The Square Deal: The Effects of Progressivism

Act Attempted Square Deal Era Future Implications Reform Sherman Limitation of T.R. used this act to “trust‐bust” a. AT&T breakup of the 1980s Antitrust Act, the power of several large monopolies: b. Established Fair Trade and 1890 the Trust • Northern Securities destroyed monopolies • Standard Oil c. Price fixing by several • American Tobacco Co. corporations in the 1960s & • Beef Trust 1970s Inter‐state Regulation and T.R. strengthened this act; he added Commerce Act, standardization “teeth” to it. 1887 of railroad rates a. Regulated freight rates and prohibited rebates and price fixing b. Established interstate rates for transportation of goods Elkins Act, 1903 Establishment a. Uniform labor laws, hours, and a. Called the Anti‐Rebate Act; of Department type of labor now we might call it the Anti‐ of Commerce b. Published freight rates Kick‐Back Act and Labor, c. Penalized shippers who b. Regulates common carriers of Bureau of received rebates as well as ones people and freight‐‐‐UPS, Corporations who gave them Greyhound, Amtrak, etc. d. Provided for punishment of violators Hepburn Act, Amendment of a. Established commission to a. Regulates rates for passengers 1906 ICC Act; put enforce ICC orders as well as freight “force” into the b. Enforcement of rate regulations b. Air travel cost controls Act c. Uniform system of bookkeeping c. Air freight price controls d. Establish normal rates Meat Inspection All meat sold a. All meat was marked by a. We now have high grade meat Act, 1906 must be Federal Inspectors and graded sold. inspected. b. Meat industry was “cleaned b. Fish is currently (1986) not up.” regulated. Pure Food & Extension of Truth in Packaging & Labels – a. Contents of food and drug Drug Act, 1906 federal medicine as well as food packages must now be listed inspection to all on the label. packaged foods b. All additives/chemicals must and drugs be listed on the labels as well. c. Cosmetics are not covered. Expediting Act, Addition of staff Speeded judicial consideration of Corporations cannot delay trials. 1903 to Anti‐Trust antitrust cases. These cases are given precedence. Division of Justice Department Reclamation Put Federal a. Federal government built a. Much unusable land reclaimed Act, 1902 government in several dams, tunnels, flumes, for use today. business of etc. b. Many recreation areas conservation b. Erosion of much land was created. halted. c. Ponds and lakes created.

Inland Water‐ Called attention a. Experts gathered to discuss a. Conservation practices in use ways to National national conservation needs. today Commission, Conservation b. National Index of natural b. Many new recreation areas 1907 needs and resources established. available. programs c. Government regulations established concerning cutting timber on federal lands. d. Water power and develo9pment e. Forest fire control f. Protection established for navigable rivers and inland waterways. Forest Reserve Harrison put 13 a. T.R. added 150 million acres to a. Forest service now working to Act, 1891 million acres national Forest system. maintain and protect forests into National b. 85 million acres of Alaska, and for public recreational use forest, the Northwest reserved for b. Camping, etc. Cleveland 25 further study. and McKinley 7. Carey Irrigation Gave states T.R. increased amount of land Act, 1894 rights over fourfold public lands to be reclaimed through irrigation, ineffective New Lands Irrigation a. Land reclamation service a. Much nonproductive land in Reclamation projects should established. farm and recreational use. Act, 1902 be financed out b. Restricted use of public land for b. Dams constructed: of public land private power concerns. • Roosevelt – Arizona sales. • Arrowrock – Idaho • Hoover – Colorado River • Grand Coulee – Columbia River National a. 5 new Many beautiful areas of the country a. Much financial gain to states Monuments national are now protected. that have parks Act, 1906 parks b. Recreation established b. 50 game refuges established c. 4 game preserves National Center National forest department Conservation established for transferred to Agriculture Association, education and Department 1909 research in U.S.