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Reforme, Jugoslavija – Slovenija: 1968–1988

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Reforme, Jugoslavija – Slovenija: 1968–1988 SLOVENIJA – JUGOSLAVIJA, KRIZE IN REFORME 1968/1988 Uredil ZDENKO ČEPIČ Ljubljana 2010 ZBIRKA VPOGLEDI 2 SLOVENIJA – JUGOSLAVIJA, KRIZE IN REFORME 1968/1988 Urednik: dr. Zdenko Čepič Izdajatelj: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino Ljubljana, Republika Slovenija Zanj dr. Damijan Guštin Recenzenta: dr. Jurij Perovšek, dr. Egon Pelikan Lektoriranje: Tine Logar Prevodi povzetkov: Borut Praper Računalniški prelom: Franc Čuden, Medit d.o.o. Tisk: Grafika-M s.p. Naklada: 400 izvodov CIP – Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 94(497.1)"1968/1988"(082) 94(497.4)"1968/1988"(082) SLOVENIJA - Jugoslavija, krize in reforme 1968/1988 / uredil Zdenko Čepič ; [prevodi povzetkov Borut Praper]. - Ljubljana : Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino, 2010. - (Zbirka Vpogledi ; 2) ISBN 978-961-6386-24-1 1. Čepič, Zdenko 250465280 Slovenija – Jugoslavija, krize in reforme 1968/1988 KAZALO Zdenko Čepič, Krize – reforme, Jugoslavija – Slovenija: 1968–1988 .............. 5 Crises – Reforms, Yugoslavia – Slovenia: 1968–1988 Peter Vodopivec, Od poskusov demokratizacije (1968–1972) do agonije in katastrofe (1988–1991) .............................................................. 13 From Democratisation Attempts (1968–1972) to Agony and Catastrophe (1988–1991) Neven Borak, Jugoslavija med integracijo in dezintegracijo ........................... 29 Yugoslavia Between Integration and Disintegration Zdenko Čepič, Jugoslovanske reforme v šestdesetih letih ............................... 41 The 1960s Yugoslav Reforms Jerca Vodušek Starič, Brionski plenum leta 1966 – ocene in njegov vpliv ....................................................................................... 67 The Brioni Plenum 1966 – Evaluations and its Purport Mile Bjelajac, JLA v šestdesetih in v prvi polovici sedemdesetih ................... 89 Yugoslav Army in the 1960s and the First Half of the 1970s Božo Repe, Slovenski »liberalizem« šestdesetih let in vloga Staneta Kavčiča ................................................................................ 109 Slovenian »Liberalism« in 1960s and the Role of Stane Kavčič Jože Prinčič, Vlada Staneta Kavčiča in njena gospodarska politika .............. 121 Stane Kavčič's Government and its Economic Policy Jurij Hadalin, Tito in praška pomlad v jugoslovanskih diplomatskih virih .......................................................................................... 143 Tito and the Prague Spring in the Yugoslav Diplomatic Sources Mateja Režek, Odmev praške pomladi in njenega zloma v Sloveniji in v Jugoslaviji ............................................................................................... 167 Perception of the Prague Spring and its Demise in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia Dušan Nečak, »Ostpolitik« Willyja Brandta in Jugoslavija (1966–1974). Ponovna vzpostavitev diplomatskih stikov med Zvezno Republiko Nemčijo in Jugoslavijo ............................................ 183 The »Ostpolitik« of Willy Brandt and Yugoslavia 1966–1974. The Restoration of Diplomatic Contats between Federal Republic of Germany and Yugoslavia 3 Slovenija – Jugoslavija, krize in reforme 1968/1988 Mitja Žagar, Ustava SFRJ in ustavni sistem 1974: povzročitelj krize ali mehanizem za njeno razreševanje? .............................. 231 The Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Constitutional System of 1974: Inducer of Crises or Mechanism of Release Ivan Kristan, Ustava SFRJ 1974 – generator krize Jugoslavije? ................... 257 The 1974 Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – Generator of the Yugoslav Crisis? Aleksander Lorenčič, Gospodarske razmere v Jugoslaviji v obdobju 1968–1988: na poti v razpad ......................................................... 261 Economic Situation in Yugoslavia in the Period from 1968 to 1988: On the Way to Dissolution Damijan Guštin, Teritorialna obramba – vojaška potreba in politični projekt 1968 : 1988 ...................................................................... 279 Territorial Defence – Military Necessity and Political Project 1968 : 1988 Franci Pivec, Osamosvajanje študentske skupnosti. Slovensko študentsko gibanje v šestdesetih letih ........................................... 295 The Emancipation of the Student Community. Slovenian Student Movement in the 1960s Cvetka Hedžet Tóth, Uporništvo generacije 68 – etizacija sveta .................. 305 Revolt of the Generation of '68 – Ethicising of the World Stefano Lusa, Slovenska demokratizacija v osemdesetih letih ...................... 331 Slovenian Democratisation in the 1980s Blaž Vurnik, Nova družbena gibanja v objemu Zveze socialistične mladine Slovenije ........................................................................................... 347 New Social Movements in the Context of the Socialist Youth League of Slovenia Gregor Tomc, Subkulturi hipijev in pankerjev. Primer Slovenije v sedemdesetih in osemdesetih letih .............................................................. 365 Subcultures of Hippies and Punkers : the Case of Slovenia in 1970s and 1980s Avtorji ............................................................................................................ 383 4 Zdenko Čepič Krize – reforme, Jugoslavija – Slovenija, 1968–1988 UDK 328.16: 338.124.4 (497.4:497.1)"1968/1988" Zdenko Čepič* Krize – reforme, Jugoslavija – Slovenija, 1968–19881 Zgodovinopisje odgovarja na bistvena vprašanja o preteklosti. Pri tem je ena osnovnih načel zgodovinopisnega predstavljanja preteklosti, kje se je kaj zgodilo in kdaj. In seveda kdo je kaj storil ali mu je bilo storjeno. V tem smislu je tudi zasnovan zbornik zgodovinskih razprav, s katerim želimo prikazati neka- tera bistvena dogajanja, pojave in procese, ki so oblikovali preteklost in vplivali na sedanjost, iz časa pred štiridesetimi in dvajsetimi leti pri nas. Obe obdobji, simbolni letnici sta 1968 in 1988, imata skupno, da je bila takrat v jugo- slovanski družbi in državi, katere del smo bili tudi Slovenci, določena kriza, ki je zahtevala reformo. Krize in reforme v jugoslovanski državi v šestdesetih in osemdesetih letih so tako predmet naše pozornosti, kajti eno od vprašanj je nedvomno, kako sta bili obe krizi in reforme, ki so tem sledile povezane ozi- roma koliko in kako so reforme za preseganje krize iz šestdesetih let vplivale na krizo iz osemdesetih, zlasti iz konca tega desetletja. Zgodovina človeštva je polna kriz. Takšnih in drugačnih, od političnih do gospodarskih, ki so predvsem »predmet« obravnavanja zgodovinopisja. Zgodo- vina je tudi polna vojn, ki so tudi izraz ali posledica različnih kriz. S tem se pretežno ukvarja zgodovinopisje. S krizami, večjimi in manjšimi, od svetovnih do osebnih in z njihovimi posledicami. O krizah, različnih in v različnih ob- dobjih, je mogoče govoriti tudi v naši zgodovini. Tudi v najnovejši. Tako je tudi vojna (ali vojne), ki smo jo doživeli ali ji bili priče na ozemlju, ki ga je obsegala jugoslovanska država, v devetdesetih letih 20. stoletja izraz krize, v katero je ta država zapadla v osemdesetih letih. Te krize ni bilo mogoče rešiti z reformami, ki so bile sicer stalnica druge, federativne Jugoslavije. Zakaj niso reforme, ki naj bi rešile jugoslovansko državo uspele oziroma, zakaj sploh do njih ni prišlo, je eno bistvenih vprašanj v zgodovini te države in v zgodovinopisju njenih posameznih delov. Ta zadnja kriza je bila dejansko izraz vseh kriz in reforme, ki jih je doživljala Jugoslavija v vsem svojem obstoju, tako prva iz časa med svetovnima vojnama kot druga, po drugi svetovni vojni. Druga Jugoslavija, katere del smo bili tudi Slovenci, je ves čas svojega obstoja doživljala neko * Dr., višji znanstveni sodelavec, Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino, Kongresni trg 1, SI–1000 Ljub- ljana, e-naslov: [email protected] 1 Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino je organiziral znanstveno konferenco Slovenija in Jugoslavija: krize in reforme 1968/1988, 22. in 23. januarja 2009 v Ljubljani. 5 Slovenija – Jugoslavija, krize in reforme 1968/1988 obliko krize. Poleg stalne revolucije, kar je bil izraz ideološkega prepričanja, da je so vse spremembe izraz revolucije in komunistične revolucionarnosti, de- jansko pa je ta »revolucija« potekala v obliki reform, so bila značilnost druge jugoslovanske države stalne krize. Ta je bila v posameznih obdobjih bolj jasno izražana in je doživljala reforme. Najbolj sta se ti značilnosti, dvojnost krize in reforme, pokazali v šestdesetih in v osemdesetih letih 20. stoletja. Med krizami in reformami je vzročna in posledična povezava. Kriza je po- vezana z reformo, s katero naj bi krizne razmere in razloge za krizo presegli in jih rešili. Krize in reforme v jugoslovanski državi v šestdesetih in osemdesetih letih 20. stoletja so zato predmet proučevanja, od opisovanja do analiziranja različnih ved, pa tudi zgodovinopisja. Pravzaprav je to še najbolj poklicano, da preučuje krize in reforme v preteklosti, in ki v veliki meri predstavljajo zgo- dovino druge Jugoslavije. Te del je bila tedaj Slovenija. Po lastni volji oziroma na osnovi načela samoodločbe naroda. Upoštevanje oziroma uveljavljanje tega dejstva je bilo pomembno pri osamosvajanju Slovenije iz okvira jugoslovanske države, saj je bil upoštevan tisti del tega načela, ki govori o možnosti oziroma pravici razdružitve. Ne gre pozabiti (čeprav je mogoče danes tudi pri mnogih slovenskih zgo- dovinarjih opaziti, da želijo pri obravnavanju dvajsetega stoletja poudariti samo Slovenijo, njeno zgodovino in »samóslovenstvo«), da je bila glavni okvir vsega dogajanja v obdobju, ki ga simbolizirata leti 1968 in 1988,
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