ВЕСТНИК МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА КЫРГЫЗСТАНА modern times they took part in the horse races, in leader, active, providers and independent. I would wrestling, and in other Kyrgyz sport games that like to focus that all these abilities are used with are typical for the boys. It is depected in the wisdom for the purpose to defend her nation, Ch.Aitmatov’s novel “Jamila”, how she fight for to help her husband and children. her women rights and run away with her beloved Nowadays the feminine values became quite person. different from the old ones. Modern society had There is a table about the power of the genders grown with different feminine values .We can Masculine Feminine evaluate the values depending on the criteria like : Dominant dominated a)how she participates in the busyness or in the Militaristic peaceful market economy; b)how much she is educated ; c) Production reproduction how she took part in the political life of the Capitalistic care economy country d) what priorities she uses from the Leader follower government as well as from the society (social Active passive and medical services) e) what position she Hard politics soft politics occupies in the society; and so many other Providers dependent positions. I would like to tell that because of the If we analyze according to this table we see market economy many women from Kyrgyzstan more masculine features in the Kyrgyz women became slavesvoluntarily.They left and even now that are depicted in the literary creations .They are they are leaving to different countries to earn that Kyrgyz women were dominant, militaristic, money for the simple living.
References: 1. George Klerk. “Society and Values.The United States of America.Snapshot”.journal. USA. 2006 2. U.B. Bromlei, N.I. Lebedev “Countries and Nations”. Moscow. 1980 3. Chopin Kate. The Awakening and Other Stories. New York: Oxford University Press, Oxford World’s Classics, 2008. 4. Papke M. E. Verging On The Abyss: The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
УДК: 372.881.111.1 (575.2)(04) Jamgyrchieva Gulmira, senior teacher Kyrgyz National Agrarian University
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHAMANISM AND TENGRISM IN THE US AND IN KYRGYZSTAN
The goal of my paper is to show the special peculiarities of the religious believe of the Native Americans and Kyrgyz nation. Everybody knows that they were shamans even till nowadays and some elements of shamanism are kept in Kyrgyz culture that is connected with the Tengism. Key words: analysis, shamanism, religion, diversity. Целью работы является необходимость показать особенности религии коренных американцев и кыргызского народа. Всем известно, что шаманы есть и в наше время, и отдельные элементы шаманизма хранятся в Кыргызской культуре, что связано с Тенгрианством. Ключевые слова: анализ, шаманизм, религия, разнообразие. In the Beginning was Tengri: “Grace is the (Tengir bless you) from grandmothers and heart of belief” grandfathers. At that time I had no idea of the one The word "tengir" is primordially old Kyrgyz, who is Tenir and why they spoke so.Years later I consisting of two words: "Ten" — equal and had a representation that Kyrgyz admired "ири" — immense, boundless. So our ancestors KokoTengir. read Supreme. Since the early childhood for For years of development of gratitude for the help I heard “TenirJalgasyn” sovereignKyrgyzstan a free choice of religion for
59 ВЕСТНИК МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА КЫРГЫЗСТАНА citizens of the country were created. Thus it outlook which would rely on the principles of a should be noted that the further development tengrism: this equality in aspirations and classical religions, and also it extended in a opportunities for achievement of perfection in newway. One of such religions that havedeep planetary scale, ecocentrism philosophy, the ancientroots is Tengrism in Kyrgyzstan.Tengrism statement of true national democracy and social , occasionally referred to as Tengrianism , is a equality. This most ancient monotheist modern term for a Central Asian religion miroucheniye appeared 10-12 thousand years ago, characterized by features of shamanism, animism, during disintegration of the Altai people, and totemism. Historically, it was the prevailing became a spiritual basis and a core of modern religion of the Turks, Mongols, Bulgars, and religions. Hungarians, as well as the Xiongnuand the Huns. The key thesis of a tengrism that our ancient It was the state religion of the six ancient Turkic ancestors considered themselves created of light: states: GöktürksKhaganate, AvarKhaganate, "Our father — a beam, mother — the earth, blood Western Turkic Khaganate, Great Bulgaria, — water, and soul — air". Unlike representations Bulgarian Empire and Eastern Tourkia. The term of other religions according to which the person is perceived amongTurkic peoples as a national was created from clay, and the woman — from his religion. edge and is his assistant. On the representations of As a modern revival, Tengrism has been our ancestors based on a tengrism, the woman is advocated among intellectual circles of the Turkic equal to the man. Эркектин билеги күчтүү, nations of Central Asia, including Tatarstan, аялдын тилеги күчтүү; man is strong with his Buryatia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, in the years power and woman is strong with her good wish , following the dissolution of the Soviet аял уйдун куту- women is the happiness of the Union(1990s to present).. home . All these national sayings only emphasize According to some observers, since Islam in greatness of the woman. Kyrgyzstan is generally moderate and the In Kyrgyzstan, көз мончок (koz monchok) are percentage of Muslims is low compared with extensively used by almost everyone in their neighboring Central Asian states, the principles of houses, in/on vehicles, baby clothes and even on Tengrism might gain some popularity. Nowadays buildings. People observe traditions like hanging the term has gradually entered everyday use: it is rags on trees; dropping water on someone who has discussed in the mass media and Internet forums. arrived from far away (like saying, "go like water, In Tengrism, the meaning of life is seen as come like water"); the importance of the number living in harmony with the surrounding world. 40; doing special ceremonies for dead persons Tengrist believers view their existence as reading a prayer for the ake of the 40 days of sustained by the eternal blue Sky, Tengri, the death. This notion is connected with Tengrism. fertile Mother-Earth, spirit Eje, and a ruler who is For 40 days after birth of the child the mother regarded as the holy spirit of the Sky. Heaven, are required to stay in the home. On the fortieth Earth, the spirits of nature and the ancestors day, a special ceremony, to bathe the child should provide every need and protect all humans. By be done, that is called Kyrkynchygaruu. The living an upright and respectable life, a human child was bathed with the 40 spoon of water.. being will keep his world in balance and One of symbols of Tengrism is Umay - maximize his personal power. Belief that Umayene blesses the people nowadays as the everything has a soul, or kut, even plants, animals Goddess of fertility and virginity. There are so and the natural environment. many holy places that is connected with Tengrism In recent years everywhere increasing interest like mountain chains of Tenir-Too and top of to a tengrism as to basic philosophy and a source Khan Tengri. of spiritual culture of many people of Siberia and A number of Kyrgyz politicians are actively Central Asia is noted. And in the light of the latest pushing Tengrism, to fill the ideological void. scientific data it is possible to claim safely that DastanSarygulov, ex-secretary of state and this doctrine is a spiritual basis of all civilization formerly chair of the Kyrgyz state gold mining which is based upon pillars of Hebrew religion, company, has established Tengir Ordo (Army of Islam, Christianity, democracy and Buddhist Tengri) which is a civic group that seeks to philosophy. Life leads us to understanding that the promote the values and traditions of the Tengrism. new civilization can survive only on the basis of
60 ВЕСТНИК МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА КЫРГЫЗСТАНА
There is a Tengrist society in Bishkek, which keep harmony with such holy natural power, to officially claims almost 500,000 followers and an move with its cosmic pulse. Harmony was the international scientific center of Tengrist studies. way to fertility of both tribe and nature, to success Both institutions are run by DastanSarygulov, the in both gathering & hunting, to a full life. By main theorist of Tengrism in Kyrgyzstan and a contrast, disharmony led to disaster: ruined crops, member of the Parliament. no game or fish, sickness, etc. The mass media and newspaper coverage Most native Americans believe that they must played a great role in announcing about this faith. have a close connection with nature because their In a newspaper interview one of Kyrgyz guardian spirit usually is that of a plant or animal. politician of Kyrgyzstan D. Sarygulov said: Many people say the guardian spirit takes the «We are people which received blessing of the Shaman to the other reality where he is given his Lord (or Neba-Tengir in the Kyrgyz needed knowledge and power through a hole in understanding) more than 5 thousand years ago. the world. The Shaman may also seek information Thanks to it, we created the history, the inner to help his people and village. As a religion of world, culture, customs, outlook. It provided nature, shamanism throughout Central Asia held Kyrgyz success and victories within 5 millennia. particular reverence for the relations between sky, If we want to keep ourselves, we are simply earth and water and believed in the mystical obliged to return to sources, to know the history, importance of trees and mountains. It should be to be ourselves. And then we will find the true noted that both Tengrism and Shamanism have way – means, we will keep ourselves in centuries» beneficial impact on environment. Tengrism and The Kyrgyz Goverment is not recognizing Shamanism have similar ceremonies connected tengrism as a religion. Tengrism in Kyrgyzsatn is with nature. alike to the shamanism in the USA Native If Tengrism has the ceremonies as Tengrian Americans as the first settlers had diverse Epiphany (December 23), The Holiday of Life religious beliefs and they were different from each (select weekend around June 21), Kut - blessing other. Ceremony and in Shamanism there are such The term "shamanism" was first applied to the holidays as follows: Winter Solstice, Spring ancient religion of the Turks and Mongols, as well Equinox, Summer Solstice, Fall Equinox and etc. as those of the neighboring Tungusic and The use of purification by fire is an important Samoyedic-speaking peoples. Upon learning element of the shamanic tradition dating back as more about religious traditions across the world, early as the 6th century. Shamans perform fire western scholars also described similar magic- ceremonies for releasing, cleansing and balancing. religious practices found within the ethnic Fire ceremonies are essential to purifying the religions of other parts of Asia, Africa, Australasia body, spirit and heart, and can be used for healing and the Americas as shamanism. and creating fruition in our lives. It was done in Shamanism is not a religion but rather a way Kyrgyz culture too. to be which can be practiced by people from all For a new family member (for example for the walks of life and from all backgrounds and belief bride) Kyrgyz people have a tradition“Otko systems. kirgisuu” that means welcome to the fire of the Unfortunately, the term "shamanism" has been other family who invites them as guest . This misused in popular culture for many years. The person has to jump over the fire, because fire is a entertainment industry has used "medicine man" symbol of purification. Through a fire ceremony, or "shaman" . In Kyrgyz culture shaman was used energy bound in old ways can be freed to move in in the meaning of “bakshy - like a medicine a new direction. man. In the USA it is described as a holy men By the arrival of European settlers and colonial and a women of Native Americans. administration, the practice of Native American There are hundreds of Indian Nations in North traditional beliefs was discouraged and America, each of the have their own culture, Christianity was imposed upon the indigenous language, and spiritual belief system and none of people. Despite that Shamanism continues to them describe their beliefs as shamanism. exist as a belief in America. The key goal of most American Indians was to
61 ВЕСТНИК МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА КЫРГЫЗСТАНА Conclusion 1. Kyrgyz Government didn’t recognize Tengrism as a religion nowadays as they have no Bible or Kuran . 2. In Tengriism, the meaning of life is to live in harmony with the surroundings and to keep the environment from calamity. 3.Tengri constitutes the archetypal value system of human beings.. In this capacity, it can also serve as a benchmark for what was to follow. 4.Tengrism is connected with the space and space exploration.It will be developed together with the cosmos. 5. They are close connected by means of their philosophy and their background in the field of customs and traditions . The list of reference : 1.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tengrism 2.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shamanism 3.siberian. weebly.com/tengrism 4.Кыргызстан - странакочевников, Бишкек.,2013 5.New spaper reports and interview information.
УДК: 130.2 (575.2) (04) Jeenbekova Anara American University of Central Asia American Studies Alumni 2010 THE STYLE OF WRITING OF MARK TWAIN AND BRET HARTE: DIFFERENT BUT SIMILAR
The research contributes as well to the understanding of the culture and way of living of American people in the given period of time to which Harte and Twain refer in their works. Key words: writing style, language of writing, comparative analysis. Исследование включает в себя понимание культуры и образа жизни американского народа в определенный период времени, к которому Гарт и Твен ссылаются в своих работах. Ключевые слова: стиль письма, язык написания, сравнительный анализ.
It is a well known statement that two people “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” and the work can look at the same thing but both see it in two of Bret Harte “Outcasts of Poker Flat”. The different ways. The logic of the statement can be comparative analysis contributes as well to the applied towards two prominent writers in understanding of the culture and way of living of American literature, in particular Mark Twain and American people in the given period of time to Bret Harte. To note, in spite of different views and which Harte and Twain refer. The comparison will styles that can be even described as opposite be made by looking at the different style of Twain and Harte were friends with each other. writing and language that both writers used to Each of them possessed different style of describe the way of living of American people. expression in their works that added the The comparison of the style of Twain and uniqueness. Even though there are similarities the Harte reveals the period of time in which both style of writing and language of both writers is not writers produced their works. The works of Mark similar. Both writers exposed the nature of human Twain and Bret Harte chosen for the comparison beings and disadvantages of society but through in this essay brought both writers the success. different style and language of writing. This essay Two works of Twain are compared to one work of will review the similarities and differences of the Bret Harte because the focus of the style of Twain style of writing through the comparative analysis in those works varied while Harte’s style of the early work of Mark Twain “The Notorious remained in general unchanged. Mark Twain in Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” and his works “The Notorious Jumping Frog of 62