American Folklife Center Library oj Congress
April-June 1985
Volume VIII, Number 2
Dialect Collection for Folk Archive
Kalevala Symposium
Publications "Cowboy Poetry Gathering" held in new film created by a folklorist or (as Elko, Nevada; and a feature in The FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS was often the case) by a folklorist Christian Science Monitor about folklorist filmmaker team was carefully weighed a quarterly publication of the Paula Johnson's work with maritime and scrutinized. That long period of American Folklife Center cultural traditions in Southern Mary debate and experimentation was, I land. would submit, a virtual prerequisite to at the The Stone Carvers, by Marjorie Hunt achieving the Academy Award. Library of Congress and Paul Wagner, has already been But films are expensive enterprises, celebrated in this column (Folklife Cen and having an idea will not get you ter News, Vol. VIII, No.1, January very far without the institutional capac AJan Jabbour, Director March 1985). Now that it has won the ity to carry it out. Many folklorists of Ray Dockstader, Deputy Director Academy Award, and the millions the past generation enthusiastically
Carl Fleischhauer who watched the ceremony have heard launched film projects through alli Mary Hufford of it, it is sure to be scheduled on ances with people and organizations Folklife Specialists national television and to have a brisk that, as it turned out, had little interest Peter T. Bartis, Folklife Researcher run of local screenings. The first and in folklorists' ideas and only exploited second causes of its success are the their contacts with folk performers. Patricia M. Markland, Program Assistant artistry and spirit of community among The resultant films thus portrayed Brett Topping, Writer-Editor Magdalena Gilinsky, Contracts Specialist the stone carvers themselves, and the people and subjects of interest to us, Doris Craig, Administrative Secretary artistry and filmic sensibility ofthe two but not in the manner we might have Lisa Oshins, Staff Assistant filmmakers. But a third cause deserves employed ifwe ourselves were in con Tel: 202 287-6590 attention here: behind the film lies a trol. By contrast, the development of short but intense history of thinking, The Stone Carvers depended upon a Archive of Folk Culture debating, and experimenting by folk matrix of institutional support from lorists in a quest for standards and the Smithsonian Institution, which Joseph C. Hickerson, Head approaches regarding documentary had initially directed attention to the Gerald E. Parsons, Jr., Reference Librarian Sebastian LoCurto, Staff Assistant films. And behind the debating and carvers by featuring them in the Festi experimenting lies a fourth cause: the val of American Folklife, and which, Tel: 202 287-5510 patient assembling ofthe network itself through its Office of Folklife Programs, that conducted the debates and experi provided auspices for the professional Federal Cylinder Project ments, and the gradual strengthening efforts of Marjorie Hunt and Paul Dorothy Sara Lee, Director ofthat network's institutional capacity Wagner. Simultaneously, the Folk Judith A. Gray, Ethnomusicologist to accomplish what it debates about. Arts Program ofthe National Endow The debates about folklife and docu ment for the Arts, by providing grant Tel: 202 287-9022 mentary film are actually old and support for documentary films featur Washington, D.C. 20540 interdisciplinary; filmmakers and an ing folk arts, became a key institu thropologists have been engaged in it tional vehicle for funding the ideas for some time. Within the network of generated by the folk arts and folk Managing Editor: Brett Topping folklorists there have been desultory life network. The D.C. Community conversations for a couple of genera Humanities Council, which now boasts tions; but by the late 1960s there was two folklorists on the council, joined a crescendo, and by the early 1970s the Folk Arts Program in funding for the interest was even more intense. the project. If this is what being part One sign of that intensity was the of the establishment is all about, it cer DIRECTOR'S number of sessions at the American tainly has made a difference, enabling Folklore Society's annual meeting folklorists to carry out with maximum COLUMN devoted to showing and discussing control the ideas they have been dream films. What styles or approaches to ing about. film best suited our subject matter? The "Cowboy Poetry Gathering" The end of the year has not come Could films allow people to tell their in Elko, Nevada, which brought to yet, when one is supposed to stop to own stories, or were they extensions gether an astonishing array of cowboy reflect on how things are going. But of our own mental constructs? Did the poets (upwards of a hundred) from three recent moments when folklife usual editing techniques in film violate various western states, was a triumph activities popped up in the national our folkloristic respect for complete of another sort. Project director Hal media provide an occasion for think performances? Does the presence of the Cannon, working under the auspices ing a bit about what it takes to get into filmmaker ineluctably alter the con of the Institute of the American West the public eye. My three "moments" text? What are the ethical dimensions in Sun Valley, Idaho, joined forces are the winning of the Academy Award of making films about the people we with the state folk arts coordinators for best documentary short film by a work with? Lively and earnest debates from most of the western states and folklife film, The Stone Carvers; The raged around such issues, and each other folklorists like Gary Stanton and
2 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS Meg Glazer to bring off the event. The over the past fifteen years about folk decade-and there has been a con public impact was little short of stun lore as performance, as well as increas comitant linking with the network of ning, including major features in The ing acceptance of poetic recitations as museums. The interview with Paula Wall StreetJoumal, The New York Times, a bona fide genre in folklore study. Johnson grew out of an encounter at the Los Angeles Times, Newsweek, and As for the institutional backdrop to a national meeting sponsored by the People Weekry, as well as subsequent the "Cowboy Poetry Gathering," National Trust for Historic Preser appearances of cowboy poets in such an important ingredient was the ex vation, which bespeaks a growing col venues as The Tonight Show. perience our network has accrued in laboration between folklorists and Here again, it is worth reflecting on organizing festivals and other live preservationists around the country. the backdrop of ideas and institutional presentations. Beyond that, the key All these trends have been greatly networking that made the event possi development was the growth of the assisted by the increasing expertise of ble. The idea itself-that cowboy poe network of state folk arts coordinators, folklorists in material culture, inspired try and its tradition of composition which has been fostered over the past by the academic leadership of folk and recitation are worth paying atten decade by the Arts Endowment's Folk lorists like Warren Roberts and Henry tion to-might seem to the casual ob Arts Program. The coordinators in the Glassie. server simple enough, but in fact such western states began convening each The moral of my three examples is a radically new event requires a great summer during the Fife Conference on simple. Each example where our work deal of prior discussion. For years a Western American Folk Culture at reaches national public attention de handful of folklorists have been point Utah State University, and that annual pends upon a fabric ofprior thinking, ing out that cowboys of the American gathering strengthened their resolve to discussing, network-building, and West have a tradition ofpoetic compo collaborate on a project that spoke to institutionalizing. The thinking and sition and recitation parallel to their and for their entire region. Several of discussing has a strong academic base, already well-known singing tradition. the coordinators were interested in and without the academic dimension Knowing that the tradition exists was featuring the cowboy poetry tradition, of our network (despite occasional the first prerequisite. The second was and the idea received a final assist tensions between "academic" and agreeing that such a tradition was sig from the Arts Endowment. The rest, "public-sector" wings in our profes nificant, which for folklorists was facil as they say, is history. sion) it never would have happened. itated by fresh theoretical thinking My final example is a full-page The network-building and institution spread in The Christian Science Monitor alizing beyond the academic realm in on "Maryland's Maritime Folklorist." the past fifteen years have provided an It focuses on the work of folklorist additional critical ingredient, giving us PaulaJohnson at the Calvert Marine readier access to the public eye and BOARD OF TRUSTEES Museum in Solomons, Maryland. lending the resources required for Unlike the publicity regarding The major efforts in public education such Ronald C. Foreman, Jr., Florida, Stone Carvers or the "Cowboy Poetry as films, festivals, and exhibits. It takes Chairman Gathering," this journalistic essay nothing away from those who directly David E. Draper, Louisiana, Vice takes as its subject, not the folk or their created these splendid public products Chairman lore, but the work of folklorists. The to say that many others, in both the Edward Bridge Danson, Arizona interview explores what it is to be a academy and the public sector, have Jeanne Guillemin, Massachusetts folklorist and what a folklorist's rela helped prepare the way. Bruce Jackson, New York tionship is with the people being William L. Kinney, Jr., South Carolina studied. It also discusses the Calvert St. John Terrell, New Jersey Marine Museum's exhibit "Seasons J. Barre Toelken, Oregon of Abundance, Seasons of Want," which presents the story of the com mercial fishing, clamming, crabbing, Ex Officio Members and oystering industries in Southern Maryland. A companion piece on the Daniel J. Boorstin, The Librarian of same page explores the history of the Congress American Folklore Society and the Robert McConnick Adams, Secretary of growth of public-sector programs in the Smithsonian Institution folklife during the past fifteen years. Francis S. M. Hodsoll, Jr., Chairman, Thus the feature provides a rare but National Endowment for the Arts much-needed public discussion of the ___, Chairman, National Endow nature of our profession and its work. ment for the Humanities Behind this feature article lies a host Alan Jabbour, Director, American of public-sector efforts by folklorists in Folklife Center recent years. There have been many experiments with exhibits-like films, a major preoccupation during the past
APRIL-JUNE 3 DIALECT COLLECTION FOR FOLK ARCHIVE
When members of the American his dialect and phonetics classes and Dialect Society (ADS) gathered at the had them transcribed by students.In Library of Congress on December 28, 1972, when Cassidy wanted to review 1984, technical terminology, plays on the Hanley recordings for DARE, he words, and acronyms were the order found Hanley's set so badly worn that of the day.The Society had a two-fold he realized he should have the material purpose for convening at the Library: on the discs transferred to audio tape. to hold their annual meeting and to Later that year a staff member of the present a collection of some 1,300 University of Wisconsin radio station aluminum-disc recordings, informally made 75 seven-inch tapes from the called "the Hanley discs," to the Li discs, using the Illinois set of the Han brary of Congress. ley recordings. In 1974 Margaret The Hanley discs originated from Waterman, then working as associate Miles L.Hanley's tenure as associate editor of DARE, reviewed the tapes director of the Linguistic Atlas of New for possible dictionary entries.In the England (LANE). The New England process she updated the listing of the atlas, published in three volumes be interviews included in the collection. tween 1939 and 1943, forms part of a Her introduction to the list offers a larger project to develop a "Linguistic lively insight to the linguistic, social, Atlas of the United States and Can and historic value of the Hanley re ada.'' Initiated by Hans Kurath of cordings. Brown University, that project has been conducted since the early 1930s We have then a record of the under the auspices of the American speech of people born in the Council of Learned Societies, with 1850's, a few in the 1840's. One assistance from the Rockefeller Foun informant speaks of being dation and numerous universities. engaged to a young man who The Hanley collection was officially went off to the Civil War and presented to the Library on behalf of never returned. Another tells of ADS by Frederic G. Cassidy from Miles L. Hanley (Photo by Harold Hone) hearing Henry Ward Beecher the University of Wisconsin, editor of preach ... . the Dictionary of American Regional En mobile batteries. Yet, for the time, it For me the pleasure gained glish (DARE), who spoke about Han was technologically advanced and from the best of the disks has ley and his work. An English professor worked reasonably well." One day little to do with language. The at the University of Wisconsin, Madi when Hanley was returning. to Provi voices and sounds-some son whose specialty was phonetics, dence, R.I., driving at his customar distracting-are capable of Hanley was "an enthusiastic pioneer ily fast clip, a farmer pulled out onto transporting a listener to another in applying mechanical aids to pho the road in front of him.When Hanley time and place; like old diaries, netic and acoustic studies, " said jammed on his brakes the batteries for old letters, old pictures, they Cassidy. Between 1932 and 1934 he powering the recording equipment slid carry a person momentarily into travelled extensively through southern into the front seat, crushing him a different world. I have found New England, making aluminum-disc against the steering wheel and break myself in an old farm kitchen recordings of speech in the region with ing his back. He suffered from the where Prof. Hanley's contrap a recording set-up he himself devel effects of that accident for the remain tion has been set up-lugged in oped for the task. "Compared with ing twenty years of his life. from the back of his car. Even present audio recorders,'' commented Two sets of the discs were com the car would be a valuable Cassidy, "this equipment was barely pleted by 1934.One set went back to antique now! .. . Grandpa has portable, with an old stand-up micro the University of Wisconsin with Han drawn up alongside Prof. phone of very limited pickup range, a ley; the second set was sent to the Alva Hanley ready for the ordeal. huge control box, and another box Davis Center of American English Grandma is stationed not far with a turntable and head to cut the (CAE) at the Illinois Institute of Tech away-close enough for some aluminum discs, the whole clumsy nology in Chicago.Over the next two backseat driving when the infor hookup powered by a series of auto- decades Hanley played the records in mant fumbles or forgets the
4 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS VOLUME LINCUISTIC ATLAS OF NEW ENCLAND MAP 286
CORN BREAD
J.,N... Et>ghr>d,."..6 ....d WMon~lJoi,.Jbeft,T1! bo~fd,~I.~c.lrn(mc.t,.,""ly /Jt(f'r~. nO"'''''' g",Id'. ono"'" ~ ~a"~".· ..", b~I ,110 "8.1,4"",""'" . " ""''''''r·c.~,,·'t;oA·I'· ... n ,. C~~N u,~o) IJ _d~ of«I", O)''''''''''''''''''C'''''' )""'$ /.'It ·Ict,~n"m" .....1 ""II> In ad"","t",~ of 'Y" ....'c••• • (I) ••. •...." ... ~Jc.bt.tJ"'." ...... ,.. ...~lt f/ ... ~(Y.t"yJ).m,'. (8}IIf."... ""••• (I), ... c"." ..,~". """J.e ind t99S.I"'d"'~/a$.Sn or Inz• •u I, IS'.Z. , ••.•• J'4 7 001 M" d1M, .~th b" b'ld •"9" for ~ ..tate""'g. It IS U.',"".',J'(l.I,J8" ,~, c1 __,.•• ·c • .,.cf~II~.. Nkev", fl.!P'F.. (tl....~n (9)CO.N,Of." .ndco~" ~1.Fordl>g' IfO' n..: ,,,""'mi"t~ ...,ft",y. :~7I,~-!;~;"~;r~:::);:; r.)""$","un~"'d,Htr:"g 'fdJJ"" ~'J .. t~"glot"'1IIf. It 10". Nhd"'IJ..~T1!-pll« "._ot~r"'!llrQ"'('); II
CORN BREAD 2BS
Map 286 from the Linguistic Atlas of New England, Volume 2, showing the geographic distribution of different terms for corn bread and their varying pronunciations in phonetic transcnption.
name used "around here" for goes until I am harshly brought stuck in a groove, and the tape apple pudding made with biscuit back to the 1970's by the disk's screeches something like ickera dough. Dogs bark and have to noisily running out. "Then all ickera-ickera-ickera until someone be let in or out, clocks strike. of a sudden my horse stumbled lifts the needle from the groove Sometimes a rooster-who and . . . ." The speaker appar and ickera turns out to be part of perhaps ended in a fricassee forty ently goes on with the rest of his an epidemic around here. years ago!-crows vigorously. A story while the "engineer" turns The informants are living in train whistles by on a nearby over the disk and starts the the depth of the depression, track. One feeble old man asks operation again, by which time World War II is still to come. Prof. Hanley to close the door the speaker has moved on to Roosevelt and the New Deal are behind him, please. "I was something else. There is no way current topics of conversation. threatened last winter, you of ever knowing what happened The speakers are all concerned know," he explains. By to the horse or of catching the about prices-low prices, for pneumonia, I decide, not by an word I am listening for, which most of them are farmers. They assassin stealing in when his comes all too often just as the have just survived the coldest back was to the door. And so it disk ends. Or the needle gets Continued on overleaf
APRIL-JUNE 5 DIALECT COLLECTION CORN BREAD In New England corn bread (6)JOIINNY-BREAO'" (f): baked on a. board before Continued jrom previous page baked in large cakes (most widely /.2, '.1,119.'2, 180.1, ZS2.1, ~06 . 1, the fire, now on a griddle known as .JO~NNY-CAKE hut also J4(fJ.l, 407.1, 408.1 4'", JOHNNY-CAKE, "ou;' 'fa'md"l as CORN BRfAO) is made of (om (7) CORN CAK.E and CORN JtfUS ta lit 'Iats :m am! meal with an admixture of rye MEAL CAKE" (I) 48. 1 SWEETENED J.C., baKed in an ovtn winter they have ever known. or wheat flour (Y. to Y3),milk (8) INOIAN CAKE = (!), 48.1 CORN BRFAD '" BAKED J. C. and eggs, and molasses or 122.'1,123. 1,156.2,196.1,314.2, 60.2 llYn d30nI kelk:::. ktm brEd Old men who have followed the sugar for 5weetenin8' It is 3'24.'2, 346.1, 370.1,388. '2 82.1 ,f DOG ..JOHNNY-CAKE, of yellow sea tell yarns, a woman baked in flat pans (the cakes (9) CORN BREAD and CORN meal. for dogs being I-Ii inches thick) or in MEAL 6READ, 110.1 The informant's wife says: describes the ghosts and haunted muffin tins. In tormer years (a) unsweetened or differing '[dJ3n1' kekf is th. right name, it was baked in the fire-place in some other way from (I); but we don't use it.' houses she has known. "I was in covered iron 'spiders', (b) = (I), ' • .',60.', "' 2, 112. 2 CORN CAKE, tried on a griddle skeered," she says, "though 1 Unsweetened corn bread 150. 1, 2,3,5, 154-. 2, 20/.2, 2,," 2, 118.1 JOHNNY- CAKE, of corn mea! with (not common in New Eng/and) 226.1,2, 354, 390. 1, 392.2,400.2, a little rye flour was a married woman with three is also called .)OHNNY- CAKE by 403, 40f,.f, 416.2. In many in11+ CORN CAKE, baked in muffin tins children at the time." Two some. but usua//y CORN BREAD. stances it is not clear whether 140.2 cf. "'d::J9 'd3::Jn~ kelk 0" the other hand, COPN BREAD the mean;ng ;5«1) orlb) or both. 146.1 'We cal/ It INDI AN BREAD, mostly elderly sisters get into such a is being used more and more ( 10) INDIAN BREAO and (mo,!,]. , for the sweetened variety as INDIAN MEAL BREAD, ISO./,2,J 'O~N BREAD, 'the modern name squabble over how mackerel was well. (aJ = (I): 45.2, 14 6.1,150.3,320.1, for JOHNN'(- CAKE) processed at the cannery in their In Rhode Island the term '88.2, 396.1,406.1,408.1 ; '94.1 JOHNNY'- CAKE, 1/$ corn mea/~ CORN BREAO IS the equivalent (b) '" (9): 233, Z.I, 278.1,304 Z, '/3 flour village that it's impossible to tell of the JOHNNY- CAKE of Massa 312./, J59, 386.1, 394.? 2003 CORN BPEIoO. raised with baking chusetts and Connecticut. Definitions and comm~nts pOWderiJOHNHY-CAKE, not raised what either is saying. There are while .JOHNNy-CAKE denotes 01 the informants should be 201.2 BAKED JO/>fNNY-(,J.KE:: CORN eREIoD a griddle cake made of consulted. It is to be borne in 218.2 JOHNNY-CAKE, made of corn me;l, poor people concerned with parched corn meal (known as mind, however, that these wert> sour mtlk, [soudar, e'gz an Sug-ej, finding good doctors, getting on RHODE ISLAND JOHNNY-CAKE elsenot systematically recorded. baKed in a shallow pan where in New England). 236.1, 240 CORN BREAD, raised with the welfare rolls. There are rich CORN MUFFINS and CORN yea.st or [E"mtm~l people with houses full of GEMS were frequently recorded 27?.Z 'SU~l"t 'dJanl ke"k, containin9 In a/l p.,ts of New England 1.1 JOHNNY-CAK~. sweetened chopped suet valuable antiques which they but are not reproduced here. with {mal",s,,] 276.1 CORN BREAD, baked in a deep Terms for other kinds of JOHNNY-~RfAD.nut swut~n~d pan; JOHNIoIY-CAKl:, baked in a discuss, librarians, butchers, bread and cake made of corn 6.2 JOHNNY-CAK£,not swedened flat tin town clerks, storekeepers, and meal are presented on the 23 '5...... IZ 'Iats an am ~at "278./ md3,!n, sic follow;nQ map. 'B/oks 'hred med a mdJIn UH.2 CORN BREAD" ~ROWN BREAD farmers ... many, even a "lady Imil ent 'Fd on" fr 'nag fadr.' 286.1 - kck., sic The following terms are JOHNNY-CA/(t, fried ~n a 304.1 JOHNNY-CAKE, regarded as a new farmer." presented on this map: sr;ddle, often s
6 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS THE KALEVALA AND FINNISH IDENTITY
Kalevala symposium participants Kai Laitenen (L), Lauri Hanko, Aili Waris Flint, William A. Wilson, Thomas Vennum, Jr., and Yvonne Hiipakka Lockwood (R).
Most of the audience attending the assistance of the Embassy of Finland. C. Flint read the English translation Center's January 24 symposium "The Participants included Aili Waris Flint by Francis P. Magoun, Jr. The scene Kalevala and Finnish Identity in Fin and Austin C. Flint of Columbia they chose is a famous episode-the land and America'' seemed well ac University; Lauri Honko from the story of Lemminkainen and his quainted with Finland's national folk University of Turku and Director of mother. In it Lemminkainen' s mother epic. Vivid recollections of the Kalevala the Nordic Institute of Folklore; Kai worries that he has been gone a long led some audience members to stand Laitenen of Helsinki University and time to do his courting. Seeing a hair up and relate how much it meant to Chairman of the Society forthe Study brush in her home dripping blood, she have it read to them as children, en of Literature in Finland; Yvonne sets out to find her son. In her search couraging others who were introduced Hiipakka Lockwood, Michigan Folk for him she asks the Dame of the to it later in their lives to recount their life Specialist at Michigan State Uni North Country and then the road, the own personal reactions to the work. versity; Thomas Vennum,Jr., Senior moon, and the sun where he might be. On the other hand, a few members of Ethnomusicologist from the Smith All of them know something, but are the audience who attended briefly just sonian Institution's Office of Folklife reluctant to tell her. Finally, she finds to see what the symposium was all Programs; and William A. Wilson, the pieces of his body in the river of about commented from time to time, Director of the Folklore Program at Death. She fishes the pieces out of the "This is fascinating, but what exactly Utah State University. river using a rake with a very long is a Kalevala?" The symposium began, appropri handle, and then sings life back into The day-long conference honoring ately enough, with readings from the him through her knowledge of magical the 150th anniversary of the Kalevala' s Kalevala. Aili Waris Flint read in Fin charms. publication was presented by the Amer nish from Book 8 of the 1835 edition As the day progressed attention ican Folklife Center with the generous of the work, and her husband Austin Continued on overleaf
APRIL-JUNE 7 THE KALEVALA AND IDENTITY Continued jrom previous page
Lemminkiiinen's mother singing him back to life, as painted by Akseli Gallen-Kallela. (Courtesy of the Embassy of Finland) shifted from the Kalevala as a work of bers of an ethnic group. impulse to identify "with the large literature to the Kalevala as a reference As Lauri Honko explained in his majority of Finland's population, the point for a discussion ofidentity. Con paper "The Kalevala Process," Fin Finnish-speaking but unlettered com ference participants discussed several land experienced an identity crisis mon people." levels of identity: the broad collective following the Peace of Hamina in The price oj the new identity was a identity that helps to determine forms 1809. The agreement severed Fin change oj language; within a couple of cultural expression and nurtures land's ties to Sweden and established of decades Finnish, not Swedish, itself through them, the personal iden it as a Grand Duchy of Russia. For a became the common language of the tity that shapes a work of art or in people no longer politically bound to intelligentsia. But the attempt to create fluences its interpretation, and the Swedish culture, and with little affmity a national culture that would satisfy communal identity shared by mem for things Russian, there was a natural European criteria came up against a
8 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS triple stumbling block: the language time the poems have lost their connec knew the runes better than any singer was not adequate Jor modern needs, tions with particular regions, as alive. Thus, concluded Laitenen, the history ojFinland was unwritten, Lonnrot had no scruples inJuxtapos Li:innrot saw himself as a singer of and there was almost no literature in ing lines that he had gathered in quite poetry with the age-old power accorded Finnish. different places. By using this tech oral performers to choose the order of nique Lonnrot was able to create an the runes for dramatic effect. There was, however, an ancient oral epic that did not belong merely to a The effect of changes in personal tradition alive in the remoter regions particular area or province, but to identity on interpretations of the of the country, and, under the in Finland as a whole. Kalevala was the theme of William A. fluence of the Romantic Movement, Wilson's paper "Partial Repentance the Finnish intelligentsia began to Pendulum swings in Finland's sense of a Critic: The Kalevala, Politics, and discern a special power and beauty in of national identity have continued to the United States." His paper re the oral tradition of the country's com affect scholarly interpretations of the examined the critical remarks about mon people. A program for the con work, added Honko. For a generation 1920s Kalevala scholarship which Wil struction of a national culture based or so after the Kalevala was published son published in his book Folklore and on the heritage manifested in oral tra it was treated virtually as a history Nationalism in Modern Finland. His eval dition began to emerge among stu book and used as such in schools. By uation ofKalevala scholarship between dents at the University ofTurku in the the 1870s, when scholars began to ex the world wars was, basically, that 181Os. Consequently, "A kind of amine the original poems, the consen scholars of the period sacrificed their social demand for a national epic was sus shifted and the work was viewed scholarship to political expediency. in the air," as Honko phrased it. The as a myth. Before and after World They interpreted the epic in light of stage was set for the development of War I the strict historic interpretation the political climate of the time and a work such as the Kalevala . regained the ascendancy; but since the used it to rally people to political The man who stepped onto the 1950s the mythological interpretation causes. "Lying behind these criticisms stage that Finnish history had pre has come to dominate scholarly was my unstated assumption that the pared was Elias L6nnrot. As a student writing on the poem once again. world is best served when the scholar ofhumanities at the Imperial Univer remains in his study and does not soil sity of Helsinki he was imbued with The historical interpretation comes to his hands with what Europeans today a sense of the importance of recording the Jore whenever it is Jelt that the might calljolklorismus and what Ameri Finland's oral tradition. He had been national identity is threatened and cans would call applied folklore, or inspired and guided in his studies by needs strengthening. The mythical in public-sector folklore ." the 19th-century historian and ethnol terpretation, on the other hand, is In the ten years since publishing the ogist Reinhold von Becker. He was typical ojtimes when internal conflicts book, however, Wilson's own identity young enough-twenty-six years old and outside pressures are not very has changed. He has himself become when he set out on his first expedition strong. Sometimes both interpretations much more involved in public-sector in 1828-to undertake the arduous are current simultaneously; but in this folklore, and, while he still does not journeys required to collect folk poetry. case the theory that does not Jit with like the politicization ofKalevala schol During his life L6nnrot made eleven the spirit of the times is pushed aside. arship that took place in Finland in the collecting trips, travelled 13,000 miles 1920s and 1930s, his criticism has often on foot in the remoter areas That, said Honko, is the essence of the softened. "It did not take me long and collected 65,000 lines of poetry. Kalevala process-the reinterpretation after publishing the book," he con Much of the poetry he then set about and reassimilation ofthe work by each fessed, "to realize that probably no structuring into epic form. succeeding generation. one writes free from political ideology, Lauri Honko described Elias L6nn On the personal level L6nnrot's myself included." His personal philos rot's method of compiling the epic own changing sense of identity was ophy has also changed. Ten years ago from the collected verses. L6nnrot another vitally important factor in the he felt a folklorist should be a scholar changed the orthography, language, development of the Kalevala. Accord first and a patriot or special pleader or meter of about fifty percent of the ing to Kai Laitenen's paper "The second; today he feels a folklorist lines he used. In addition, he com Kalevala as Literature," L6nnrot lost should be first and foremost" a human bined lines in about fourteen percent "the cautious collector's attitude of being who responds humanely and of the work, composed three percent retrieving a lost epic" early on, and sympathetically to the needs of other of the epic, and left untouched the began to make the work more his own. human beings: the need to take pride remaining thirty percent of the lines Educated in the world's literary clas in one's heritage, the need to find he incorporated. sics, he interpreted the material he had value in and recognition for creative collected in terms of the Icelandic Edda and artistic achievement, the need to Lonnrot combined different variants and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. But keep alive and to pass on to others the and added parallel lines. The result L6nnrot did not consider himself the traditions that will enrich their lives. " is that many oj the lines appear in author of the epic. Rather, he came to Having looked at the relationship of contexts quite different Jrom those oj consider himself almost a singer of national and personal ~dentity to the the original oral tradition. At the same runes, acknowledging in 1849 that he Continued on overleaj
APRIL-JUNE 9 THE KALEVALA AND IDENTITY Continued from previous page
creation and interpretation of the Kalevala, the symposium participants went on to discuss the Kalevala in rela tionship to ethnic identity. Linguist Aili Flint examined the Kalevala as an identity symbol for Finnish-Americans in her paper' 'The Kalevala as a Bridge between Finland and the United States" and noted that, within certain Finnish communities, it has been an important identity marker. Names from the Kalevala have been used for tow'ns in the northern midwestern states, such as Kaleva, Michigan. In addition, the fraternal organization Knights of Kalevala, founded in 1889, and its sister organization Ladies of Kalevala have been and continue to be important in certain Finnish-Ameri can communities. Members of those organizations meet locally and nation ally. Some lodges still speak only Fin nish, while others are using more and more English. Regardless of the lan guage, however, identification with Finland's national epic persists within the lodges. As one lodge member re marked to Flint, "We really did speak to each other in Kalevala." In her paper "Immigrant to Ethnic: Folk Symbols of Identity among Fin Vainamiiinen's departure, as painted by Akseli Gallen-Kallela. (Courtesy of the Embassy of nish-Americans" Yvonne Hiipaaka Finland) Lockwood reported that the fieldwork she conducted in northern Minnesota, rather than a symbol of ethnic iden tity and as one of the world's great Michigan, and Wisconsin showed that tity. The most fully Finnish-American epics? William A. Wilson thinks not: the Kalevala plays little role in bound identity symbol of the three is St. ary maintenance and ethnic identity Urho, a pseudo-legendary figure de I am convinced that we generate and among Finnish-Americans. Rather, veloped by a psychology professor transmitfolklore not because we belong she found three other symbols to be from Minnesota. According to the to a particular nation or to a particular important boundary markers-the legend, St. Urho saved Finnish vine group, but because we are human be sauna, the pastie, and St. Urho. Plot yards from grasshoppers or, in another ings coming to terms with recurring ting the symbols as markers of the version, from frogs. Most states now human problems in traditional human transformation stages from Finnish to recognize March 16 (the day before St. ways. To be sure, this folklore is Finnish-American identity, Lockwood Patrick's) as St. Urho Day, which is expressed in and is given color by the noted that the sauna is a symbol with celebrated by activities similar to those groups to which we belong; it can strong Finnish associations. On the celebrating St. Patrick's Day, such as serve, therifore, as a means ofunder other hand, the pastie-a kind of drinking green beer, or inversions of standing and increasing our sympathy turnover filled with potatoes, meat, such activities, like drinking grape for these groups. But the source ofthe carrots, and onions-was introduced juice. lore, we should always remember, lies to this country by Cornish miners. It Thousands of people through the not in the groups, not in our differ has since been adopted by Finns and years, both Finns and non-Finns, have ences, but in our common humanity, other cultural groups in the northern indeed "spoken to each other in Kale in our common human struggle to . Midwest and is truly now a regional vala." Is it the work's Finnish quali endure. dish. In other words, the pastie is a ties that account for its continuing symbol of the acculturation process vitality as a marker of Finnish iden -Brett Topping
10 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS OUTDOOR CONCERT SERIES ONCE MORE
With the restoration of the Neptune Plaza now completed by the Architect of the Capitol, the Folklife Center will again hold its annual concert series in the accustomed place in front of the Library of Congress. Concerts will be presented on either the third or fourth Thursday of each month from April through September between 12 noon and 1:30 P.M. on the Neptune Plaza. In the event of rain, the concerts will be held indoors. The final concert of the series will take place on Tuesday, October 15 in the Coolidge Audito rium at the usual time. The series began on April 18 with John Cephas and Phil Wiggins per forming their own special brand of East Coast blues. On May 23 a trio of musicians called Tahuantinsuyo, the name the Incas gave to their em pire, will perform music from the Andean region of South America. The Ohio-based bluegrass group the Dry Branch Fire Squad will take the stage on June 20. The concert on July 18 will feature the Scottish duo of Alison Kinnaird and Christine Primrose. On August 15 there will be a special con cert to be announced, and on Septem ber 19 the Center will present a salute to Hispanic Heritage Week. The final concert of the series on October 15 will present the Washington, D.C. chapter of the Gospel Music Workshop of America. For further information con tact Magdalena Gilinsky, American F olklife Center, Library of Congress, Washington, D .C. 20540.
Phil Wiggins (L) and John Cephas.
APRIL-JUNE 11 to: Superintendent of Documents, ders for which preservation-tape copies PUBLICATIONS Government Printing Office, Wash exist at the Library of Congress. Vol CURRENTLY ington' nc. 20402; stock no. S/N030 ume 8-Early Anthologies, edited by 000-00127-3. Also available from the Dorothy Sara Lee with a foreword by AVAILABLE sales desks in the Library's jefferson Sue Carole De Vale, 96 pp.; $8 (Stock and Madison buildings. no. S/N030-000-00154-1). Describes No . 9-American Folk Architecture: A Benjamin Ives Gilman's cylinder Unless otherwise noted, available at Selected Bibliography by Howard Wight recordings from the 1893 World's no charge from the American Folklife Marshall with assistance from Cheryl Columbian Exposition and the "Dem Center. Gorn and Marsha Maguire, 79 pp. onstration Collection" edited by Erich American Folklife Center. A general Articles and books on theory and other Moritz von Hornbostel and issued by brochure on the Center. topics, antecedent references from the the Berlin Phonogramm Archiv shortly El Centro Americano de Tradicion Popu British Isles, and resources dealing after World War I. Mail order with lar. A Spanish translation of the Folk with specific regions of the country. remittance, citing stock number, to: life Center's general brochure. No. 10-Cultural Conservation: The Superintendent of Documents, Gov Archive of Folk Culture. A general Protection of Cultural Heritage in the United ernment Printing Office, Washington, brochure on the Archive. States by Ormond Loomis, 123 pp.; D.C. 20402 . An Inventory of the Bibliographies and $4.50. A report on means ofpreserv Other Reference and Finding Aids Prepared ing intangible features of the nation's RECORDINGS: by the Archive of Folk Culture. Informa cultural heritage, with an appendix tion handout. that traces the history of relevant legis Children of the Heav 'nly King: Religious A Guide to the Collections of Recorded lation and a bibliography. Mail order Expression in the Central Blue Ridge (AFC Music and Folklore in the Library of Con with remittance, citing stock number, L69170), edited and annotated by gress. Information handout. to: Superintendent of Documents, Charles K. Wolfe, two discs and a Folklife Center News. A quarterly Government Printing Office, Wash 48-page illustrated booklet; $14. Avail newsletter. ington, 20402; stock no. S/N030 nc. able from the Recording Laboratory, 000-00148- 6. Motion Picture, Broadcasting and No. 11-Traditional Crafts and Crafts Recorded Sound Division, Library of PUBLICATIONS OF THE manship in America: A Selected BibliographJ Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 . AMERICAN FOLKLIFE by Susan Sink, 84 pp. An indexed Checks payable to the Library ofCon CENTER: bibliography, citing Library of Con gress must accompany order. gress call numbers. Produced in coop American Folk Music and Folklore Re No. 3-Folklife and Fieldwork by Peter eration with the National Council for cordings 1983: A Selected List. An anno Bartis. A 25-page introduction to field the Traditional Arts. tated list of thirty-one 1983 recordings work techniques. selected by a panel as outstanding No. 3A-Tradicion popular e investiga examples of records containing "root" cion de campo. A Spanish translation of STUDIES IN AMERICAN folk-musical traditions. Folklife and Fieldwork. FOLKLIFE: Folk Recordings: Selected from the No.6-Buckaroos in Paradise: Cowboy Archive of Folk Culture. Brochure and Life in Northern Nevada by Howard No. I- Ethnic Recordings in America: order form. Wight Marshall and Richard E. Ahl A Neglected Heritage, edited by Judith born (reprint), 120 pp.; $15.95. A McCulloh, hardbound, 269 pp.; $13. companion publication to the Smith A collection of essays on the history RECIPE BOOKS, BROCHURES, sonian exhibit, including an essay on and current status of the ethnic record AND GREETING CARDS: buckaroo life, a catalog ofexhibit arti ing industry, with numerous illustra facts, and numerous photographs. tions and a complete index. Mail order All items for which a price is indi Available from the University of Ne with remittance, citing stock number, cated are available at the sales counters braska Press, Sales Department, 901 to: Superintendent of Documents, in the Jefferson and Madison build North 17th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska Government Printing Office, Wash ings of the Library of Congress and by 68588. Also available from the sales ington, nc. 20402; stock no. S/N030 mail order from the Library of Con desks in the Library's jefferson and 001 - 00098- 2. gress, Information Office, Box A, Madison buildings. No. 3-The Federal Cylinder Project: Washington, D .C. 20540. Please in No.7-Blue Ridge Harvest: A Region's A Guide to Field Cylinder Recordings in clude $1 postage and handling for Folklife in Photographs by Lyntha Scott Federal Agencies. Volume I- Introduction single orders, and $2 postage and Eiler, Terry Eiler, and Carl Fleisch and Inventory by Erika Brady, Maria handling for multiple orders. Those hauer, 115 pp.; $6. A close look at the LaVigna, Dorothy Sara Lee, and for which no price is given are avail cultural landscape, communities, reli Thomas Vennum,jr., 110 pp.; $8.50 able free of charge from the F olklife gions, and life-style portraits of men (Stock no. S/N030-000-00153-2). An Center. and women from the area. Mail order indexed listing by collection of more Recipe books-Cranberries, 32 pp.; with remittance, citing stock number, than 10,000 field-recorded wax cylin $5 . Combines color cover and illustra-
12 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS tions with traditional recipes to pro the 1978 Blue Ridge Parkway Folklife cards with envelopes, $2 .75. Frederic vide a glimpse ofcranberry cultivation Project. Package of eight postcards, Remington etchings-six etchings and use in the Pine Barrens of New $2 . from Theodore Roosevelt's Ranch Life Jersey. The book grew out of the Pine & the Hunting- Trail printed in dark lands Folklife Project, and the recipes brown ink on quality cream stock. were collected from residents of the POSTERS AND T-SHIRTS: Twelve blank cards, two ofeach image, region. Watermelon by Ellen Ficklen, $2.25. 64 pp.; $10. For watermelon lovers Poster-"Washington Meeting on Postcards-a selection of postcards everywhere, includes historical and Folk Art," designed by John Crank of reproducing twenty images from The dietary facts, humorous observations, Staples & Charles Ltd. Black tree with American Cowboy in full color and duo poetry, and a touch of serendipity to blue, orange, yellow, and black birds, tone. Package of twenty, $3 .50. capture something of the good-times and orange lettering at base; twenty Poster-Dustin Farnum, the first feelings that watermelons seem to pro by twenty-six inches. Signed, hand actor to play The Virginian on stage, duce. Amply illustrated in color and printed and colored, limited edition from a photograph among the Owen duotone. Contains "tried-and-true" (100), $50; printed edition, $10. Wister papers in the Library's Manu recipes and newer thoughts on the T-Shirt with a green tree-of-life script Division; duotone on heavy subject of watermelon consumption. emblem and red lettering" American poster stock, nineteen by forty inches, Greeiing card/brochures-Egg Art. F olklife Center, Library ofCongress" $5. Color cover; ten pages of text and on the front; heavy 100 percent tan illustration on the traditions associated cotton in men's sizes small, medium, with eggs and egg-decorating tech large, and extra large, $6.95. RECENT STAFF niques. Papercutting. Color covers PUBLICATIONS: Polish wycinanki by Magdalena Gilin sky of blue reindeer and fir tree on COWBOY PARAPHERNALIA: AlanJabbour, "American Folklore a red background, and papercut by Studies: The Tradition and the Fu Claudia Hopfofa black tree, leopards, Greeting cards-Pony Tracks, a ture," Folklore Forum, Vol. 16, No. 2 and fowls on white background in the color lithograph by Edward Penfield (1983), pp. 235-47. German scherenschnitte style; ten pages circa 1895 from the Poster Collection --,book review of Dance to the oftext and illustrations on the origins of the Library's Prints and Photo Fiddle, March to the Fife: Instrumental Folk of papercutting and techniques used; graphs Division; "1877 A Round Up Tunes in Pennsylvania, Samuel P. Bay blank centerfold for greeting with pat 1887," a chromolithograph advertis ard, ed. Journal of American Folklore, terns for cutouts on reverse side. Card ing label from the Prints and Photo Vol. 97, No. 385 Ouly-September with envelope, $2 . graphs Division. Package of six blank 1984), pp. 345-46. Brochures-The Art of Basketmaking --,"Folklore Protection and N a by Rosemary Joyce; Halloween: The tional Patrimony: Developments and Folklore and Fantasy of All Hallows by Dilemmas in the Legal Protection of Jack Santino; Rag Rugs by Geraldine Folklore," reprinted in Public Policy Johnson; and Weaving Harvest Grains by Issues and Latin American Library Re Caroline Schultz. sources, Seminar on the Acquisition of Greeting cards-Rag Rug, a sec Latin American Library Materials, tion of a colorfully woven rag rug by Vol. XXVII (Madison, Wisconsin: Esther Petershein; "Black Hen, Where SALALM Secretariat and the Univer It Is, " a crayon, ink, and felt-tip pen sity of Wisconsin, 1984). drawing by Nellie Mae Rowe; Yo Yo --,"Communities and the Clas Quilt by Elizabeth Smith; Cutting sics: A Folklorist's Perspective," Carrots; Papercut by Magdalena Humanities, Vol. 5, No.2 (Summer Gilinsky; and "Farm Animals in a 1984) pp. 1-2. Woodland Setting," papercut by Clau Alan Jabbour and John A. Cuth dia Hopf. Package of six blank cards bert, eds. The Edden Hammons Collec with envelopes, $2 .75. tion: Historic Recordings of Traditional Recipe greeting cards-Canning Fiddle Musicfrom the Louis Watson Chap Jars in the home of Mae Willey from pell Archive (Morgantown, West Vir Baywood, Virginia with Ruth New ginia: West Virginia University Press, man's recipe for uncooked relish on 1984). the back; Tomato Meringue Pie card Gerald E. Parsons, Jr. "Phenome with Ruth Newman's pie recipe on the nology and Folklife Research," in back. Package of six blank cards with American Material Culture and Folklife: A envelopes, $4.25. Prologue and Dialogue, ed. Simon J. Postcards-a selection of postcards Postcard of Will Rogers ca . 1905. Studio Bronner (Ann Arbor: UMI Research reproducing quilt photographs from portrait by Naegeli of New York. Press, 1985).
APRIL-JUNE 13 DISSEMINATION NEW JERSEY the culture of work. The museum is located in the home of the Pietro Botto OF FEDERAL RESOURCE GUIDE family, a rally site during the 1913 Paterson Silk Strike. Remnants of CYLINDER New Jersey'.s Native American culture can be found at the Archaeological PROJECT TAPES Research Center at Seton Hall Uni versity in South Orange. There one can find examples of Lenape and pre The American Folklife Center's historic Indian artifacts from the state, Federal Cylinder Project has launched measured drawings of Indian house a special two-year dissemination proj patterns, and copies of some 120 ar ect to share tape copies of early wax cheological reports, monographs, and cylinder recordings of Native American cultural-resource surveys. music and narrative with the com Turning to the index one finds the munities in which they were made. In entry "Kiev, costumes and embroi addition to copies of the recordings, dery from" which yields the fact that the project will offer consultant assis the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of tance in developing cultural programs the United States ofAmerica Museum and setting up local repositories for the in South Bound Brook has costumes materials. Project staff will work closely from Kiev and Hutsul in its collec with leaders from each community tions, along with musical instruments, to determine the most appropriate icons, and pysanki (decorated Easter approaches to the return ofthe record Folklije Resources in New Jersey, a 91 eggs). By pursuing "Shipwrecks, pho ings, and a panel of educators, archi page, fully-indexed guide, compiles tographs of" one finds that the Long vists, and cultural leaders drawn from the findings of a questionnaire survey Beach Island Historical Association in the American Indian community will initiated in 1981 as a cooperative proj Beach Haven owns not only photo assist and advise the project in its ect of the American Folklife Center graphs of shipwrecks but a sneakbox work. The dissemination project is and the New Jersey Historical Com built around 1916, clam rakes, and funded by a generous grant from The mission. The survey, developed by gardening tools. It also has oral history Ford Foundation. Folklife Center staff member Peter T. interviews on the seaweed-harvesting Between 1890 and the early 1940s Bartis and David S. Cohen of the His industry and scrapbooks and photo researchers sponsored by such institu torical Commission, was mailed to 402 albums which document surf fishing, tions as the Smithsonian's Bureau of institutions throughout the state. It the seaweed industry, and the men American Ethnology recorded wax requested information on New Jersey haden fish factory on Crab Island. The cylinders while many traditions were artifacts, folksongs, folk music, and museum itselfis housed in a Victorian, still actively practiced and taught; folk dance, traditional customs and wood-shingle church. their recordings are a rich source of beliefs, games and play activities, and The directory provides the address, American Indian traditional culture. handwritten or printed materials re telephone number, and hours of oper Over the years several major cylinder lated to the state's regional, occupa ation for all institutions listed. Direc collections found their way to the Li tional, and ethnic life represented in tory users who plan to visit some of the brary of Congress, which duplicated their collections. The directory con collections are advised by the introduc many onto aluminum or acetate disc, tains information on the holdings of tion to double-check the hours. and later onto magnetic tape. The 172 organizations. New Jersey Folklije Resources is an American Folklife Center inaugurated Browsing through the book's first informative guide for the resident, the Federal Cylinder Project in 1979 few pages, one quickly discovers that visitor, and researcher alike to a wide to transfer the cylinder recordings in the Allentown and U pper-Freehold variety of folklife material in collec the Library's collections onto preser Historical Society in Allentown main tions throughout New Jersey. It is vation tape, assemble relevant docu tains a grist mill which once belonged available free of charge from the mentary material, and publish a series to Nathan Allen, for whom the town American Folklife Center, Library of of catalogs to the recordings. was named, and an old Episcopal cem Congress, Washington, D.C . 20540 For further information contact etery. In addition, the society holds a and from the New Jersey Historical Dorothy Sara Lee, American Folklife strawberry festival each spring. The Commission, 113 West State Street, Center, Library of Congress, Wash American Labor Museum in Haledon Trenton, New Jersey 08625. ington, D.C. 20540. houses a bocci court and a traditional Italian garden complete with a grape arbor, along with handmade garden tools, ethnic cooking utensils, hatmak ing tools, and winemaking equipment that direct the visitor's attention to
14 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS Jose C. Santana lighting a cigar that he rolled by hand, an art that he learned as a young man in Puerto Rico; from Tradici6n popular e investigaci6n de campo. (Photo by Jonas Dovydenas, 1977 Chicago Ethnic Arts Project)
SPANISH late the term "fieldwork" both accu wards-investigacion de campo was a rately and inoffensively. As it turns much better choice. Rather than split LANGUAGE out, trabajo de campo, the phrase that hairs about how much preparation leaps to mind, apparently can be taken time might precede the field activity PUBLICATIONS very literally to mean' 'working in the we were referring to, the editors opted field" among certain Hispanic groups. for the safer choice-investigacion de What is worse, translating "field campo. The American Folklife Center is worker" as trabajador de campo can come Then on to the question of what to pleased to announce the availability of out "field hand" for some, but not for call a fieldworker or collector. Colector? Spanish editions of two publications: everyone, depending on whether they Well, apparently not. You see, in Tradicion popular e investigacion de campo speak Spanish that is closer to that of some places colector has a somewhat (Publicaciones del Centro Americano Latin America or Spain, and how passive connotation, like "solar collec de Tradici6n Popular, num. 3A), a much exposure they have had to En tor." Following the same procedure as translation of the popular fieldwork glish usage of the term. Polling folk that for "fieldwork" led to investigador guide Folklife and Fieldwork (Publica lorists in town and around the country as a preferable choice. tions ofthe American Folklife Center, who work with Spanish-speaking Well then, what about the verb? No.3), and El Centro Americana de groups on the topic of what phrase to Should we say colectar, coleccionar, or Tradicion Popular, from its brochure use, a consensus of sorts emerged. If recoger? And so it went. The words American Folklife Center. Both publica one is actually doing the fieldwork ultimately chosen may not mean ex tions are available free ofcharge from itself-interviewing and collecting actly what we intended to everyone the American Folklife Center, Library information-one could say trabajo de who reads the new publications, but, of Congress, Washington, nG 20540. campo; but when referring to the gen hopefully, they will be in the ball park. Anyone who thinks that Spanish is eral process of fieldwork-the prior Parque, estadio? an easy language has probably never research, the site visits and interviews, pondered the question ofhow to trans the organization of the materials after
APRIL-JUNE 15 ~ ~ ~ This 1940 photograph ofa farmer in north-central Utah putting up hay with a Morman hay stacker by FSA photographer Russell Lee records traditional occupational practices within the built environment. Traditional features of life and the built environment will be the dual focus ofan experimental project undertaken by the Folklife Center, Utah cultural agencies, and the National Park Service in the community of Grouse Creek in northwestern Utah this summer. The project will combine architectural and folklife survey and documentation techniques.
Front cover: Waterman Harry Shorter from Benedict, Marylandfishes his pound net in the Patuxent River. Folklorist Peter Kurtze inter viewed Shorter in 1981 during the Calvert Marine Museum's Patuxent River Folklife and Oral History Project, coordinated by Paula Johnson. See Director's Column. (Calvert Marine Museum photo by Terry Eiler)
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS FIRST-CLASS MAIL AMERICAN FOLKLIFE CENTER POSTAGE & FEES PAID WASHINGTON, D.C. 20540 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. OFFICIAL BUSI;\JESS PE;\JALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 PERMIT No. G-1 03
ISSN0149-6840 Catalog Card No . 77-649628 «u.s. GPO, 1985- 461 - 581/20019