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ISLAMISKA MYNT En Studie Av Några Sena Dynastiers Mynt Funna I Svenska, Baltiska Och Ryska Skattfynd

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ISLAMISKA MYNT En Studie Av Några Sena Dynastiers Mynt Funna I Svenska, Baltiska Och Ryska Skattfynd ISLAMISKA MYNT En studie av några sena dynastiers mynt funna i svenska, baltiska och ryska skattfynd. Uppsats i påbyggnadskurs i arkeologi vid Stockholms Universitet, Numismatiska forskningsgruppen. Av: Marcus Johansson, ht 1997 Handledare: Kenneth Jonsson Abstract: This paper deals with Islamic coins struck during the late Viking Age (i.e. ca 930-1015). The material derives from hoards found in Estonia, Russia, and Sweden. The paper deals especially with coins struck by Buwayhids, Hamdanids, Ikhshidids, Ilekkhanids, Marwanids, Uqaylids, and Ziyarids. Based on this material I have been able to see where the different dynasties are represented and in what quantities. I have also been able to see differencies in import regarding the different regions. One of the main results is that there are two different import ways to Russia and the Baltic area, one from the Caspian sea via Volga through Russia and into the Baltic area and one from the Black sea via Dnepr or Dnestr/Vistula and into the Baltic area. The other result in this study is that after a period of an insignificant import between 970-990, a new source of import can be proven. These new coins where struck by the Marwanids and Uqaylids. By the mid-1010s the import of Islamic coins seems to have come to an end. Omslaget föreställer ett mynt präglat under den buwyhidiske härskaren `Adud al-Dawla under hans tid som Amir al-Umara´ 977-983 e.Kr./366-372 a. H. Bilden är hämtad från Marsden 1977. Skalan är ca 2,5:1 Innehåll 1. Introduktion 2 1.1 Inledning 2 1.2 Syfte 3 1.3 Frågeställning 3 1.4 Material och avgränsning 3 1.5 Metod 3 1.6 Definitioner 3 1.7 Vilken information kan utläsas på den islamiska dirhemen? 4 2. Forskningshistorik 4 3. Dynastierna 5 3.1 Samanider 5 3.2 Hamdanider 6 3.3 Ikhshidider 6 3.4 Buwayhider 7 3.5 Ziyarider 8 3.6 Marwanider 9 3.7 Uqaylider 9 3.8 Ilekkhanider 10 4. Materialpresentation, analys och tolkning 10 4.1 Skattfynden 10 4.1.1 Källkritik 11 4.1.2 Aktiv och kontinuerlig import 11 4.1.3 Svenska fastlandet 11 4.1.4 Gotland 12 4.1.5 Baltikum 12 4.1.6 Ryssland 12 4.2 Skattfynden talar 13 4.3 Dynastierna i skattfynden 14 4.3.1 Hamdanider 14 4.3.2 Ikhshidider 14 4.3.3 Buwayhider 15 4.3.4 Ziyarider 15 4.3.5 Marwanider 15 4.3.6 Uqaylider 16 4.3.7 Ilekkhanider 16 4.4 Dynastierna och importen 16 5. Sammanfattning 17 6. Referenser 19 7. Kartor och diagram 20 Fig.1-7 kartor Fig.8-16 diagram 8. Appendix , Fyndlista 27 1 1. Introduktion Inom det nutida Sverigers gränser har man idag funnit ca 225 750 mynt fördelade på ca 2400 fynd som härstammar från vikingatiden (Databas, Numismatiska forskningsgruppen). Vikingatiden placeras ur numismatiskt perspektiv från början av 800-talet fram till början av 1100-talet. Av de 225 750 mynt man påträffat kommer ca 65% från Gotland. Fördelningen av mynten är ca 69 500 islamiska (Jonsson, 1997:7), ca 95 300 tyska och ca 42 200 engelska (Databas, Numismatiska forskningsgruppen). De islamiska mynten började strömma in i norra Europa (Sverige, Baltikum, Ryssland och Polen) i början av 800- talet. Mynten kom i huvudsak från det mäktiga abbasidkalifatet. Det har även påträffats en del mynt tillhörande det tidigare umayyadkalifatet som störtades av abbasiderna 750. Nästa stora grupp mynt som började strömma in i slutet av 800-talet kom från Transoxanien, som kontrollerades av den samanidiska dynastin. Området var tidigare en provins inom abbasidkalifatet som mot slutet av 800-talet blev självständigt. Denna grupp mynt är den överlägset bäst representerade i norra Europa. I början av 900-talet hade abbasidkalifatet försvagats och fler självständiga dynastier hade bildats. Kalifatet förfogade över mindre och mindre områden och den slutgiltiga förödmjukelsen kom när de persiska buwayhiderna ockuperade Madinat al-Salam (Bagdad) 945. Denna uppsats kommer att behandla en del av de yngsta islamiska mynten som importerats till Sverige, Baltikum och Ryssland; mynt som präglats av några av de självständiga dynastier som fick makt i och med abbasidkalifatets sönderfall. De har präglats inom islamiskt område från 930-talet till mitten av 1010-talet. Naturligtvis fortsätter man att prägla mynt efter 1010-talet, men det är vid den tiden importen av islamiskt silver upphör. De islamiska silvermynten kallas för dirhem eller dirham, guldmynten för dinar och kopparmynten för fals, i plural fulus. Alla benämningar på mynt i uppsatsen avser dirhemer. Den islamiska tiderräkningen är något annorlunda än den kristna. Inom den islamiska tideräkningen använder man sig av månåret som är 354 dagar medan i den kristna tideräkningen går efter solåret som är 365 dagar. Den islamiska tiderräkningen startar dessutom 622 e.Kr. vilket är året för profeten Muhammads flykt från Mekka till Medina. När man konverterar präglingsårtal från islamisk tideräkning till kristen tiderräkning måste man använda två ental i den genomförda konverteringen (ex. 391=999/1000). Detta system måste användas eftersom att det inte står på myntet vilken dag och månad på året det är präglat. Det finns i huvudsak två ledande teorier om varför de vikingatida silvermynten kommit att hamna på Gotland och det svenska fastland. Den ena orsaken är via handel och den andra är via plundring och som krigsbyte. Jag förutsätter att silvermynten har kommit hit p.g.a handel, men säkert har pundring förekommit även om tyngdpunkten ligger på det förra. Någon diskussion om detta kommer inte att föras då detta inte är en del av uppsatsens syfte. 1.1 Inledning Anledningen till att uppsatsen skrivs är en personlig vilja att lära mig mer om den vikingatida islamiska världen och de handelskontakter som nordborna bedrev med denna under vikingatiden. Det lämpligaste valet har därför varit att försöka behandla en bråkdel av det ofantliga islamiska myntmaterial man hittills påträffat i framförallt Sverige. Jag vill passa på att tacka min handledare Kenneth Jonsson för hans visa vägledning, Gert Rispling för att tålmodigt svarat på mina frågor och hjälpt mig få fram relevant litteratur, men framförallt vill jag tacka Thomas S. Noonan för att han givit mig tillstånd att använda hans, ännu så länge, opublicerade fyndlistor. 2 1.2 Syfte Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge en introduktion till den islamiska världen under den aktuella perioden med utgångpunkt från de dynastier som präglat mynt funna på det svenska fastlandet (inkl Öland), Gotland, Baltikum och Ryssland. Se hur fyndmaterialet förhåller sig till de studerade regionerna och om man kan se några tecken på specifika importvägar. Hitta en tänkbar förklaring till varför den islamiska myntimporten ersätts med den tyska och engelska importen. 1.3 Frågeställning Vilka är de största av de yngsta dynastierna? Hur uppträder dynastiernas mynt i fyndmaterialet? Vilken är den, i fyndmaterialet, inbördes skillnaden mellan dynastierna och varför? Kan man se antydningar till olika importvägar i fyndmaterialet? Varför tar importen av islamiska silvermynt slut? 1.4 Material och avgränsningar Uppsatsen baseras till stor del på opublicerade fyndlistor som Thomas S. Noonan upprättat över Sverige, Baltikum och Ryssland. Listorna innehåller alla fynd med 5 islamiska mynt eller mer. Alla fynd som innerhåller färre än 5 exemplar är således inte med i uppsatsen. Sammanlagt handlar det om 216 fynd om ca 2000 mynt. Ytteligare ca 500 mynt är med i uppsatsen, men då de endast kunnat bestämmas till dynasti och inte till präglingsår, är de endast medtagna vid en kvantitativ jämförelse. 1.5 Metod Jag har sorterat ur alla de mynt relevanta för uppsatsen och lagt in dem i en databas. Databasen har sedan sorterats efter dels präglingsår och dels efter fyndort. Utifrån databasen har jag dessutom valt att behandla sju dynastier lite närmare; urvalet är baserat på mängden mynt som påträffats från varje dynasti. Med hjälp av databasen har jag fått fram diagram som visar hur representationen av de olika dynastiernas mynt ser ut i fynden från de olika studerade regionerna. Gotland har avskiljts från Sverige och utgör en egen region. Med hjälp av databaslistan har jag dessutom studerat vilka dynastier som uppsträder i vilka fynd. En viss jämförelse mellan präglingsår för myntet och t.p.q. (terminus post quem) har genomförts. Utöver detta har jag läst historisk och numismatisk litteratur som varit relevant för uppsatsen. 1.6 Definitioner Dirhem Islamiskt silvermynt. Dynastier Den islamiska världen bestod av många olika familjer som hade mer eller mindre kontroll över olika landområden. Dessa familjer benämns dynastier. Präglingsår Det år myntet är präglat. 3 T.p.q. Terminus post quem. När man bestämmer tidigast möjliga nedläggningstid för ett fynd bestäms det av det yngsta daterbara myntet i ett fynd. Landskapsförkortningar Bl - Blekinge Sö - Södermanland Gä - Gästrikland Up - Uppland Ha - Halland Vg - Västergötland Me - Medelpad Vs - Västmanland Nä - Närke Ög - Östergötland Sk - Skåne Öl - Öland Sm - Småland 1.7 Vilken information kan utläsas på den islamiska dirhemen? Den avgörande skillnaden mellan islamiska och västerländska är att de islamiska endast har text. Mynten innerhåller information om var, när och vem som har präglat mynten. Åtsidan på ett islamiskt mynt är den där trosbekännelsen står. Trosbekännelsen återges på tre rader på åtsidans mittfält och är mycket lätt att känna igen; även för en okunnig i språket. Omskriften innehåller information om var och när myntet är präglat och låter ungefär som följande: “I Guds namn! denna dirhem präglades i (myntortens namn) år (årtal e. H.)”. Meningen startar ungefär vid kl 1 på myntet och läses från höger till vänster Frånsidans mittfält har normalt den präglande myntherrens namn och titel. Omskriften består av ett korancitat som varierar beroende på myntherre. 2. Forskningshistorik Den mesta litteraturen, om islamiska mynt är inriktad mot bestämningar av de enskilda mynten och sammanställandet av fyndlistor.
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