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BOOK REVIEWS Sjœk'len 1991: Ârbog for Fiskeri- og Sofarts- The allure, cost and consequences of museet [1991 Yearbook of the Fisheries and technological change and adaptation is the Maritime Museum]. Esbjerg, Denmark: Fis• theme of Poul Holm's contribution dealing keri- og Sofartsmuseet, 1992. 144 pp., maps, with the early efforts at building a fleet of figures, tables, photographs, bibliographies, Danish steam trawlers for the Icelandic fish• English summaries. DKr. 148, hardback; ery. For general readers, the main interest ISBN 87-87453-58-4. rests in the way in which the financial failure of this early endeavour contributed to the Subscribers to The Northern Mariner/Le development of an owner-operated, small Marin du Nord with an ability to read Danish scale, cooperative trawler fleet in Denmark. (and it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that Other papers in Sjœk'len 1991 are more we are few enough in number to all fit com• parochial and less scholarly. We have an fortably into a mini-van) will no doubt be account of one man's experiences carrying pleased to note the release by the Danish fish by truck to Nazi Germany in the 1930s Fishery and Maritime Museum in Esbjerg of and 1940s; the story of the Dagmar Aœn, a another volume of Sjœk'len (the Shackle). traditional wooden Danish cutter, retired from Morten Hahn-Pedersen, the museum's dir• fishing, refitted and then set on a course of ector, has here brought together an interesting adventure circumnavigating the world north of ensemble of articles on a wide variety of the continental land masses; and finally two subjects, united by an institutional commit• shorter pieces dealing with ecological issues: ment to good public history. It is an eclectic, one derived from a current exhibit on whales generally pleasing mix of good scholarship, at the museum, another based on the contro• local history and journalism, for which the versy surrounding the discovery and study of publisher has very thoughtfully provided an two hundred dead porpoises on the west coast English summary for each article. of Jutland in 1991. The volume concludes For Canadians, by far and away the most with a report on the year's activities and interesting article is Hahn-Pedersen's investi• accomplishments at the Fishery and Maritime gation of the rise and fall of a remarkable Museum. fleet of sailing merchant ships, based on the What kind of year was it? According to island of Fane at the end of the nineteenth Hr. Hahn-Pedersen, 1991 was made memor• century. The study addresses the basic issues able by the high degree of media attention of technological change, markets and capital that museum activities and accomplishments in a manner that immediately recommends received. Memorable, yes, but in his fore• itself to any reader interested in the history of word, Hahn-Pedersen is quick to place this Atlantic Canada's fabled nineteenth century triumphal declaration within what, in the merchant sailing fleet. The differences museum world, has become an all too familiar between the Danish and the Canadian stories context of quiet concern. This is apparent in are obvious enough, yet as a case study, the his politically careful mention of the constant story of the Fane fleet provides an interesting pressure and expense of essential, behind-the- and informative comparative history. scenes museum work. Implicit in this dis- 67 68 The Northern Mariner cussion is the tension resulting from the need line, in church, maritime and immigration his• to finance and fulfil these basic responsibil• tory. Henry Whyman deserves high praise for ities while also sustaining viable hopes for this first well-documented, eminently readable future growth and expansion. This problem is biographical treatment. of both the legendary real and widely felt, and while Scandinavian founder of that ministry, Olof Gustaf Hed- museum yearbooks like Sjoek 'len constitute a strom, and his brother and mid-western fel• proud, enviable tradition, the economic and low-worker Jonas. political forces at work in museums today are In the course of twelve chapters, Why- as corrosive of such traditions as the North man covers the colourful career of the key Sea is of the Jutland's renowned western player in this drama, Swedish-born Olof Gus• shore. taf Hedstrom (1803-1877), from his early years as a stranded, mugged mariner, then a Garth Wilson circuit-riding Methodist preacher, and on to Ottawa, Ontario his life-calling as "Captain" of the Bethel Ship John Wesley at Pier 11 North River (as the Henry C. Whyman. The Hedstroms and the Hudson River was then called). Although Bethel Ship Saga: Methodist Influence on begun as a ministry mainly to foreign and Swedish Religious Life. Carbondale, IL: especially Scandinavian seafarers, congregat• Southern Illinois University Press, 1992. xvi ing in that part of New York Harbor, Hed• + 183 pp., illustrations, notes, index. US strom and his colleagues soon saw it as a $19. 95 (+ $2. 50 postage & handling), cloth; clear case of providence that such a strategi• ISBN 0-8093-1762-1. cally situated mission should be established so shortly before immigration from Scandinavia This book is unique in focus and fills a long started on a massive scale. As crowds of con• felt need. However, for those unfamiliar with fused and often abused Scandinavian immi• the fascinating early history of the Seafarers' grants poured in during the decades which Mission Movement, the title might convey the followed, their ever-friendly factotum fulfilled notion that there was only one "Bethel Ship. " the functions of employment agency, post- In actual fact, the whole saga began with the office, interpreter, missing persons bureau, birth of the so-called Bethel Movement and travel agency and counselling centre. the unfurling in 1817 of the first Bethel Flag Not surprisingly, multitudes of both on the waters of the River Thames. There• seafarers and immigrants, disillusioned with after, the word "Bethel" rapidly became a Lutheran state-church formalism, responded generic term for organizations and facilities warmly to the hearty Methodist revivalism of for mission to seafarers throughout the world. this latter-day Good Samaritan. The book Such facilities might be shore-based buildings goes on to break new ground in tracing the (often simply called "Bethels") or, frequently, fascinating links between the native Swedish as in the case of the subject of this book, "Làsare" or Pietist Movement and Hedstrom's refurbished hulks (or "Bethel Ships") conveni• Bethel Ship ministry. The final four chapters ently moored as floating chapels in major sea• are devoted to the very divergent directions in ports. which the Bethel Ship brand of populist piety Provided this wider context is clearly subsequently went. First (and for the most understood, the title is in this case neverthe• part), there was the steady stream of spiri• less well warranted. For here, beginning with tually awakened Scandinavian immigrants, a battered old brig moored on Manhattan's heading West to claim their land of promise, West Side in the mid-1840s, emerged a Bethel meanwhile reinforcing the ranks of Scandina• Ship ministry with a difference—destined to vian-American Methodism, largely in response create dramatic waves far beyond the shore• to the follow-up ministry of Jonas, Olof Book Reviews 69 Hedstrom's Illinois-based brother and shore- the Nordic nations, who eventually felt com• side counterpart. Simultaneously, there went pelled to launch their own seafarers' and out from the Methodists' Manhattan Bethel immigrant missions on the Atlantic seaboard. Ship as well as its Brooklyn-based successor, Nevertheless, none of this must be a committed core of converted Scandinavian allowed to detract from the brilliance of sailors, bent on bringing their new-found faith Whyman's contribution to our understanding back to their respective fatherlands, by a of a ministry which remains unique in the process of re-migration. Here they actually annals of both immigration and maritime planted the seeds of Scandinavian Methodism, mission history. As such, the saga of the thereby vindicating the oft-repeated contention Hedstrom brothers and a certain Bethel Ship of the pioneer advocates of maritime mission, in nineteenth-century New York, which for that seafarers, once committed to Christ, had years sailed no further than her own hawser, ever since the Master's call on the shores of will for ever retain a secure place in the Galilee, always made the most effective history of human mobility, or "People on the missionaries. Move. " And a substantial part of that credit In terms of placing the history of Hed• must go to Henry Carl Whyman. strom's Bethel Ship ministry in the context of American immigration history, with special Roald Kverndal reference to his mid-nineteenth century Seattle, Washington Swedish fellow-ethnics, it is doubtful if any could surpass Whyman, with his exceptional Martin Dean, Ben Ferrari, Ian Oxley, Mark qualifications. However, no similar attempt is Redknap and Kit Watson (eds. ). Archaeology made to see the dramatic saga of this particu• Underwater: The NAS Guide to Principles lar Bethel Ship in the context of the early and Practice. London: Nautical Archaeology Bethel Movement as such, much less the Society and Archetype Publications, 1992. x wider history of the Church Maritime, where + 336 pp., illustrations, bibliography, index. it undeniably also belongs. As to the use of £25, soft-bound; ISBN 1-873132-25-5. "floating chapels, " only one (not "several") had been opened in American ports by June For years, sports divers have been offered 1845, in contrast to the case in the United introductory courses in underwater archaeol• Kingdom and elsewhere. (It seems likely that ogy, largely in attempts to divert them from the main body of the book was completed salvaging souvenirs from heritage wreck sites.