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Studies in Chinese Religion l^-'\-+ - ^STUDIES m NESE RELIGIO E.H.PARKER CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 Cornell University Library BL 1801.P23S Studies in Chinese re! gion/ 3 1924 023 203 940 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924023203940 BY THE SAME AUTHOR TRA VELS I. UP THE YANG-TSZE. 1-306, 8vo. China Mail Office, Hong Kong, z. TRAVELS IN MONGOLIA. Pkanix, 1870-71. lOut ofprint. 3. TRAVELS IN CHEH KIANG AND FUH KIEN. N.C. Branch Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, vol. xix, part i, pp. 27-93. 4. TRAVELS IN ANNAM. Blue Book No. 3 (1892). [On sale. 5. TRAVELS IN THE EAST GENERALLY, AND REPORT ON THE CHINESE QUESTION. CO. Paper No. 24,867 of 1888. [Not on sale. 6. REPORTS ON ANNAM FOR FOREIGN OFFICE. No. 5657 of i888. [Not on sale. 7. REPORTS ON BURMA AND SIAM FOR INDIA GOVERNMENT IN 1892-3. [Not on sale. 8. JOHN CHINAMAN, AND A FEW OTHERS. John Murray, 1901 and 1909. ETHNOLOGICAL—HISTORICAL 9. DR. SVEN HEDIN, LOB NOR, AND KHOTAN. Anglo-Russian Society's Journal, Jan. 1903, and April 1903. 10. A THOUSAND YEARS OF THE TARTARS. Kelly & Walsh, Shanghai, 1895. 1-371, 8vo. Sampson Low & Co. 11. BURMA. Rangoon Gazette Office, 1893. 1-102, 8vo. 12. BURMA, TANGUT, CATHAY, MANCHURIA, SIAM, KENG-HUNG, ANNAM, Etc. Various Papers in the Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1896-1900. 13. THE HIUNG-NU, AND THE TUNGUSES. A series of Papers in the China Review. Vols, xix, xx. China Mail Office. 14. BURMA, SIAM, EARLY LAOS, ANNAM, KALMUCKS, PERSIA TURKS, EPHTHALITES, AVARS, PARTHIA, ELEUTHS, .TUR- KESTAN, RUSSIA, JAPAN, COREA, MANCHURIA, HUNZA, THE MONGOLS, HAINAN, FORMOSA, Etc. Various Papers in the China Review, vols, xii-xxiv, and Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1896-1905. 15. CHINA: HER HISTORY, DIPLOMACY, AND COMMERCE. John Murray, 1901. [Out ofprint. HISTORICAL i6. THE OPIUM WAR. Kelly & Walsh, Shanghai, 1888. 1-82, 8vo. 17. CHINA'S INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE. Kelly & Walsh, Shanghai, 1890. 1-128, 8vo. / 18. COREA, THE TARTARS, Etc. Fortnightly Review, 1896; also Various Papers in the Chinese Recorder, Shanghai, 1878-96. 19. CHINA: REVENUE, RELIGION, Etc. Nelson's Encyclopcedia, Edin- burgh, 1903. [Editorially modified. 19A. ANCIENT CHINA SIMPLIFIED. Chapman & Hall, 1908. A BY THE SAME AUTHOR—Centime^ PHILOLOGICAL JO. VARIOUS PAPERS UPON THE HANKOW DIALECT, CANTON Dialect, Peking Tones, Hakka Dialect, Foochow Dialect, Wenchow Dialect, Yangchow Dialect, Ningpo Dialect, and Sz-ch'wan Dialect, with Tables for each. China Review, 1875-85. 21. VARIOUS PAPERS UPON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN Japanese, Burmese, Corean, Annamese, and Chinese. China Review, Chinese Recorder, Japan Asiatic Society's Journal, N.C. Branch Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, 1872-92. 22. INTRODUCTORY ESSAY TO GILES' CHINESE-ENGLISH DIC- TIONARY, with Dialect Forms under each of 12,000 Characters. 23. THE ANCIENT CHINESE BOWL IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. T'oungPao, Oct. 1909. RELIGIOUS 24. HISTORY OF THE CHURCHES IN INDIA, BURMA, SIAM, MALAYA, CAMBODGIA, ANNAM, CHINA, TIBET, COREA, AND JAPAN. Hong Kong, China Mail Office, 1896. 1-136, 4to. 25. BUDDHISM IN CHINA. Chinese Recorder, 1894; Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1902. 26. REMINISCENCES TOUCHING MISSIONARIES IN CHINA, COREA, BURMA, Etc. Dublin Review, 1896. 27. THE RELIGION OF THE CHINESE. New Century Review, 1899. 28. CONFUCIUS. Oriental College, Woking, 1896. 29. NESTORIAN INSCRIPTION OF SI-AN FU. Dublin RevUw, Oct. 1902. 30. TAOISM AND THE TAO-T^H-KING. Dublin Review, July and Oct. 1903, and Jan. 1904. 31. CHINA AND RELIGION. John Murray, 1905 and 1910. STATISTICAL 32. POPULATION AND REVENUE OF CHINA. Otia Mersiana, University College, Liverpool, 1899. 33. POPULATION OF CHINA. Royal Statistical Soc. Journal, 1899. LEGAL 34. COMPARATIVE CHINESE FAMILY LAW. China Mail Office, 1878. Triibner & Co., 1879. 35. PRINCIPLES OF CHINESE LAW AND EQUITY. Law Quarterly Review, 1906. REPRINTS 36. CHINA: PAST AND PRESENT. Chapman & Hall, 1903. [Out ofprint. STUDIES IN CHINESE RELIGION <^aA^L'Oc^-^^^-v^ '^'^r/r ;^"l STUDIES IN CHINESE RELIGION BY E. H. PARKER, M.A. PROFESSOR OF CHINESE AT THE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER FOURTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON CHAPMAN AND HALL, Ltd. iqiO p:-?s - Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. V(s^4(; : PREFACE The contents of this book may be described in the main as the original studies from which a summary was made and a popular work published, in 1905, called China and Religion at least these studies suggested the compilation of such a work. It was thought better not to encumber China and Religion with too many references, proper names, and " intensive " matter generally. The present studies are now republished, with a few alterations and additions almost necessitated for clearness' sake by changes that have since taken place, and it is hoped they will be of some utility as vouchers for previous statements of fact made in more general terms for popular consumption. A few photographs are added by way of illustration. These republished studies do not by any means cover the whole ground taken in China and Religion;—for instance, I had published no previous special studies of Manicheism, Judaism, or Shintoism, but composed the chapters on those subjects in 1905 directly from notes I had gradually stored, and from the works of others who had already nearly exhausted the matter available for study, and had published the results of their labours. With these few remarks I commit the subject of Religion in China in a new form to the tribunal of public opinion. I have been requested to make special mention of the fact that the paper on "Chinese Blessedness" is republished from Dr. James Hastings' Encyclo- pcBdia of Religion (Dr. Hastings having himself desired that peculiar title). I have also been invited by Mr. J. A. Jackson to call attention to his copyright in certain photographs. E. H. Parker. 14 Gambier Terrace, Liverpool. CONTENTS PART I THE OLD CHINESE SPIRITUAL LIFE CHAP. PAGE i THE REAL RELIGION OF THE CHINESE 3 II RELIGION IN CHINA .... i6 III THE CHINESE LITERATI AND RELIGION IV CHINESE BLESSEDNESS 3° V A PAGE OF ANCIENT CHINESE HISTORY 40 PART II TAOISM. ITS GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OUT OF THE OLD SPIRITUAL LIFE I THE TAOIST TEACHING 45 II THE TAOIST "RELIGION" 62 HI THE TAOIST "CLASSIC" OF LAO-TSZ . 96 IV TAOISM 132 PART III CONFUCIANISM. ITS DEVELOPMENT ALSO OUT OF THE OLD SPIRITUAL LIFE I LAOCIUS (lAO-TSZ) AND CONFUCIUS AS RIVAL MORALISTS . 155 II THE FAMILY OF CONFUCIUS (wiTH ADDITIONAL ACCOUNT OF A RECENT visit) 1 76 III THE LIFE, LABOURS, AND DOCTRINES OF CONFUCIUS . .198 X CONTENTS PART IV ARRIVAL OF BUDDHISM BY WAY OF THE INDO-SCYTHIAN EMPIRE OF THE OXUS CHAP. PAGE I CHINESE BUDDHISM 225 PART V ISLAM IN CHINA I ISLAM IN CHINA 243 II ISLAM IN CHINA (MODIFIED) ...... 261 PART VI GHRISTIANITYr PRINTING, ETC. I THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ROAD TO CHINA , . .271 II THE EARLIEST CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA .... 276 III THE "NESTORIANS" ONCE MORE 292 IV PAPER AND PRINTING IN CHINA 297 INDEX 305 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TEMPLE OF THE EMPEROR YU . Frontispiece WORSHIPPING A SACRED TREE . 7 BURMESE BONZES TEACHING CHILDREN 14 MRS. ARCHIBALD LITTLE . 28 A "virtuous widow's arch" 33 A PRE-BUDDHISTIC TEMPLE 39 THE LATE REV. PETER HOANG 82 STATUE OF CONFUCIUS 180 THE PRESENT DUKE CONFUCIUS 191 CONFUCIUS' SOUL TABLET . 218 OFFERINGS TO THE SAGE'S ALTAR 221 BUDDHIST TEMPLE SACRIFICE 230 BUDDHIST TEMPLE IN CH'ANG-SHA FU 24s INTERIOR OF MOSQUE NEAR HARBIN . 259 PART I THE OLD CHINESE SPIRITUAL LIFE ; CHINESE RELIGIONS CHAPTER I THE REAL RELIGION OF THE CHINESE There are many hazy opinions abroad upon the subject of Chinese religion or irreUgion. In books we may read the most learned disquisitions on the Buddhist, Taoist, and other doctrines. In the course of this work, an examination will be made into the history of both Taoism and Chinese Buddhism but it will be much more to the purpose, in the first instance, to inquire what is the actual condition of the Chinese mind at this moment, and how far that mind is practically swayed by religious sentiment of any kind. In order to do this, the most satisfactory way will be to take the Chinese, province by province, as I have myself actually seen them, leaving it to the reader to make his own general deductions. During a residence of over two years in Peking I was much thrown into " religious " society. It is the custom there for all Europeans who can afford it, and whose occupations per- " mit of their absenting themselves, to retire to " the hills towards the end of May. There they remain until the begin- ning of October, riding in to town once a week or so, should business require it ; but as a general rule transacting their affairs at the temples. Most of these temples are dotted about the Western Hills, and are collectively known as Pa " " Ta-ch'u, or Eight Great Places ; but there are others farther north, towards the Ming Tombs ; farther south, over the Lou-k'ou Bridge—the first northern, railway terminus; and farther east, in the vicinity of the Imperial Summer Palace, which the Allies destroyed in i860. Amongst them are two or three nunneries. I visited the whole of these religious establishments at various times, and spent one or B 2 3 4 CHINESE RELIGIONS two months consecutively in half-a-dozen of them, so that I had ample opportunity to study the priestly character.
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