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Registration and Certification of Citrus Propagative Materials in California

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Registration and Certification of Citrus Propagative Materials in California -137- Registration and Certification of Citrus Propagative Materials in California E. C. Catavan Summary A registrationprogram for apparentfreedom from psorosiswas established by the NurseryService of California in 1937,4 yearsafter Dr. H. s. Fawcett discoveredpsorosis to be a graft-transmissibledisease. Since that time the programhas undergone ~eral revisionsand now (late 1973)it is againbeing very extensivelyrevised. The main purposeof the programwill remain,as always,the provision,to growersand nurserymen,of true-to-nameplants that are free of important pestsand pathogensand which havesuperior production potential. The California Citrus RegistrationProgram The original registrationprogram provided for in.field inspectionof all registeredtrees for young-leafsymptoms of psorosis and for other important symptoms,but containedno provisionfor indexing. Following the developmentof an index for psor- osisby Dr. J. M. Wallace,an index wassometimes made by Dr. Wallacein a University of Californiagreenhouse. Later in the 1950'sthe NurseryService developed its own indexingfacilities in Sacramentoand Riverside.At first psorosiswas the only in. dex madeon candidatetrees, most of which were in privately owned orchards. Then,asit becamepractical to index for more diseases,tristeza, vein enation and exocortis indexeswere includedin the nurseryservice indexing for everycandidate tree. Sincethe mid-1960'sthe overall program for citrus improvement,including registrationand certification, hashad 2 parts: a) The interim programwhich is the expandedcitrus psorosisregistration program begun in 1937and b) The long-rangecitrus registrationand certification programwhich utilizes foundation stock from the University Citrus Variety ImprovementProgram (CVIP) which startedin 1958 on the Riversidecampus at the requestof the citrus industry. The vast majority of citrus treesgrown in Californiaduring the decadeof 1963-1913have been propagated from orchardtrees registeredin the interim program. In the past few yearsa substantialnumber of treeshave come from materialsin the long-range program. It had beenexpected that the long-rangeprogram would soon provide budwoodfor a majority of the citrus treespro- ducedin California. The developmentof stubborn diseasein a substantialportion of the mother treesand in their bud progeny hasprecluded very extensiveuse of this programin its presentform. The long.rangeprogram provided for completeindexing, including cachexiaand impietratura, of all selectionsentered in the program. Candidatetrees of selectionsfound entirely clean of bud transmissiblepathogens and all disorderswere planted in a foundation block at Lindcove,near Visalia in the SanJoaquin Valley. After foundation treesfruited satisfKtorily budwood from them was releasedto nurserymenfor propagationof mother block treesto be grown on private property. Requirements for participation wereso restrictivethat few mother blockswere established. Those which were establishedhad considerab!e trouble with stubborn diseaseinfection. The percentageof stubborn diseaseinfection in nurserytrees propagated from regis- tered mother block treeswas also unacceptably high for sweetoranges and grapefruit. The infections appearto haveoccurred at sometimeduring the long period (10 yearsor more) of outdoor exposureto the presumedleafhopper vectors of stubborn. Now we plan to combinethe interim and long-rangeprograms into a singleregistration and certification programthat will greatly reduce the hazard from stubborn in certified stock while combining the best features of both programs. Details of the proposed new program will be discussedlater. Responsibilitiesfor the operationof citrus registrationprograms in Californiawill be asshown below: 1) California Department of Food and Agriculture Nursery and Seed Services assistedby County Departments of Agriculture. a) Supervision of preparation of nursery sites, budwood cutting and maintenance of identity. .138- b) Inspectionand indexing of trees. c) Registrationof eligible scionand seedtrees and cancellationof registrationwhen necessary. d) Certification of eligible nurseryplants. e) Maintenanceof statistical records. 2) Universityof California, Riverside,assisted by specialistsin the Agricultural ExtensionService and d1eUSDA. a) Obtainclean material of desiredclones by selection,indexing, therapy, and culturing. b) Maintainfoundation material of desiredclones indoors and outdoors. c) Makefoundation materialavailable to nurserymen. d) Provideconsultation, information and training asnecessary. 3) Nurserymenand groMrs a) Grow protected blocks indoorsand nurseryincrease blocks and nurserystock indoors or outdoors. b) Grow or locateorchard trees for registration. c) Maintain identity records. d) Support programby participatingin it andby payingfees to supportthe program. The proposedprogram will upgradethe presentinterim programby provision of annualinspection of all candidateor regis- tered treesduring the mature fruit season.In addition annualindexing for tristezaand triennial indexingfor exocortiswill be providedfor all registeredtrees being used for budwood. Indexingfor psorosiswill normally be done only every sixth year. The main improvementsin the programare more careful inspectionfor stubborn symptomsin sourcematerials and nursery trees,better availability of completely testedfoundation stock from the lindcove foundation block and from an indoors foun- dation block at Riverside,and provisionfor indoor protectedfacilities to be operatedby nurserymen. The CVIP will continue to be responsiblefor indexing,maintenance, and protection of materialsunder its jurisd;ction and hasfacilities for heat therapy of exocortis-freebudlines that are desirablebut infected with psorosisor another heat.'abilepath ogen. CVIP alsois equippedto handleforeign selectionsreceived from USDA Plant Quarantinefacilities at Glenn Dale Mary- land. OccasionallyCVIP cooperatesin obtainingmeristem-tip or nucellar-tissuecultures from budlinescontaining pathogens that cannot be eliminatedby heat treatment The CVIP hasindexed and processedmore than 300 selectionsof citrus. Of thesemore than 200 remainin the program. The otherswere droppedmostly becauseof infection though somewere discardedfor chimeras,poor quality, etc. Selectionsretained in the program have been indexed or are under index for all known virus diseasesof citrus and for stub- born disease. Short-term indexing is now done on seedlings of 'Troyer' citrange, Citrusexcelsa, 'Mexican' lime, 'Kara' man- darin, 'Madam Vinous' and/or 'Pineapple' sweet orange, standard sour orange and 'Dweet' tangor and on 'Etrog' citron and 'Parsons Special' mandarin budlings. Detailsof the indexinghave been reported in variousplaces. Basicallyhealthy index plants free of nutritional imbala"1ce and pestsare graftedwith buds,leaf patches,side- or shoot-tip grafts,then cut back and forced into new growth which IS,n- spectedperiodically for symptoms. Bark is peeledfrom 'Mexican' lime plants to detect tristezapitting and from 'Parsons Special'on 'Rough' lemon to detect cachexiagumming. At least4 plants are usedfor eachindex and 2 or more piecesof in- oculum are grafted into eachplant. Charts showingflow patternsof the existingand proposedprograms are shownin Figures1-3. It must be emphasizedthat the proposedscheme has been developed especially for the Californiasituation and environmentand that certain parts of it may be of no value or unworkableunder other cireumstancesin other areas. .139- The approximateform of certain definitions and regulationsare givenbelow: Definitions: Wordsdefined in the Food and Agricultural Codehave the samemeanings in this article and in addition: (a) "Virus-infected" means infected by a seriousviras or graft-transmissible diseaseor manifestingsymptoms or behavior characteristicof a seriousvirus or other graft-transmissibledisease. (b) "Index" meanstesting a plant for infection by graftingwith tissuefrom it to an indicator plant or by other approved means. (c) "Virus-free" meansplants producedunder terms of this regulationand free of seriousvirus or other graft-transmissible diseaseas determinedby index testing and inspectionprocedures outlined in this article. (d) "Off type" means different from the variety, strain, or selectionlisted on the applicationfor registrationor certification. (e) NSelectedtree" meansa tree for which registrationis intendedwhen inspectionand testing arecompleted. (f) "Testedtree" meansa tree testedfor virus infection and found to be in compliancewith specificquarantine requirements but not eligible for registrationunder the terms of this regulation. (g) "Registered" means a registrationnumber has boon assigned by the Departmentto a tree that hasbeen inspected and test- ed in accordancewith the provisionsof this article to selVeas a sourceof propagatingmaterial for certified nurserystock. (h) "Foundation block" meansa planting, maintainedby state or federal agencies,in which treesmay be registeredto selVe as a primary sourceof propagatingmaterial. (i) "Protectedblock" meansa planting of treesin an;approved glasshouse or screenhouse,propagated and grown there with foundation stock scions,which are to be register. and maintainedby an applicantas a sourcefor growingcertified nur- sery stock. ij) "Nursery increase block" means a planting of citros nurserystocks, propagated directly from registeredtrees. Treesin . nurseryincrease block which are 18 months old or lessfrom buddingmay be usedas a supplementarysou rce of sc:ons for growingcertified nurserystock. (k) "Certified block"
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