DOCSLIB.ORG

Swimming Into Olympism and Saving Lives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Swimming Into Olympism and Saving Lives SWIMMING INTO OLYMPISM AND SAVING LIVES Stacy L. Schaetz Master dissertation submitted to the professional body for the partial fulfillment of obligations for the awarding of a post-graduate title in the Post-graduate Programme, "Organization and Management of Olympic Events" of the University of the Peloponnese, in the branch of Olympic Education. Sparta 2016 Approved by the Professor body: 1st Supervisor: Elia Chatzigianni Prof. UNIVERSITY OF PELOPONNESE, GREECE 2nd Supervisor: Kostas Georgiadis Prof. UNIVERSITY OF PELOPONNESE, GREECE 3rd Supervisor: Ourania Vrondou, Prof. UNIVERSITY. OF PELOPONNESE, GREECE Copyright © Stacy Lorraine Schaetz, 2016. All rights reserved. Swimming into Olympism and Saving Lives CONTENTS CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………..i SUMMARY…….……………………………………………………………..............iii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………..iv INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...…..1 CHAPTER I -SWIMMING: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE……………………7 Gender Equality……………………………………………………...……………….10 Swimming Pools………………………………………………………………………12 CHAPTER II-DROWNING: A SILENT KILLER……………………………….......15 Drowning Fears…………………………………………………………………….....23 The Law of Buoyancy…………………………………………………………………27 CHAPTER III-SWIMMING: DIVERSITY IN AQUATICS …………….…………29 The Color of Swimming……………………………………..………………………..29 Paralympic Swimming ……………………………………………………..………...34 CHAPTER IV-SWIMMING: EDUCATION…………………………….……….....36 Privatized Swim Education ………………………………………………………......39 Public School Education ……………………………………………………………..41 Every Child a Swimmer ………………………………………………………………44 CHAPTER V- SWIMMING: FOR A HEALTY LIFETIME… ……………………..47 i Swimming into Olympism and Saving Lives Swimming for Childhood Development……………………………………………….47 Swimming Optimizes Learning…………………………………………………….…49 Prescribed Swimming…………………………………………………………..…….50 CHAPTER VI-SWIMMING: BROADENING AQAUTIC PURSUITS ……………53 Swimming for Peace………………………………………………………………….54 Swimming for the Environment…………………………………………………..…..61 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………67 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………….73 ii Swimming into Olympism and Saving Lives SUMMARY Stacy L. Schaetz SWIMMING INTO OLYMPISM AND SAVING LIVES Swimming is more than a sport. It is a lifeline both in and out of the water. Yet more children die each year as a result of drowning. Swimming, needs to diversify its efforts to save more lives and create positive change both physically and metaphorically for the all of humankind. As the drowning epidemic continues to claim more lives each day, it is evident that there is a global need to stop the drowning epidemic. The current lack of diversity and evident racial disparities are apparent in the waters of American competitive swimming and are quite alarming. To address the future of swimming’s legacy, we glimpse at the sports past to show the power of social change can transcend through sport. A global campaign to save lives through water safety programs and learn to swim educational programs has been discussed but not fully implemented among nations. It is known that learning to swim must be accessible to every man, woman, and child, but the sport is lagging behind. Notably, the sport of swimming has shown to have had influence on gender equality in its formative years and now the sport is shedding light on the racial and socio-economic disparities that are now present in the waters. Inclusion and diversity within the sport of swimming may broaden our aquatic horizons, as individuals, global citizens, including benefiting the overall health of the individual and that of the planet. Water is life just as swimming life, as it is the one sport that can save lives. Keywords: Swimming education, Equality, Diversity, Safety Supervisor: Elia Chatzigianni Professor of Olympic Movement and International relations iii Swimming into Olympism and Saving Lives ABSTRACT Swimming has long been deeply rooted in the history of human nature and its culture is influenced by societal norms at large as well as influencing and challenging these conceptions. The state of the world can often be mirrored in the waters we swim reflecting societal norms and conventions within any particular culture at any given time in history. Swimming can be utilized for multiple purposes like exercise, health, competition, recreation, and survival. Sadly, there is a large percentage of people who cannot actually swim, even if their life depended on it. Included in this percentage are certain ethnic and socioeconomic populations that are especially impacted by their lack of swimming skills. In many minority and special needs communities, drowning has become a growing epidemic and is claiming underserved lives across the world. Drowning currently kills more poor children than ever before, yet could be solved by cooperative initiatives for diversity and inclusion within the swimming community. This preventable public health crisis kills millions each year and is perpetuated by factors such as the high costs associated with the sport, cultural stereotypes, even the right to accessibility to clean and safe water. The power of swimming is transformational and recommended for childhood health and development, yet water safety remains elusive to so many children around the globe as evidenced by the rise and fear of the global drowning epidemic. The swimming community and all its stakeholders need to rally their pioneers and ambassadors for the sport, once again, to swim upstream, united together against the resistance of current cultural prejudices and fatal misconceptions that continue to deny the holistic benefits of swimming. This paper will examine the benefits of swimming and show that teaching young people to swim will lead to improved physical and physiological outcomes for the individual swimmers, to reduced numbers of drowning fatalities, and to improved conditions for the planet. Swimming is not just a sport, or healthful activity, it is survival skill, a tool for enhancing the quality of life. Swimming, a life skill that is for the sake of our survival, as well as, for the joy and well-being of iv Swimming into Olympism and Saving Lives humanity, just as it is for conserving the environmental health of our future and planet. Water is paramount for survival yet the drowning risks are real. The disparities between race and gender statistics are known, so it is time to shed light on the murky waters that have kept swim education elusive and drowning risks on the rise in the many segments of the population one splash at a time. It is time to revisit the notion that swimming is far more than a sport, it is a life skill that is a basic human right that every man, woman and child has the right to learn as well as enjoy for a healthier life. v INTRODUCTION “If you aren’t a swimmer, an ex-swimmer, a coach, a swim parent or a chlorine addict, the only time you watch competitive swimming is during the Olympics. Every four years, the world sits down in front of their televisions, and watches as generations of great swimmers rise to the top of the podium” (Hardwick, 2014, p.1). One does not have to be a super fan or super star athlete to understand the power of swimming. And one does not need to become a competitive Olympic swimmer to learn how to swim. Swimming is relevant for each and every one of us, and it is the only sport that can save a life. Therefore, it is critical to pass on the knowledge and water safety skills in clear preventative guidelines to expose all demographics to the sport of swimming. It is time to stop drowning deaths and highlight the physical activity of swimming as a means to achieving this goal. It is paramount that learn-to-swim and water safety initiatives be affordable and easily accessible for all of the diverse populations in need. Swimming has generated a big splash for inclusiveness since the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, and although women were not participants at this time, FINA, The International Swimming Federation, the governing body of this sport, quickly recognized the need for equality in its waters. FINA has long leveled disparities among gender in competitive swimming and has worked to level the waters within the sport, and now must pursue racial disparity within the sport. Sports have been known to engage the public masses and so can bring change outside of the field, arena, even the competition pool and swimming has certainly paved the way for equal opportunity and representation in the pool. Beginning with the issue of gender equality in competitive swimming since the 1900’s, FINA has demonstrated the ability to change norms through the sport alone, of course with heroic leading ladies such as English Channel swimmer Gertrude Ederle, as well as Annette Kellerman. As women made progress in the sport of swimming, one pioneer in the sport stands out- Annette Kellerman. She an Australian native, born in 1877, who reinvented the very conventions of fashions towards women and aquatics. She used to aquatics for therapy and relief from pain she suffered as a child. Kellerman was freer to move about in the water with fluidity without the constrictions of her leg braces. Kellerman wore a male one-piece swimsuit that allowed her to move more efficiently through the water with less drag. At that time, it was 1 Swimming into Olympism and Saving Lives customary practice for wool skirts to be worn by women for appropriate modest coverage. Suits were definitely not well designed for either safety or speed (Fritscher, 2014). “They wore heavy, cumbersome bathing costumes that allowed them to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2016 06 Candidate PDF.Indd
    I voted. Have you? 2016 IPC Athletes’ Council elections The candidates #ProudParalympian Who is the IPC Athletes’ Council? The IPC Athletes’ Council is the collective voice of Paralympic athletes within the IPC and the greater Paralympic Movement. As the liaison between IPC decision-makers and Paralympic athletes, the IPC Athletes’ Council works to provide effective input into decision-making at all levels of the organisa- tion. To this end, the IPC Athletes’ Council works to ensure effective athlete representation on all IPC committees and commissions as well as to create other opportunities for athlete representation both within and outside the IPC. For example, the IPC Athletes’ Council enjoys cross representation with the IOC Athletes’ Commission. 2016 IPC Athletes’ Council elections Elections for the six summer sport representatives on the Athletes’ Council will take place between 5 and 16 September, in the #ProudParalympian space of the Athletes’ Dining Hall in the Paralympic Village. All “Aa” accredited athletes are entitled to vote. Athletes must vote for six candidates (not more not less). The IPC Electoral Commission is composed of the following individuals: ▪ Linda Mastandrea (IPC Legal and Ethics Committee Chairperson) – Electoral Commission Chairperson ▪ Mark Copeland (IPC Legal and Ethics Committee Member) ▪ Martin Mansell (former Chairperson IPC Athletes’ Council) To cast your vote, you simply need to: 1. Show your accreditation card at the voting station. Your card will be checked in the Voting Registration System and it will be checked that you are eligible to vote. 2. In the voting booth, follow the instructions of the electronic voting system. Please note that athletes who require assistance may select an assistant of their choice to complete the voting process.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Studies, Sport, and Affect in the Twenty-First Century
    Performance Studies, Sport, and Affect in the Twenty-First Century by Kelsey Blair M.A., University of British Columbia, 2014 M.A., University of Toronto, 2010 B.A., University of British Columbia, 2007 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Kelsey Blair 2019 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2019 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Kelsey Blair Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Performance Studies, Sport, and Affect in the Twenty-First Century Examining Committee: Chair: Clint Burnham Professor Peter Dickinson Senior Supervisor Professor Dara Culhane Supervisor Professor Coleman Nye Supervisor Assistant Professor Ann Travers Internal Examiner Associate Professor Department of Sociology and Anthropology Susan Bennett External Examiner Professor Department of English University of Calgary Date Defended/Approved: April 16, 2019 ii Abstract Richard Schechner, one of the founders of performance studies, urges scholars to expand their conceptualization of performance to include a broad spectrum of framed and/or displayed human behaviours. While this call to action has strongly influenced the interdisciplinary impulse of performance studies and prompted important cross- disciplinary investigations between performance genres such as theatre, dance, performance art, political performance, ritual, and play, sport has remained under- theorized in the field. In this project, I begin to fill this gap by approaching the practices, activities, and events of twenty-first century sport through the lens of performance studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Mic 60-4090 GRUTZMACHER, Jean. an EVALUATION of THREE
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received Mic 60-4090 GRUTZMACHER, Jean. AN EVALUATION OF THREE EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF TEACHING SWIMMING TO BLIND AND PARTIALLY SEEING CHILDREN. The Ohio State University, Ph. D ., 1960 Education, physical University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan *■* . AN EVALUATION OF THREE EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF TEACHING SWIMMING TO BLIND AND PARTIALLY SEEING CHILDREN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By JEAN GRUTZMACHER, A.B., M.A. The Ohio state University 1960 Approved by / {Q. Adviser Department of Physical Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express her appreciation to the many persons who have contributed to the development of this dissertation: Dr. W. G. Scarberry, Superintendent; Mrs. Hazel Weber, Elementary Principal; Mrs. Charles Grove, Girls Physical Education Instructor; and the Parent Teacher Association of The Ohio State School for the Blind; Mr. Milton Overholt and his daughter Patti, who helped develop the swimming skill chart; the forty-four children who participated in the experimental swimming program and the student teachers. The writer also would like to thank Dr. Charles E. Buell, California state School for the Blind; Misses Jeanne Kenmore and Helde Lende, The American Foundation for the Blind; Dr. Margaret Mordy, Department of Physical Education for women, The Ohio State University; Dr. Willard P. Ashbrook, Department of Physical Education for Men, The Ohio State University, and John Dobos for the photography; Mrs. Beverly Schober Hay for typing efforts; and the Women's National Aquatic Forum for the presentation of the Hazel Wilbraham Research Grant.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial Style from a to Z April 2012
    Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z London 2012 Editorial style from A to Z April 2012 The aim of this editorial style guide is to If you are giving this guide to anyone Introduction help everyone write about London 2012 externally, please inform LOCOG’s with clarity and consistency. The guide Editorial Services team or the ODA’s includes practical information to ensure Marketing team so we can let them writers prepare accurate content in the know when it is reissued. If you have most suitable style. any queries that are not covered by the guide, please let us know so we The guide is arranged alphabetically for can include them in future editions. ease of use, with simple navigational tools to help you find what you’re looking Working together, we will develop for. Clicking on the letters across the top effective and accessible content that of every page will take you to the first will help make London 2012 an page of each section. In addition, each incredible experience for all audiences. entry on the contents page is a link, and there are cross-references with links to other sections throughout the guide. As our organisation develops, so our style guide needs to be flexible and adaptable. For this reason, we will be regularly updating this document. Please ensure that you have the latest version. This document and the official Emblems of the London 2012 Games are © London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited 2007–2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Disabled Athletes: (Dis)Empowering the Paralympic
    The Tail is Wagging the Dog: Body Culture, Classification and the Paralympic Movement For consideration for the special issue of Ethnography on physical culture Submitted by Dr. P. David Howe Academic Associate Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport Lecturer in the Sociology of Sport School of Sport and Exercise Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough UK LE11 3TU http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/sses/contact/staff/pdh.html ph. +44 (0)1509 226389 fax. +44 (0)1509 226301 [email protected] 1 Abstract. The rules and regulations regarding the classification process through which athletes must be vetted to determine eligibility for Paralympic competition have been transformed drastically over the last two decades. A complex classification system initially developed by the International Organizations of Sport for the Disabled (IOSD) has been the distinctive feature of the Paralympic movement over this period. Key consideration must be given to the equitable nature of any classification system imposed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) in order to comply with the ideology of Paralympism. Paralympism is manifest in the dictum of the Paralympic movement ‘empower, inspire and achieve’. Using ethnographic data obtained while a Paralympic athlete this paper explores recent debates within the sport of athletics surrounding classification. This is achieved by highlighting the process of classification and how as a result of this process some bodies are celebrated and others are not within a sporting culture established as a ghetto for imperfection. KEY WORDS: Paralympism, ethics, classification, athletics, habitus This paper highlights the importance of body culture in the transforming of the Paralympic movement by examining data collected ethnographically by an anthropologist who was both athlete and administrator within elite sporting practice for the disabled1.
    [Show full text]
  • MATCHING SPORTS EVENTS and HOSTS Published April 2013 © 2013 Sportbusiness Group All Rights Reserved
    THE BID BOOK MATCHING SPORTS EVENTS AND HOSTS Published April 2013 © 2013 SportBusiness Group All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher. The information contained in this publication is believed to be correct at the time of going to press. While care has been taken to ensure that the information is accurate, the publishers can accept no responsibility for any errors or omissions or for changes to the details given. Readers are cautioned that forward-looking statements including forecasts are not guarantees of future performance or results and involve risks and uncertainties that cannot be predicted or quantified and, consequently, the actual performance of companies mentioned in this report and the industry as a whole may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Author: David Walmsley Publisher: Philip Savage Cover design: Character Design Images: Getty Images Typesetting: Character Design Production: Craig Young Published by SportBusiness Group SportBusiness Group is a trading name of SBG Companies Ltd a wholly- owned subsidiary of Electric Word plc Registered office: 33-41 Dallington Street, London EC1V 0BB Tel. +44 (0)207 954 3515 Fax. +44 (0)207 954 3511 Registered number: 3934419 THE BID BOOK MATCHING SPORTS EVENTS AND HOSTS Author: David Walmsley THE BID BOOK MATCHING SPORTS EVENTS AND HOSTS
    [Show full text]
  • Athletics, Badminton, Gymnastics, Judo, Swimming, Table Tennis, and Wrestling
    INDIVIDUAL GAMES 4 Games and sports are important parts of our lives. They are essential to enjoy overall health and well-being. Sports and games offer numerous advantages and are thus highly recommended for everyone irrespective of their age. Sports with individualistic approach characterised with graceful skills of players are individual sports. Do you like the idea of playing an individual sport and be responsible for your win or loss, success or failure? There are various sports that come under this category. This chapter will help you to enhance your knowledge about Athletics, Badminton, Gymnastics, Judo, Swimming, Table Tennis, and Wrestling. ATHLETICS Running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. Track and field events are the improved versions of all these. These are among the oldest of all sporting competitions. Athletics consist of track and field events. In the track events, competitions of races of different distances are conducted. The different track and field events have their roots in ancient human history. History Ancient Olympic Games are the first recorded examples of organised track and field events. In 776 B.C., in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested which was known as the stadion footrace. The scope of the games expanded in later years. Further it included running competitions, but the introduction of the Ancient Olympic pentathlon marked a step towards track and field as it is recognised today. There were five events in pentathlon namely—discus throw, long jump, javelin throw, the stadion foot race, and wrestling. 2021-22 Chap-4.indd 49 31-07-2020 15:26:11 50 Health and Physical Education - XI Track and field events were also present at the Pan- Activity 4.1 Athletics at the 1960 Summer Hellenic Games in Greece around 200 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Strength and Conditioning for Triathlon: the 4Th Discipline Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING FOR TRIATHLON: THE 4TH DISCIPLINE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Mark Jarvis | 192 pages | 12 Sep 2013 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781408172117 | English | London, United Kingdom Strength and Conditioning for Triathlon: The 4th Discipline PDF Book From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. With their previous experience, they may assume that they are more ready for triathlon than they really are. By using our website you consent to all cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The triathlon at the Youth Olympic Games also has a 4x mixed relay since , and the event will be introduced at the Summer Olympics. In , it adopted a 4x4 mixed relay format, where each team has two men and two women. Over time changes in hormones such as oestrogen, testosterone and Insulin growth factor 1 IGF-1 can affect the musculoskeletal system including bone health increasing the risks of stress fractures and injury; changes in appetite hormones, gut permeability and gastrointestinal distress, effects on the cardiovascular system and immune function are just a few of the examples of the consequences of low energy availability. The International Triathlon Union ITU was founded in as the international governing body of the sport, with the chief goal, at that time, of putting triathlon on the Olympic program. Whether you work with a trusted friend or a coach, take some time to dig into your abilities before planning out your training. January But the beauty of triathlon lies in working hard to learn new skills and put them all together. International Triathlon Union. Give yourself 7. The lowest-priced brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging where packaging is applicable.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal and Team Traditions and Rituals Are Just As Much a Part of the Sport of Swimming As the Competition Itself
    JANUARY 2015 • VOLUME 56 • NO. 01 $3.95 SPEEDO FIT The Speedo Fit app now integrates with Apple's HealthKit. Log your swims, track your progress and get more out of every swim. for more info visit: speedousa.com/speedofit Speedo and are registered trademarks of and used under license from Speedo International Limited. App screens are simulated for demonstration purposes. for more info visit: speedousa.com/speedofit Speedo and are registered trademarks of and used under license from Speedo International Limited. App screens are simulated for demonstration purposes. HXP0001-swim-world-M.pdf 1 11/24/14 1:42 PM C M Y CM MY CY CMY K DURABILITY THAT GOES THE DISTANCE. NIKE PERFORMANCE POLY Designed to perform in and out of the pool, Nike Performance Poly offers superior comfort and a lightweight fit. Created from durable performance polyester, Nike Performance Poly is designed for long sessions in chlorinated water and its stay-fast color and stretch-resistance means you look good day in and day out. NI KESWIM.COM JANUARY 2015 FEATURES 012 5 TOP STORIES OF 2014 031 REFLECTING ON HISTORY: AN INTERVIEW WITH JILL STERKEL 014 MIND GAMES FOREVER by Jeff Commings by Michael J. Stott 014 Personal and team traditions and rituals 033 THE GREATEST OLYMPIC STORY 041 Q&A WITH COACH TIM CONLEY are just as much a part of the sport of NEVER TOLD by Michael J. Stott swimming as the competition itself. Rang- by Casey Barrett ing from the ridiculous to the sublime, Here’s a sneak peak at the making of “The 042 HOW THEY TRAIN ZACH PIEDT swimmers and teams do whatever it takes.
    [Show full text]
  • Arab Women Athletes Competing in Rio
    22 July 31, 2016 Sports Arab women athletes competing in Rio Samar Kadi for the past two years and is actually training with Russian athletes. The same applies to Ghofran Moham- Beirut mad, who has trained in several camps abroad and will be compet- ar, displacement, ing in athletics,” Abbas said. poor facilities, In addition to the official Syrian scarce funds and team, two Syrian athletes, including social pressures will 18-year-old female swimmer Yusra not stop Arab wom- Mardini, will be part of the first refu- Wen athletes from competing at the gee team to compete at the Olympic Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. Games. Like millions of compatri- “Of course the absence of equip- ots, Mardini fled violence at home ment and facilities hinders the ef- and is settled in Germany where she ficiency of my training. However, trained with the help of the German my ambition to make a record helps federation. She and her sister Sarah me overcome all hindrances on the were among Syria’s brightest swim- way,” said Egyptian diver Maha Ab- ming stars until the war interrupted del Salam, 17. their progress. Abdel Salam is among 121 athletes representing Egypt at the Olympics. Saudi Arabia will be The delegation includes 36 women, sending four women the largest female representation in Olympians to Rio in decades. 2016. Abdel Salam has been preparing for the Games for months, training Libyan swimmer Daniah Hagul, three times a day and strictly fol- 17, is the sole woman represent- lowing a diet prescribed by her Chi- ing her country at the Games.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Swimwear
    On Exhibit at the International Swimming Hall of Fame From Bloomer’s to Bikini’s: How the sport of Swimming Changed Western Culture In the 20th Century From Bloomer’s to Bikini’s: How the lapse, swimming fell out of favor in the the body and led Sport of Swimming Changed Western Christian west. The Popes also railed to a sound night’s Society in the 20th Century, is a multi- against the sexual excesses of the Roman sleep. Because media exhibit that demonstrates how baths and equated both nudity and swim- Franklin, like all swimming acted as the most significant ming with sin. During the Middle Ages male swimmers of cultural force in the women’s rights open air bathing was thought to be a his time, swam in movement of the 20th Century. This cause of the plague. the nude, swim- exhibit demonstrates how the sport of ming was deemed swimming changed the way women Interest in swimming revived somewhat inappropriate for dressed, thought about themselves and during the Age of Exploration when women until, tra- Illustration of an 1860’s women’s the way society thought about women sailors thought it dition has it, one bathing gown. While the gown and their role in society. The exhibit pri- might be a good of Franklin’s female enabled women to bathe, it made swimming impossible. marily focuses on four women swimmers idea to know how admirers threw who broke through the social and moral to swim before herself into the Seine fully dressed. barriers that held women back during the stepping on board While this popularized public bathing for Victorian era: Annette Kellerman, the their ships.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2016 International Paralympic Committee International Paralympic Committee 2 Annual Report 2016 Annual Report 2016 3
    International Paralympic Committee Annual Report 2016 International Paralympic Committee International Paralympic Committee 2 Annual Report 2016 Annual Report 2016 3 Annual Report 2016 Contents President’s welcome 4 The Paralympic Movement and the IPC 8 Consolidate the Paralympic Games as a premier sporting event 12 Empower Para athletes and support the development of Para sports 26 Improve the recognition and value of the Paralympic brand 40 Build sustainable funding 48 Shape organisational capability 54 Foster key strategic partnerships 60 World Para Sports 68 Committees and Councils 88 Images Top 50 moments of 2016 92 (c) Photo Credits: Getty Images (1, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 58, 60, 61, 63, 67, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99), Scuola Alpina Predazzo (1, 82, 83), Dan Behr (2, 3), IPC (4, 19, 30, 43), Perdo Vasconcelos (8, 9), Rio 2016 (12, 13), OIS (16, 22, 68, 80, 81, 94, 96), Wagner Meier (17), POCOG (20, 71), IBSF (23), Agitos Foundation (31), Görand Strand (32), Joern Wolter (32, 59), Ales Fevzer (36, 27, 70), European Excellence Awards (46), IPC Academy (59), UN / Eskinder Debebe (62), Agenzia Fotografica (72, 73), Roman Benicky (74, 75, 98), Shuhei Koganezawa (77), Heidi Lehikoinen (78,79), Pedro Vasconcelos (84, 85), Channel 4 (95), Augusto Bizzi (95), Bill Wippert (96), Gene Sweeney Jr. (98) International Paralympic Committee International Paralympic Committee 4 Annual Report 2016 Annual Report 2016 5 President’s welcome Key
    [Show full text]