Understanding the Experiences of African
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University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 7-2015 Understanding the Experiences of African- American Relatives who Serve as Care Providers to Custodial Children in Arkansas: An Intersectional Case Study Carmen Johnson-Hardin University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Public Policy Commons, and the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Johnson-Hardin, Carmen, "Understanding the Experiences of African-American Relatives who Serve as Care Providers to Custodial Children in Arkansas: An Intersectional Case Study" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1179. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1179 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Understanding the Experiences of African-American Relatives who Serve as Care Providers to Custodial Children in Arkansas: An Intersectional Case Study Understanding the Experiences of African-American Relatives who Serve as Care Providers to Custodial Children in Arkansas: An Intersectional Case Study. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy By Carmen Johnson-Hardin Hendrix College Bachelor of Arts in Psychology, 1996 William H. Bowen School of Law Juris Doctorate, 1999 July 2015 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the graduate council. __________________________________ Dr. Anna Zajicek Dissertation Director __________________________________ Dr. Valerie Hunt Committee Member ___________________________________ Dr. Brinck Kerr, III Committee Member ABSTRACT An increase in the provision of long-term care by relative caregivers to custodial children has brought attention to the physical, emotional, and social challenges of this complex caregiving experience. Prior studies have examined separate structural identities that focus on comparing the quality of life, educational status, social status, and income of grandparent custodial caregivers. To extend this research, it is important to explore the gaps in service provisions to relative caregivers; comparative viewpoints of relative caregivers and service providers regarding policies and practices; and heterogeneity among Black relative caregivers utilizing an intersectional framework. Face-to-face or telephone interviews were conducted with 30 Black relative caregivers and 10 service providers. The findings are organized under four topics: (a) reasons for assumption of care and types of relative caregiving arrangements, (b) relative caregiving experiences with custodial children and biological parents, (c) comparative relative caregiver and service provider experiences with policies and practices that are connected to public income assistance and child welfare, and (d) the interplay of race, class, and gender in shaping the experiences of Black caregivers. The findings suggest a need for action to be taken among government agencies, policymakers, teachers, counselors, health professionals, along with community members to engage the voices of relative caregivers while developing policy alternatives to assist them in the provision of care to custodial children. ©2015 by Carmen Johnson-Hardin All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For my husband and daughter, Anwar Hardin and Amaya Hardin, who inspired me to let no obstacles prevent me from achieving my goal. Posthumously, to my grandmother, father-in-law and aunt, Annie Mae Edwards, Hosea Hardin and Carolyn Edwards, who reminded me of the importance of investing in the pursuit of education, and then using such acquired knowledge to give back to the community. And for my parents and sister, Columbus Johnson, Geraldine Johnson, and Carla Johnson, who supported me through it all. DEDICATION This dissertation would not be possible without the willingness of the participants in this dissertation study to open up your lives and respond with honesty, passion, thoughtfulness, intelligence, and grace. The richness of your commitment as relative caregivers to your children and service providers to your profession in often times difficult circumstances leaves me knowing that each of you is an unsung hero who deserves to be recognized for rising to the challenge to either serve, and/or shelter and nurture children in need to give them a chance in life to later be a prosocial contributor to our community. Thank you for your individual sacrifices, and gifts of love and time in advocating for, and/or raising custodial children who deserve so much more beyond the current societal scope of their circumstance. My dissertation committee, Drs. Anna Zajicek, Brinck Kerr, III, and Valerie Hunt, was incredibly supportive, patient and cooperative during the lengthy proposal and writing process. A special thank you to Dr. Anna Zajicek who supported my efforts and provided helpful feedback while letting me find my own way. I am truly grateful for Amanda Crandall who competently and with compassion assisted with coding the data for this dissertation. Without her efforts, I could not have quickly progressed forward towards graduation. My Johnson’s Montessori School family, Rays, Browns, Hollingers, and Akins, who supported and encouraged my daughter for 8 years. A special thank you to Geraldine Johnson, who was my daughter’s K-5 teacher, for going above and beyond the call of duty to teach Amaya her school lessons with passion, sincerity and love. I am also especially grateful to Carla Johnson, who sacrificed time and energy to support me in my endeavors. My extended family members, Edwards, Mosbys, Hardins, Johnsons, Jacksons, Simpsons, Blewetts, Lacefields, Coleys, Hunts, Fishers, and Hammons, who reminded me of the importance of dedicating my life to serving and uplifting the surrounding community. I am truly thankful to my mother-in-law, Patricia Hardin, who from the beginning expressed to me to follow my dreams. The faculty, staff, and my students at Hendrix College who gave me the opportunity to push myself to the edge of thinking and knowing about the fields of politics and law. To Drs. Tim Cloyd, Ann Die, Anne Goldberg, Joyce Hardin, Alice Hines, James Jennings, Dionne Jackson, Ann Muse, Karen Oxner, Allison Shutt, Deb Skok, Leslie Zorwick, Stella M. Čapek, William Tsutsui, Terri L. Bonebright, and Carol Herrick, posthumously, who calmly and graciously allowed me to be who I am while teaching me how to use intellectual passion to provide knowledge to our students while empowering them to make a difference in society and commit to the profession in the face of great challenges. To Dr. Alice Hines, who influenced my decision to attend Hendrix as a student many years ago and nurtured me as a Hendrix staff and faculty member, for your steadfast modeling of astuteness, leadership, and grace. Also, a special thank you to Dr. Hines for finding the time to edit my work. My mother, father, and sister, provided an enormous amount of moral support and embraced my decision to further my studies. Thank you to my mother, Geraldine Johnson, for teaching me that there should be no limit to my dreams. As I walked the path of the unknown, you challenged me to never give up until I had reached my goal. Above all, I always knew that you would be in my corner as I interfaced with the fears of the world. To my sister, Carla Johnson, you reminded me of the goodness that can be uncovered in everyone if you meet them where they are with patience and love. I will never forget the role that you have occupied in helping me to stay the course until the end of the journey. To my father, Columbus Johnson, you modeled to me the strength and courage that I needed to face any adversity. Thank you for teaching me how to walk the path of the unknown with dignity, hard work, courage, and humility. My husband, Anwar Hardin, for choosing to be the husband who believed in me enough to encourage me to further my studies and especially for your patience, understanding, and sacrifice that accompanied the journey. To you also for your willingness to pour knowledge and wisdom into the life of our daughter, Amaya, as we work together to nurture her to pursue her own dreams. Your father would be in awe of your accomplishments of positively influencing the lives of your family, students, and community. My daughter, Amaya Hardin, I wish that I could protect and shield you from all of the worries of the world. But, as I watch your life unfold, I realize that you have the strength, courage, and perception to face and overcome all of life’s challenges. I wish for you comfort and joy as you conquer all of life’s challenges with grace. Thank you for being my angel on earth. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – Introduction.…………………………………………………….….........……….1 Arkansas: Assessing the Needs of Custodial Grandparents……………………............................3 Problem Statement………………………………………………………….…….…………….....7 Research Questions………………………………………………………….……….....................8 Significance………………………………………………………………….…….……………..10 Dissertation Overview………………………………………………….….……………………..11 CHAPTER 2 – Literature Review…………………………….…………………………………..12 Types of Arrangements: Informal, Voluntary, and Formal Kinship Care…...…………..…..........12 Relative Caregiver Experiences…………………………………………………...........................15