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The Silk Road The Silk Road Volume 1 Number 1 January 15, 2003 第1卷 第1號 “The Bridge between Eastern and Western Cultures” 一月十五日 In This Issue • WELCOME TO THE FIRST ISSUE WELCOME TO THE FIRST ISSUE! • [email protected]: A YE- Since the Soviet collapse, the nations of Central One reason for our distorted image of Central MENI TRADING LINK THREE THOUSAND Asia have shaken off imposed obscurity to make Asia has been the diffi culty of access for west- YEARS OLD headlines of their own. The emergence of these ern travelers, scholars, and archaeologists. new states has helped to focus attention once Russian and Chinese investigators working in • THE ORIGIN OF CHESS AND THE SILK again on their history, culture, and people. For their respective languages have done most of ROAD most of us, these were places whose names we the fi rst hand observation and reporting. The barely knew a decade ago. Collectively more experienced fi eld archaeologists • THE MONGOLS AND THE SILK ROAD they form the heart of Eurasia. Today in Russia and China—Elena Kuzmina • AGE OF MONGOLIAN EMPIRE: A BIB- they may be known as Ukraine, Armenia, from Moscow and Wang Binghua from LIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Urumchi, for example—have more di- Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and rect experience with Central Asian sites Kyrghizstan, but in the more remote and materials than practically all of past, along with Afghanistan, Xinjiang, the American investigators combined. and Gansu, they evoked images of the an- Their reports and publications, in Russian and cient Silk Road—oases, caravanserai, nomads, Chinese, are available in the west to only a lim- strange empires, fantastic beasts, and exotic ited number of specialists. Much of this material people. The public fascination with these dis- is now becoming available, and only some of tant lands has rekindled a dormant curiosity in that more recently still in translation. Next Issue the obscure past and modern folkways of what we now call Central Asia—the lands which em- The remove of Central Asian studies has con- • BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY ON ISLAMIC braced the multitude branches of the ancient tributed to its orphan status in major western WORLD BY PROFESSOR JOHN E. WOODS Silk Road. academic institutions. Mostly the region and its history is a ward of more entrenched and • BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY ON THE SOG- DIANS Those of us, scholars and amateurs, who seek better-supported traditional disciplines. Since timely and accurate information on the Silk Herodotus in Greece and Ssu Ma Chien in • ARTICLE BY DE LA VAISSIÈRE ON THE Road and Central Asia have many obstacles China, Central Asia has been parceled out as a SOGDIANS to overcome. The Silk Road, a newsletter, was remote and vestigial appendage of the Greek or conceived and developed to help those with an Chinese world. It has been viewed as a projec- • ARTICLE BY CONNIE CHIU “WEATHER interest to overcome those obstacles and to tion and subjectively constructed “other” to its AND MIGRATIONS DURING THE JIN DY- provide a central reference source for accurate better-known foils. NASTY” information on developments in various areas of Silk Road and Central Asian studies. The status of Central Asia as a separate aca- • AND MORE... demic subject has also suffered because liter- When we refer to “Central Asia” or “The Silk ary remains for the region are scant, for one, Road” we are not referring to one in the same and not in well attested languages and scripts. thing—they are not interchangeable terms. Written Central Asian documents appear rela- Central Asia is relatively easily defi ned. It is tively late in time compared to its better known roughly the geographic region of Asia from neighbors. The mission of unlocking the myster- the Urals in the west to Xinjiang and Gansu ies of these long lost regions has fallen almost in Western China. South to North, it includes exclusively to archaeology, and even then, only About the regions north of the Caucasus, Taurus, relatively recently. The Silk Road is a publication of Himalayas, the Pamirs, and Kun Lun, to the the Silkroad Foundation. Please Arctic Ocean. The Silk Road is centered on The term “the silk road,” as indicated earlier, feel free to contact us with any Central Asia but comprises, in our use of the presents another cluster of problems. There questions or contributions. term, more than geography—it stands by ex- was a silk road long before silk was actively tension for complex historical and cultural pro- traded by China, and there was a silk road for Silkroad Foundation cesses which need to be further investigated. thousands of years after that before the term P.O. Box 2275 “the silk road” was coined. In a sense, the silk Saratoga, CA 95070 Our knowledge of Central Asia and its Silk Road road was brought to Eurasia by the fi rst mod- Editor: Charles Cox conduits is impeded by several factors. The na- ern humans out of Africa some 100,000 years tive territory of our interest, for one, is as re- ago. As they discovered and adapted to new [email protected] mote to us as the territory of native Americans Eurasian habitats, they exchanged adaptations is to a Russian enthusiast. In addition, we have and technologies with one another and traded The Silk Road can also be viewed inherited in the west a legacy of 19th Century with each other for tools and goods. Gradually, online at romantic and exotic notions of Central Asia modern humans developed adaptations to http://www.silkroadfoundation based on dated travel accounts and Victorian most of Eurasia, especially in the wake of the .org fi ctions. The distortions inherent in these no- melting glaciers in the last 15,000 years. By tions have been ably and devastatingly decon- the Neolithic, about 8000 years ago, modern ©2003 Silk Road Foundation structed in Edward Said’s Orientalism. humans had transformed the great expanse of Eurasia into a large cultural interaction sphere, which effectively connected, on many direct and indirect levels, virtually all of the human oases and caravans transporting trade mummies in Xinjiang has focused major inhabitants of the continent from one end to and exchange via intermediaries between attention, and subsequent controversy, the other and from pre-historic times until dispersed peoples and cultures. There are on the early interactions between Chinese the present. The silk trade out of China only more nuanced dimensions to the Silk Road and Indo-Europeans. The stream of schol- began to be a major factor in Han times than simply trade and exchange which are arly articles in specialized journals dealing and reached its full flowering in the Tang worth our while to explore. with the Silk Road and Central Asian history Dynasty. It was not the silk that created the has also burgeoned in recent years. More silk road, however. Rather, a complex net- The obscurity of Central Asia has begun to explorations and excavations of the region work of trade routes, formal and informal, be dispelled. Over the past one hundred commence each year. Even television spe- maritime and terrestrial, facilitated the silk years, methodical exploration of this region cials have appeared with some regularity. trade and prospered from it. The necklace has revealed traces of larger communities And finally, there have been a number of of caravan oases centered in Central Asia and settlements dating from very early specialist and popular book length studies readily adapted to the silk trade across times. These were first brought to light on the Silk Road and its peoples. These Eurasia. It could be argued that the com- by bold military emissaries dispatched to developments have helped to create an plex network of links across Eurasia was this region by the political authorities of informed public interest in the Silk Road the first manifestation of what we now call the combatants in what is now referred to and Central Asian. globalization. For historians, this silk road as “the great game”. A generation of no network is part of world systems theory. less emboldened explorers followed them In response to this growth in interest, The Ironically, the silk road label was itself not on either side of the turn from the 19th Silk Road’s purpose is to monitor research, invented until the late nineteenth century to the 20th centuries. As word of the finds exhibitions, publications, and events relat- by Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833- of Sir Aurel Stein, Sven Hedin, and others ing to Central Asia and the Silk Road, and to 1905), long after silk had seen its glory—he finally came out, the archaeologists came communicate this information, at no cost, referred in German to “Die Seidenstrassen”. in. Beginning with Pumpelly’s excavations in print and online, to interested subscrib- The term was late in coming, but it has at Anau in Turkmenistan in 1904, there ers. Though our format is still evolving, stuck, at least in the west, as the name for followed, especially in the past twenty-five The Silk Road will include non-specialist the thing it describes. years, a series of spectacular archaeologi- articles on relevant subjects, a calendar cal discoveries in the once remote and pre- of events, exhibitions, and performances, For our newsletter, The Silk Road, how- sumably isolated reaches of Central Asia. notices of published research, articles, and ever, “the silk road” is not simply a time These discoveries have begun to reveal just books, progress reports on important ar- or merely a place. While it embraces the how central Central Asia’s role was to the chaeological field surveys and excavations, traditional meaning of a complex network of evolution of Eurasian society and civiliza- reviews of important new books in the caravan routes and oases linking China and tion.
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