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5 Florian Sanya Chisawani Silangwa Migration and Demographic 5 Florian Sanya Chisawani Silangwa Migration and demographic changes Its implications on land transformation and changing socio-economic development in the Lake Eyasi Basin in Karatu District, Tanzania Cologne 2014 Florian Sanya Chisawani Silangwa Migration and demographic changes Its implications on land transformation and changing socio- economic development in the Lake Eyasi Basin in Karatu District, Tanzania Culture and Environment in Africa Series Edited by the Cologne African Studies Centre Issue 5 2014 Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung ist eine leicht abgeänderte Version der Dissertationsschrift des Autors, eingereicht 2012 an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln. Preface This PhD thesis was written within the context of the interdisciplinary project Human Mobility, Networks and Institutions in the Management of Natural Resources in Contemporary Africa, funded by the VW Foundation. Within the project seven PhD projects by young African scholars were commenced. The overall project focused on a detailed examination of the relationship between new forms of mobility and the management of natural resources in sub Saharan Africa. Of course, mobility is not a new phenomenon in Africa but has been part and parcel of adaptive strategies since centuries. Indeed, labor migration and various forms of long distance trade in the past as well as in the present within and beyond Africa have shaped our understanding of social, cultural and economic dynamics on the African continent. However, there is ample evidence that mobility patterns are undergoing a process of thorough and groundbreaking changes due to on-going processes of globalization. These very processes call for revisiting mobility and rethinking what constitutes mobility. In the application for project funding it was argued that ‘processes of globalization, commoditization but also of rural impoverishment lead to an increasing flow of people, ideas and capital that influence the regulation of social-ecological systems’. It was detailed that mobility could be operationalized (according to various contexts and different research questions) as a structured flow of people, money, energy, water, soils, seed, fertilizer, a variety of natural resources, food and fiber products, manufactured goods, waste and vehicles but also ideas, cultural repertoires, modes of business decision making, property rights and related institutional models. Identifying and analyzing these composite flows from an interdisciplinary, but ‘place or region-based’ perspective allows us to better understand the connections and dependences between different places and types of place, in terms of their overall sustainability, resilience, vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Florian Silangwa’s PhD research project focused on the causes of mobility, its manifold forms and its implications for land use change in the Lake Eyasi Basin in the northern part of Tanzania. Silangwa’s research combined qualitative and quantitative approaches with political ecology as a guiding framework. The land tenure and management in and around Lake Eyasi basin has been changing in recent decades in response to the processes of occupation of pastoral lands by agriculturalists. In many areas agriculture is practiced in key resource areas of pastoralists and pastoralism has been replaced by agricultural strategies. A review of population records within and around Lake Eyasi division in Karatu District indicates that the population has been increasing rapidly over time. Available data based on population censuses from the National Bureau of Statistics in Tanzania shows that the population of two selected villages in the Lake Eyasi basin has increased from 2090 in 1978 to 14,624 in 2002. The main cause of rapid population growth is in-migration, mainly, coming from the densely populated highland areas in Karatu and Mbulu Districts. The main objective of Silangwa’s study is to investigate the extent to which population mobility has influenced the current land tenure systems and management and its implications on the socio-economic conditions of the people in Lake Eyasi Basin. Key research questions that are answered in the course of the study are: What are the dynamics of demographic changes given the demographic history of the area? How is land currently owned, allocated, and managed by different socio-economic groups? What are the socio- economic strategies used by migrants to access land in Lake Eyasi Basin? To what extent has population mobility influenced changes of land tenure systems and land management strategies in the area of study? Are there clear and equitable arrangements for secure land tenure? Contents 1. Background to the research problem .................................................................... 3 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Statement of the research problem ..................................................................... 6 1.3 Research objectives ........................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research questions ............................................................................................ 7 1.5 Justification for the study .................................................................................... 8 1.6 The organisation of the study .............................................................................. 8 2. Literature review and theoretical framework ........................................................10 2.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................10 2.2 What is a theory? ...............................................................................................10 2.3 Theories of population mobility and migration ....................................................11 2.3.1 The neo-classical equilibrium perspective ............................................12 2.3.2 The push-pull framework .....................................................................13 2.3.3 Social capital, chain migration and network theory ..............................15 2.3.4 Spatial mobility migration models.........................................................17 2.3.5 The Political Economy Model of Migration ...........................................19 2.4 Theories on land use change .............................................................................20 2.4.1 Malthusian and Boserupian theories ....................................................20 2.4.2 A Theory of Access .............................................................................22 2.4.3 The political ecology approach ............................................................24 2.5 Demographic change and land resource management ......................................29 2.6 Land use transformations and linkage to the market ..........................................30 2.7 Summary ...........................................................................................................32 3. Population Mobility, Migration and Land Tenure in Tanzania .............................36 3.1 Historical background of population and migration .............................................36 3.2 Population mobility and migration in Lake Eyasi Basin ......................................37 3.2.1 Population mobility and migration in the pre-colonial period .................38 3.2.2 Population mobility and migration during colonialism ...........................39 3.2.3 Post-colonial mobility and migration .....................................................40 3.3 The National Land Policy (1997) ........................................................................40 3.4 Land tenure changes in Tanzania ......................................................................43 3.5 Land tenure in the study area ............................................................................45 3.6 The Structural Adjustment Programme and Land Tenure System .....................48 4. Research Methodology and the Study Area .........................................................53 4.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................53 4.2 Location and description of the study area .........................................................53 4.2.1 The study area and demography .........................................................53 4.2.2 Historical profile of the study villages ...................................................56 4.2.3 The landscape and soils ......................................................................58 4.2.4 Climate and vegetation ........................................................................60 4.3 Ethnic groups .....................................................................................................61 4.4 Methodological approach ...................................................................................62 4.4.1 Research methods ..............................................................................64 4.4.2 Data collection methods ......................................................................65 4.5 Sampling ...........................................................................................................69 4.5.1 Selection of districts, wards and villages of study ................................70 4.5.2 Sampling frame ...................................................................................70
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