DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic Geography Study on the Formation of Taobao Village: Taking

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic Geography Study on the Formation of Taobao Village: Taking Economic Geography Vol. 35, No. 12, 90–97 Dec. 2015 Study on the formation of Taobao Village: taking Dongfeng Village and Junpu Village as examples ZENG Yiwu1, QIU Dongmao1, SHEN Yiting2, GUO Hongdong1 1. The Center for Agriculture and Rural Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; 2. Information Center, Zhejiang Radio & Television University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China Abstract: Based on typical cases of Dongfeng Village and Junpu Village, this paper analyzed the formation of Taobao Village. It is found that the formation of Taobao Village includes five processes: introduction of Taobao projects, primary diffusion, accelerated diffusion, collective cooperation and vertical agglomeration. They can be reduced into two stages. In the first stage, the germination and initial development of Taobao Village only rely on the folk spontaneous forces; secondly, the government begins to intervene, the e-commerce association is set up, and all kinds of service providers are stationed in the village. To speed up the formation of those embryonic Taobao Villages, the government’s support is necessary, and the key point is intensifying scientific guidance and service ability, and improving supply level of public goods timely. To cultivate more new Taobao Villages, some incubation measures can be taken, such as reinforcing infrastructure construction, enhancing the cost advantage of rural entrepreneurship, excavating the potential of local traditional industries, and encouraging some migrant workers of the new generation and university graduates to return. Keywords: E-commerce, farmer entrepreneurship, Taobao Village, Internet plus CLC number: F320, F724.6 As the typical product of “Internet + rural economy,” and Donggao Village of Qinghe County of Hebei Province. professional e-commerce village is drawing more and more Since then, the development pace of Taobao Villages has attention. Professional e-commerce village refers to a gradually accelerated. According to statistics, the number of village in which a large number of farmers engage in online Taobao Villages in China has grown to 212 by December selling activities through e-commerce platform and the 2014.These Taobao Villages are mainly found in ten Internet-based business makes up the main economic provinces, including Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu activity of the village. With the advantages of low entry and Tianjin.[2] barriers, less technical difficulties and initial capital The rise of Taobao Villages is significant to promoting requirement, and so on, Taobao owned by Alibaba has entrepreneurship, employment and income growth of become the main platform for farmers to participate in farmers, as well as rural economic transformation and e-commerce.[1] It is because that current rural e-commerce upgrading, social harmony and stability. According to business mainly uses Taobao as the trading platform, statistics, there are more than 70,000 active sellers in those depending on the e-commerce ecosystem of Taobao, people 212 Taobao Villages. According to the operating features of name these professional e-commerce villages “Taobao rural e-commerce, the direct employment created by Taobao Villages.” To count the amount of Taobao Villages in China, Villages is as much as 280,000 and even more, calculated in AliResearch has developed two quantitative criteria: one is a way that about four practitioners in each online store.[2] that the number of active online stores of the village is over Besides, it leads to the occurrence of a large number of 100 or more than 10% of local households; the other is the full-time relevant positions, such as logistics and total e-commerce transactions of the whole village reach warehousing, packaging design, graphic model, advertising CNY 10 million annually. According to these standards, the design, technical training and management consulting. The earliest Taobao Villages appeared in 2009, including great development of Taobao Villages benefits from the Qingyanliu Village of Yiwu City of Zhejiang Province, organic combination between Taobao and local traditional Dongfeng Village of Suining County of Jiangsu Province industries, which has injected new vitality into local ______________________________________ Received: June 15, 2015 About the authors: ZENG Yiwu (1988– ), male, born in Jieyang, Guangdong, China; Doctoral Candidate, majoring in rural industrial cluster and rural e-commerce; E-mail: [email protected]. GUO Hongdong (1968– ), male, born in Pujiang, Zhejiang; Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, Zhejiang University; majoring in agricultural industrial organization, farmer entrepreneurship and rural e-commerce; E-mail: [email protected]. Supported by: National Natural Science Foundation of China (71473218, 71333011); “Alibaba Young Scholar Support Program” the fifth project topic. © 2015 China Academic Journals (CD Edition) Electronic Publishing House Co., Ltd. Economic Geography 2015: 35(12) traditional industries and effectively promoted the growth of network traders of Taobao Village through transformation and upgrading of traditional industries in empirical analysis.[1] rural areas. In addition, the development of Taobao Villages Existing literature has provided materials and references has also changed the ideas, knowledge structure, for this study. Regarding the formation mechanism of commercial thinking and consumer behavior of farmers. Taobao Village, the present research is conducted from the However, compared with the huge totality of villages in perspective of influential factors, while only briefly China, the current number of Taobao Villages is rather small describes the dynamic process of the formation. This paper and their geographical distribution is uneven. In some attempts to reveal the formation laws of Taobao Villages provinces there are many Taobao Villages, while in others from the perspective of process, simplifies and refines the there are just a few or even none. To cultivate more Taobao formation process of Taobao Villages on the basis of typical Villages, it is necessary to study the specific formation of cases, and analyzes the mechanism in each process of the Taobao Villages. Since Taobao Village is new, relevant formation, which may lead to a clearer perspective of the academic research has just started, and papers analyzing the phenomenon of Taobao Village. formation of Taobao Village are still very rare. Therefore, it’s full of positive literature value and practical significance 1.2 Research upon the formation mechanism of to study the mechanism and laws from the formation professional village process of Taobao Villages, which is “from nothing to Taobao Village is a kind of professional e-commerce something and from point to surface.” Based on the review village which uses Taobao as a major trading platform. of relevant literature, this paper will analyze the formation Essentially, it has the general features of professional process of Taobao Villages and draw some enlightenment e-commerce village. Those existing research achievements on the basis of two typical cases, Dongfeng Village and about the formation mechanism of professional village can Junpu Village. provide enlightenment for the analysis of formation of Taobao Villages. Professional village began with the “One 1 Literature review Village, One Product” mode of production in Japan, which was later introduced into China, South Korea, Thailand, Nepal and other countries in succession,[7-8] because it 1.1 Direct literature relevant to Taobao Village played a special role in promoting farmers’ income and The existing research regarding Taobao Village is mainly accelerating structural adjustment in rural areas and other organized and carried out by AliResearch. In December aspects.[6] Existing research on the formation mechanism of 2014, AliResearch released the Report of China’s Taobao professional village mainly focuses on three parts: the first Village (2014). The report summarized and analyzed the is the factors that influence the formation of professional development status of China’s Taobao Villages in 2014 and village. Studies have proved that professional village is the predicted the developmental trend of Taobao Villages in the product of interaction of many factors, mainly including future.[2] In February 2015, the book China’s Taobao Village local resource endowments and potential, geographical by AliResearch was published. It introduces vividly the location, entrepreneurial genius, economic base, traditional development stories of 14 typical Taobao Villages in culture and customs, and policy support.[9-12] The second detail.[3] Wang Xiangdong, from Center for Informatization consideration is about the spatial diffusion during the Study in Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, has formation of professional village. The formation of researched into several typical cases of Taobao Villages in professional village is a process where a new project collaboration with AliResearch. They focus on summarizing spreads in space from the limited source region through the characteristics, significance and evolutionary trend of susceptible crowd. Spatial diffusion has the characteristics Shaji pattern.[4] Wu Xiaobo, from School of Management in of proximity effect, hierarchical effect and distance Zhejiang University, has a collaborative research with decay.[13] Moreover, the speed of spatial diffusion is also AliResearch about inclusive innovation and growth influenced by geographical environment, diffusion mechanism
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sense of Economic Gain from E-Commerce: Different Effects on Poor and Non-Poor Rural Households
    106 Sense of Economic Gain from E-Commerce: Different Effects on Poor and Non-Poor Rural households * Wang Yu (王瑜) Rural Development Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing, China Abstract: Sense of economic gain of e-commerce participation is an important aspect for evaluating the inclusiveness of e-commerce development. Based on the data of 6,242 rural households collected from the 2017 summer surveys conducted by the China Institute for Rural Studies (CIRS), Tsinghua University, this paper evaluates the effects of e-commerce participation on rural households’ sense of economic gain with the propensity score matching (PSM) method, and carries out grouped comparisons between poor and non- poor households. Specifically, the “Self-evaluated income level relative to fellow villagers” measures respondents’ sense of economic gain in the relative sense, and “Percentage of expected household income growth (reduction) in 2018 over 2017” measures future income growth expectation. Findings suggest that e-commerce participation significantly increased sample households’ sense of economic gain relative to their fellow villagers and their future income growth expectation. Yet grouped comparisons offer different conclusions: E-commerce participation increased poor households’ sense of economic gain compared with fellow villagers more than it did for non-poor households. E-commerce participation did little to increase poor households’ future income growth expectation. Like many other poverty reduction programs, pro-poor e-commerce helps poor households with policy preferences but have yet to help them foster skills to prosper in the long run. The sustainability and quality of perceived relative economic gain for poor households are yet to be further observed and examined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Female Chef and the Nation: Zeng Yi's "Zhongkui Lu" (Records from the Kitchen) Author(S): Jin Feng Source: Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, Vol
    The Female Chef and the Nation: Zeng Yi's "Zhongkui lu" (Records from the kitchen) Author(s): Jin Feng Source: Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, Vol. 28, No. 1 (SPRING, 2016), pp. 1-37 Published by: Foreign Language Publications Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24886553 Accessed: 07-01-2020 09:57 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Foreign Language Publications is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Modern Chinese Literature and Culture This content downloaded from 137.205.238.212 on Tue, 07 Jan 2020 09:57:57 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The Female Chef and the Nation: Zeng Yi's Zhongkui lu (Records from the kitchen) Jin Feng Women in China who wrote on food and cookery have been doubly neglected: first because elite males generated the gastronomic literature that defined the genre, and second because the masculine ethos has dominated the discourse of nation building and modernization. The modern neglect has deep roots in the association of women with the "inner quarters" (nei) and the kitchen and men with the larger, outer world of politics and action {wai).
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article Participation Motivations and Related Elements Of
    Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol. 21 (3), Art 199, pp. 1567 - 1579, May 2021 online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES Original Article Participation motivations and related elements of collegiate Martial arts athletes from Central China regional HOWARD Z. ZENG 1, YIWU YANG 2 1School of Education Brooklyn College, the City University of New York, NY, USA 2Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, CHINA Published online: May 31, 2021 (Accepted for publication May 15, 2021) DOI:10.7752/jpes.2021.03199 Abstract The scientific research literature review showed that collegiate martial-arts athletes’ (CMAAs) participation motivations and related elements such as their gender, disciplines, original motivations for them participating, and their health-related behaviors) were barely been studied. The current study employed the ‘Self Determination Theory’ and an Adapt Questionnaire of Collegiate Martial-arts Athletes’ Participation Motivations and Related Elements conducted this research project. Participants were 197 CMAAs came from 16 universities' martial arts teams (wherein females = 113, males = 84); these participants represented their universities regularly attended Martial-arts competitions within the Central region collegiate martial arts league of China. This study examined the CMAAs’ Participation-Motivations characteristics and the relationships among these motivations and the five related elements. Data collection was done by using the Adapt Questionnaire of Collegiate Martial-arts Athletes’ Participation-Motivations and Related Elements. The main statistics techniques were 2x2x2x 2 x3x3 factorial MANOVA, Exploratory-factor analysis, and Multiple- regression analysis. The primary findings are: 'Finance-Support', ‘Disciplines’, 'Years in College', and 'Athletic Grades' had significant effects on the CMAAs’ participation-motivations, but 'Gender' and ‘Origin motivations’ did not.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICA in CHINA's FOREIGN POLICY
    AFRICA in CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY YUN SUN April 2014 Yun Sun is a fellow at the East Asia Program of the Henry L. Stimson Center. NOTE: This paper was produced during the author’s visiting fellowship with the John L. Thornton China Center and the Africa Growth Initiative at Brookings. ABOUT THE JOHN L. THORNTON CHINA CENTER: The John L. Thornton China Center provides cutting-edge research, analysis, dialogue and publications that focus on China’s emergence and the implications of this for the United States, China’s neighbors and the rest of the world. Scholars at the China Center address a wide range of critical issues related to China’s modernization, including China’s foreign, economic and trade policies and its domestic challenges. In 2006 the Brookings Institution also launched the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy, a partnership between Brookings and China’s Tsinghua University in Beijing that seeks to produce high quality and high impact policy research in areas of fundamental importance for China’s development and for U.S.-China relations. ABOUT THE AFRICA GROWTH INITIATIVE: The Africa Growth Initiative brings together African scholars to provide policymakers with high-quality research, expertise and innovative solutions that promote Africa’s economic development. The initiative also collaborates with research partners in the region to raise the African voice in global policy debates on Africa. Its mission is to deliver research from an African perspective that informs sound policy, creating sustained economic growth and development for the people of Africa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: I would like to express my gratitude to the many people who saw me through this paper; to all those who generously provided their insights, advice and comments throughout the research and writing process; and to those who assisted me in the research trips and in the editing, proofreading and design of this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Mystery of Zeng: Recent Perspectives
    Research Article Glob J Arch & Anthropol Volume 1 Issue 3 - May 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Beichen Chen A Study of the Mystery of Zeng: Recent Perspectives Beichen Chen* University of Oxford, UK Submission: February 20, 2017; Published: June 15, 2017 *Corresponding author: Beichen Chen, University of Oxford, Merton College, Oxford, OX1 4JD, England, UK, Tel: ; Email: Abstract The study of the Zeng 曾 state known from palaeographic sources is often intertwined with the state of Sui 隨 known from the transmitted texts. A newly excavated Zeng cemetery at Wenfengta 文峰塔, Hubei 湖 Suizhou 隨州 extends our understanding of the state itself in many yielded a set of large musical bells with long narrative inscriptions, which suggest that state of Zeng had provided crucial assistance to a Chu kingrespects, during such the as war its lineagebetween history, the states bronze of Chu casting and Wutraditions, 吳. As some ritual scholars and burial suggest, practice, this and issue so mayon. One be correlated tomb at ruler’s to the level text -in Wenfengta Zuo Zhuan M1- 左 傳 (Ding 4 定公四年), which records that it was the state of Sui who saved a Chu king from the Wu invaders. Such an argument brings again 曾國之謎’, Sui refer to the same state’. The current paper aims to have a brief review of this debate, and further discuss the perspectives of the debaters basedinto spotlight on the newly the ‘age-old’ excavated debate materials. of the ‘Mystery of Zeng or more specifically, the debate about ‘whether or not the Zeng and the Keywords: The mystery of zeng; Zeng and sui; Wenfengta Introduction regional powers to the north of the Han River 漢水 , [2] dated from no later than the late Western Zhou to the early Warring The states of Zeng and Sui are considered as two mysterious States period [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm Curtis J
    University of Florida Levin College of Law UF Law Scholarship Repository UF Law Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 3-2015 Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm Curtis J. Milhaupt Wentong Zheng University of Florida Levin College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub Part of the Corporation and Enterprise Law Commons, and the Foreign Law Commons Recommended Citation Curtis J. Milhaupt & Wentong Zheng, Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm, 103 Geo. L.J. 665 (2015), available at http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/696 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at UF Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in UF Law Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UF Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Beyond Ownership: State Capitalism and the Chinese Firm CURTIS J. MILHAUPT*&WENTONG ZHENG** Chinese state capitalism has been treated as essentially synonymous with state- owned enterprises (SOEs). But drawing a stark distinction between SOEs and privately owned enterprises (POEs) misperceives the reality of China’s institutional environment and its impact on the formation and operation of large enterprises of all types. We challenge the “ownership bias” of prevailing analyses of Chinese firms by exploring the blurred boundary between SOEs and POEs in China. We argue that the Chinese state has less control over SOEs and more control over POEs than its ownership interest in the firms suggests. Our analysis indicates that Chinese state capitalism can be better explained by capture of the state than by ownership of enterprise.
    [Show full text]
  • Zeng-Et-Al-2021-Bae-Bipolar-Ionizer
    Building and Environment 195 (2021) 107750 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Building and Environment journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv Evaluating a commercially available in-duct bipolar ionization device for pollutant removal and potential byproduct formation Yicheng Zeng a, Prashik Manwatkar a, Aur´elie Laguerre b, Marina Beke a, Insung Kang a, Akram S. Ali a, Delphine K. Farmer c, Elliott T. Gall b, Mohammad Heidarinejad a, Brent Stephens a,* a Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA b Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA c Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: We conducted a series of experiments to evaluate the gas and particle removal effectiveness and potential for Indoor air quality byproduct formation resulting from the operation of a commercially available in-duct bipolar ionization device. Air cleaner Laboratory tests were conducted with the ionizer installed in a small air handler serving a large semi-furnished Ionizer chamber. Chamber experiments were conducted under (i) normal operating conditions to characterize the Particulate matter impact of the ionizer on concentrations of particles (0.01–10 μm), ozone (O ), nitrogen dioxide (NO ), volatile Volatile organic compounds 3 2 organic compounds (VOCs), and aldehydes, and (ii) particle injection and decay conditions to characterize the impact of the ionizer operation on particle loss rates. The fieldtest involved air sampling of particulates (0.01–10 μm), O3, and VOCs upstream and downstream of an operating ionizer device installed in an air handling unit serving an occupied officebuilding.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhenzhong Zeng School of Environmental Science And
    Zhenzhong Zeng School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology [email protected] | https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GsM4YKQAAAAJ&hl=en CURRENT POSITION Associate Professor, Southern University of Science and Technology, since 2019.09.04 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Postdoctoral Research Associate, Princeton University, 2016-2019 (Mentor: Dr. Eric F. Wood) EDUCATION Ph.D. in Physical Geography, Peking University, 2011-2016 (Supervisor: Dr. Shilong Piao) B.S. in Geography Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 2007-2011 RESEARCH INTERESTS Global change and the earth system Biosphere-atmosphere interactions Terrestrial hydrology Water and agriculture resources Climate change and its impacts, with a focus on China and the tropics AWARDS & HONORS 2019 Shenzhen High Level Professionals – National Leading Talents 2018 “China Agricultural Science Major Progress” - Impacts of climate warming on global crop yields and feedbacks of vegetation growth change on global climate, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 2016 Outstanding Graduate of Peking University 2013 – 2016 Presidential (Peking University) Scholarship; 2014 – 2015 Peking University PhD Projects Award; 2013 – 2014 Peking University "Innovation Award"; 2013 – 2014 National Scholarship; 2012 – 2013 Guanghua Scholarship; 2011 – 2012 National Scholarship; 2011 – 2012 Founder Scholarship 2011 Outstanding Graduate of Sun Yat-Sen University 2009 National Undergraduate Mathematical Contest in Modeling (Provincial Award); 2009 – 2010 National Scholarship; 2008 – 2009 National Scholarship; 2007 – 2008 Guanghua Scholarship PUBLICATION LIST 1. Liu, X., Huang, Y., Xu, X., Li, X., Li, X.*, Ciais, P., Lin, P., Gong, K., Ziegler, A. D., Chen, A., Gong, P., Chen, J., Hu, G., Chen, Y., Wang, S., Wu, Q., Huang, K., Estes, L. & Zeng, Z.* High spatiotemporal resolution mapping of global urban change from 1985 to 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.3 Effects of Oiigonucleotide Antisense to Dopamine Diareceptor Mrna on Sensitization of Apomorphine-Induced Rotations by Chronic
    National tibmy Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie SeMces seMces biùliographiques 385 Welllngîon SB& 395, nie Weltington ûüawaON KIA ON4 ûttawaON KlAOiU4 Canada Cariada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé melicence non exc1usi.e licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National LÎbrary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distrribute or sen reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in rnicroform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fornais. la forme de microfiche/fiIm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The anthor retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thése. thesis nor substafltid extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent Etre imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The dopamine transporter @AT) hctions primady as a means for the termination of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but may aIso play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkkison's disease. Recent studies have implicated the DAT in the up take of two experimentai neurotoxins, 1-methyl4phenyI- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop yridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine. Here, in Mvo administration of phosphorothioate adsense oügonucleotides targeting DAT mRNA in the left substantia nigra pars compacta resulted in reduced [3H]WIN 35,428 binding to DAT in the lefi striatum and signincant Ievodopa and amphetamine-induced conhalaterai rotations. Unilateral pretreatment with DAT antisense prior to bilaterd intrastriatal infiision of either neurotoxin resulted in asymrnetncd striatal DAT binding and dopamine content indicatuig significant preservation ipsilateral to antisense pretreatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient China from the Neolithic Period to the Han Dynasty
    Ancient China From the Neolithic Period to the Han Dynasty Asian Art Museum Education Department Ancient China: From the Neolithic Period to the Han Dynasty Packet written and illustrated by Brian Hogarth, Director of Education, Asian Art Museum with generous assistance from: Pearl Kim, School Programs Coordinator, Asian Art Museum Michael Knight, Curator, Chinese Art, Asian Art Museum He Li, Associate Curator of Chinese Art, Asian Art Museum John Stuckey, Librarian, Asian Art Museum Lisa Pollman, Graduate Student, University of San Francisco Whitney Watanabe, Graduate Student, University of Washington Deb Clearwaters, Adult Programs Coordinator,Asian Art Museum Rose Roberto, Education Programs Assistant, Asian Art Museum Portions of this packet are based on lectures by Michael Knight and Pat Berger at the Asian Art Museum, and particularly the writings of K.C. Chang, Tom Chase, Wu Hung, He Li, Robert Murowchick and Jessica Rawson. (For a complete list of sources, see bibliography) Photographs of Asian Art Museum objects by Kaz Tsuruta and Brian Hogarth Archaeological photos courtesy of: Academia Sinica, Republic of China China Pictorial Service, Beijing, PRC Cultural Relics Bureau, Beijing, PRC Hubei Provincial Museum, Wuhan, PRC Hamilton Photography, Seattle, WA Asian Art Museum, February 20, 1999 Contents Introduction: Studying Ancient China Historical Overview: Neolithic Period to Han Dynasty Archaeology and the Study of Ancient China Ceramics, Jades and Bronzes: Production and Design Three Tomb Excavations Importance of Rites Slide Descriptions Timeline Bibliography Student Activities ANCIENT CHINA Introduction–Studying Ancient China This teacher’s packet accompanies a school tour program of the same name. The tour program emphasizes ancient Chinese ceramics, bronzes and jades in the collections of the Asian Art Museum from the Neolithic period (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Interval Constraint-Based Mutation Testing of Numerical Specifications
    Interval Constraint-Based Mutation Testing of Numerical Specifications Clothilde Jeangoudoux Eva Darulova Christoph Lauter [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] MPI-SWS MPI-SWS University of Alaska Anchorage Germany Germany USA ABSTRACT kill all mutants), i.e. include at least one test to show that the target Mutation testing is an established approach for checking whether code’s behavior differs from the mutant’s. code satisfies a code-independent functional specification, and for Mutation testing has been successful in a number of domains, evaluating whether a test set is adequate. Current mutation testing such as real-time embedded systems [25], hardware verification in approaches, however, do not account for accuracy requirements the micro-electronics industry [60] or more recently performance that appear with numerical specifications implemented in floating- testing [23]. Unfortunately, these techniques are not suitable for point arithmetic code, but which are a frequent part of safety-critical numerical specifications that appear frequently for instance in au- software. We present Magneto, an instantiation of mutation testing tomotive or avionics applications, because they ignore rounding that fully automatically generates a test set from a real-valued spec- errors due to finite-precision arithmetic. ification. The generated tests check numerical code for accuracy, Such numerical functional specifications are given in terms of robustness and functional behavior bugs. Our technique is based on real values, but their implementations are (of necessity) written in formulating test case and oracle generation as a constraint satisfac- terms of finite precision such as floating-point arithmetic [2]. Effec- tion problem over interval domains, which soundly bounds errors, tively, this means that the code can only implement the functional but is nonetheless efficient.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Government's Service: a Study of the Role and Practice of Early China's Officials Based on Caex Vated Manuscripts
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 In the Government's Service: A Study of the Role and Practice of Early China's Officials Based on caEx vated Manuscripts Daniel Sungbin Sou University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Sou, Daniel Sungbin, "In the Government's Service: A Study of the Role and Practice of Early China's Officials Based on caEx vated Manuscripts" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 804. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/804 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/804 For more information, please contact [email protected]. In the Government's Service: A Study of the Role and Practice of Early China's Officials Based on caEx vated Manuscripts Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to examine the practices of local officials serving in the Chu and Qin centralized governments during the late Warring States period, with particular interest in relevant excavated texts. The recent discoveries of Warring States slips have provided scholars with new information about how local offices operated and functioned as a crucial organ of the centralized state. Among the many excavated texts, I mainly focus on those found in Baoshan, Shuihudi, Fangmatan, Liye, and the one held by the Yuelu Academy. Much attention is given to the function of districts and their officials in the Chu and Qin vgo ernments as they supervised and operated as a base unit: deciding judicial matters, managing governmental materials and products, and controlling the population, who were the source of military and labor service.
    [Show full text]