be needed in the transition towards a more sustainable society, then you will welcome Linkingthinking. iv Introducing the Linkingthinking series 1848 INTRO_8pp 20/1/05 4:30 pm Page v (Black plate) Introduction What is the rationale behind Linkingthinking? The writers, partners and WWF Scotland have developed this package in the belief that Linkingthinking: • is vital to help people cope with, understand and address the complex issues that increasingly dominate life • is virtually ignored in consideration of thinking skills and in the debate on critical thinking • is a perspective and skill that can be learnt and taught • is largely unknown to and inaccessible to most people and needs to be translated into usable educational concepts and tools • is increasingly needed in an interdependent world that urgently needs to move towards more sustainable lifestyles for the sake of all our futures. How to use the Linkingthinking Series It is multi-functional: • A self-development course: the units are designed for you, the tutor, to teach yourself. • A resource for teaching systems thinking: any part of the units can also be used to help teach and work with student groups. • Versatile: it is useful within a wide range of subjects – geography, science, business studies, design and technology, personal and social education, etc. It is flexible: • The material can be used flexibly: dip into it, or use it as a whole modular course, in any order that meets the needs of users. • The four units in The Perspectives Series (Units 1-4) are freestanding, and can be used separately, or together with other units in The Focus Series (Units 5-7). • The three units in The Focus Series (Units 5-7) are also freestanding and can be used separately or together with other units in The Perspectives Series (Units 1-4). Note that The Focus Series was written with Scottish curricula in mind. • Each unit consists of two parts: Part A, ‘Key Ideas’ and Part B, ‘Further Investigation’. • There is also a stand-alone Toolbox that can be used with, or independently of, the units. It is adaptable: • While written for educators, many of the ideas and activities can be easily adapted for student use. WWF Scotland commissioned a team of writers to develop the ideas of Linkingthinking and generate this resource. The units represent their personal treatment of the subject and do not necessarily reflect the views of WWF Scotland. Introducing the Linkingthinking series v 1848 INTRO_8pp 20/1/05 4:30 pm Page vi (Black plate) Introduction Acknowledgments Written by Stephen Sterling, Paul Maiteny, Deryck Irving and John Salter for WWF Scotland Edited by Fiona Duncan Designed by Clare Mansfield, Ecographic Additional contributions from: Linda Cracknell (WWF Scotland), Betsy King (WWF Scotland), Donald de Voil (previously with WWF Scotland) Members of the Linkingthinking Project Advisory / Trial and Review Group Seaton Baxter University of Dundee Sue Crossan Williamwood High School Drew Davidson Barony College Colin Elliot Heriot-Watt University Dave Gilvear University of Stirling Bobby Hogg HM Inspectorate of Education Paul Jowitt Heriot-Watt University Jackie Kent Dunblane Primary School Adrian Kitchen Falkirk College Alastair Lavery RSPB Scotland Marie-Jeanne McNaughton University of Strathclyde Belinda Miller Aberdeen City Council Irene Morrison University of Strathclyde Alison Nind Currie Community High School John Parry University of Sussex Eleanor Pearson Scottish Qualifications Authority Jannet Robinson Deans Community High School John Salter Elmwood College Kevin Sinclair Bell College Sheree Smith Boclair Academy John Smyth Emeritus Professor, University of Paisley Brian Spoor Scottish Natural Heritage June Thomas Stow College Sandra Thomson Madras College Allen Thurston University of Dundee Drennan Watson Landwise Consultants Mark Wells Scottish Environment Protection Agency Keith Wright Cumbernauld Academy Jackie Yuill Perth Academy vi Introducing the Linkingthinking series 1848 INTRO_8pp 20/1/05 4:30 pm Page vii (Black plate) Introduction About the authors Dr Stephen Sterling is an independent consultant in environmental and sustainability education, working in the academic and NGO fields in the UK and internationally.