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Een Integrale Benadering Van De Ketenanalyse Ten Behoeve Van Ketenbeheer Door Bedrijven

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Een Integrale Benadering Van De Ketenanalyse Ten Behoeve Van Ketenbeheer Door Bedrijven Universiteitstraat 8 B-9000 GENT Tel. 32(0)9/264.69.65 Fax 32(0)9/264.69.97 E-mail : sophie. [email protected] kontaktpersoon: Sophie Spillemaeckersl EEN INTEGRALE BENADERING VAN DE KETENANALYSE TEN BEHOEVE VAN KETENBEHEER DOOR BEDRIJVEN Wetenschappelijk eindverslag Hefbomen voor een beleid gericht op Duurzame Ontwikkeling Studie in opdracht van DWTC (kenmerk HL/DD/013) Uitgevoerd door het CENTRUM VOOR DUURZAME ONTWIKKELING o.l.v. Prof. Dr. R. Doom Esmeralda Borgo Bernard Mazijn Sophie Spillemaeckers Gent, juli 2000 INHOUDSOPGAVE 1 INLEIDING..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 PROBLEEMSTELLINGEN............................................................................................................................................7 1.2 DOELSTELLINGEN.....................................................................................................................................................7 1.3 METHODIEK VAN HET PROJECT ...............................................................................................................................8 1.4 INHOUD VAN DIT RAPPORT ......................................................................................................................................8 2 SITUERING...................................................................................................................................................................10 2.1 DUURZAME ONTWIKKELING..................................................................................................................................10 2.1.1 Definitie van duurzame ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................10 2.1.2 De rol van het bedrijfsleven bij het operationaliseren van duurzame ontwikkeling ........................11 2.1.2.1 Agenda 21 ....................................................................................................................................................11 2.1.2.2 Duurzaam ondernemerschap........................................................................................................................11 2.1.2.2.1 Ondernemerschap in het kader van een duurzame ontwikkeling .........................................................11 2.1.2.2.2 Organisatie versus product en z'n levensloop .......................................................................................12 2.2 RELEVANTE ONTWIKKELINGEN ............................................................................................................................14 2.2.1 Internationaal ...............................................................................................................................................14 2.2.2 Europa............................................................................................................................................................17 2.2.2.1 Milieu ...........................................................................................................................................................17 2.2.2.2 Sociaal..........................................................................................................................................................18 2.2.3 België (federaal)...........................................................................................................................................20 2.2.4 Vlaanderen ....................................................................................................................................................22 3 KETENBEHEER EN KETENANALYSE............................................................................................................23 3.1 KETENBEHEER.........................................................................................................................................................23 3.1.1 Een werkdefinitie voor ketenbeheer..........................................................................................................23 3.1.2 Maatregelen voor ketenbeheer ..................................................................................................................25 3.2 EEN WERKDEFINITIE VOOR DE KETENANALYSE .................................................................................................27 4 DE LCA-METHODIEK.............................................................................................................................................29 4.1 PRINCIPE VAN DE METHODIEK ..............................................................................................................................29 4.2 SOCIALE ASPECTEN IN DE KLASSIEKE MILIEUGERICHTE LCA ..........................................................................32 4.3 INTEGRATIE VAN DE WERKOMGEVING IN DE LCA .............................................................................................32 4.4 POGINGEN TOT HET INTEGREREN VAN MEERDERE SOCIALE OVERWEGINGEN IN DE LCA............................34 4.5 KNELPUNTEN ...........................................................................................................................................................35 4.6 BESLUIT ....................................................................................................................................................................39 5 OVERZICHT VAN INSTRUMENTEN OM SOCIALE EN MILIEUCRITERIA OP TE NEMEN BIJ DE BEOORDELING VAN EEN BEDRIJF OF PRODUCT....................................................................................40 5.1 DE AUDIT ..................................................................................................................................................................42 5.1.1 Milieu-audit...................................................................................................................................................42 5.1.1.1 Principe ........................................................................................................................................................42 5.1.1.2 ISO 14010, ISO 14011, ISO 14012 en ISO 14031......................................................................................42 5.1.1.3 Besluit ..........................................................................................................................................................45 5.1.2 Sociale audit..................................................................................................................................................45 5.1.2.1 Principe ........................................................................................................................................................45 5.1.2.2 AA 1000.......................................................................................................................................................46 5.1.2.3 Besluit ..........................................................................................................................................................46 1 5.2 SOCIALE GEDRAGSCODES......................................................................................................................................47 5.2.1 Principe..........................................................................................................................................................47 5.2.2 Initiatieven van de bedrijfswereld .............................................................................................................47 5.2.2.1 Levi-Strauss global sourcing and operational guidelines ............................................................................48 5.2.2.2 Nike Code of Conduct..................................................................................................................................49 5.2.2.3 GAP Code of Vendor Conduct ....................................................................................................................50 5.2.2.4 C&A Gedragscode.......................................................................................................................................51 5.2.2.5 Overzicht van de besproken initiatieven uit de bedrijfswereld....................................................................52 5.2.2.6 Besluit ..........................................................................................................................................................53 5.2.3 Initiatieven van derden................................................................................................................................55 5.2.3.1 Schone Kleren Campagne (SKC) ................................................................................................................55 5.2.3.2 International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).......................................................................57 5.2.3.3 Apparel Industry Partnership (AIP).............................................................................................................58 5.2.3.4 Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI).......................................................................................................................59 5.2.3.5 Overzicht van de besproken initiatieven door derden..................................................................................60 5.2.3.6
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