CEU eTD Collection

Rethinking the History of Women’s Organizations in Croatia The End ofthe AFŽ In partial fulfillmentIn partial Supervisor:Francisca Professor de Haan – Department Gender Studies of fo Central EuropeanCentral University

The End Meaningfulof Women’s Activism? r the degreeMaster of Budapest, Hungary Jelena Tesija Submitted to 2014 By

of Arts

in Gender Studies.

,

1953

–

1961

CEU eTD Collection management inYugoslavia. in thought the that proves research this organization, women’s second the apply to avoiding bottom a Using work. their explaining and discussing when themselves work. practical their in facing the were women within SŽDH the debates that problems and the as discussions well as the organization SŽDH, the of goals and activities the research obedie simply being as organizations women’s communist on narrative bottom a from material the approach Yugoslavia in problems women’s on for detrimental was organization, autonomous an as 1953, in dissolution its that fact the particular in and women Yugoslav of period forgotten a in happening was what better understand to order in SŽDH researched. hardly are organizations successor its of th while and AFŽ), Front, the of successor the was SŽDH The 1961. to the SŽDH), Croatia, of Societies explores socialism, and feminism between relations complex the rethinking on work scholarly emerging of part as thesis, This Abstract ; and that they extensively discussed the SŽDH’s SŽDH’s the discussed extensively they that and ; fcs n h SD wmns w prpcie n te term the and perspective own women’s SŽDH the on focus I s itr. frt discuss first I history. ’s - out strategy and ideas on how to enhance women’s position in the context they lived lived they context the in position women’s enhance to how on ideas and strategy out

SŽDH women had their voices and opinions; that they that opinions; and voices their had women SŽDH ere is ample literature ample is ere

analysis shows that the SŽDH the that shows analysis

that most historians who have written about the AFŽ claim that that claim AFŽ the about written have who historians most that - ae eiit atnm picpe fr sae socialist state a for principle” “autonomy feminist wave second women's organization that existed in Yugoslavia from 1953 1953 from Yugoslavia in existed that organization women's

the . Second, . Savez ženskih društava Hrvatske društava ženskih Savez - - p esetv, hc ge aant h hegemonic the against goes which perspective, up wave feminist feminist wave i Antifašistički front žena front Antifašistički

I look at archival documents of the SŽDH. I SŽDH. the of documents archival at look I about the activities of the AFŽ, the activities the AFŽ, the of activities the about position position hs hss xmns h cs o the of case the examines thesis This itras prpcie o te AFŽ, the on perspectives historians’ was not sim not was in the new circumstances of self of circumstances new the in ply a “Party tool”. This tool”. “Party a ply (Antifascist Women’s (Antifascist

(Union of Women’s of (Union s which they used used they which s t Pry tools”. “Party nt -

up approach and and approach up meaningful work work meaningful had a well a had

- - I CEU eTD Collection Thanks Cemre to everything. for support. home from assistance her for Ivana to grateful am I for and theirfinancial unconditional emotional support. dad and mom to thank to want I education. my during me for there always were parents My my Helms forsupport. supervisor second her Elissa helpful to like extremely also would I process. thesis guidance, this during encouragement and ideas and for comments Haan de Francisca supervisor my thank to like would I Acknowledgments

Ialso wantthankAisuluufor to being friend. a

ii

and to Jelena for technical for Jelena to and

and emotional and

thank thank CEU eTD Collection 3. The SŽDH (1953 2. History andhistoriography the of AFŽ 1. A short history of Yugoslavia Introduction ofList abbreviations Acknowledgments Abstract Table ofContents 3.3. Polemics over the main goal of organizationthe 3.2. How should women be organized? 3.1. SŽDH’sThe structure and activities Conclusion 2.4. Historians’ interpretation of dissolutionthe of the AFŽ 2.3. 2.2. AFŽThe (1942 2.1. women’sThe movement in Yugoslavia before the AFŽ Conclusion 1.3. Women's in position Yugoslavia 1.2. YugoslavThe specific form socialism of 1.1. The KPJ, Tito andYugoslavia in WW2 How apply to Yugoslavia? this to Theoretical framework Sources and Methods Second Totalitarian model vs. bottom Women socialism and Historians' evaluation theof AFŽ's activities

...... - wave feminism “autonomy andthe principle”

......

...... - 1961): position, activities, goals and discussions

...... - 1953) 1953)

......

......

...... –

organizational structure, goals and activities

...... - up approach

......

......

......

......

......

......

...... iii and the changes in its organizational structure

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

57 50 44 43 41 36 34 30 29 28 27 25 22 19 19 16 11

ii 9 4 4 2 1 v

i

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Conclusion 3.4. Which problems were the SŽDH women facingin practicaltheir work?

......

......

...... iv ......

......

......

72 68 65 62

CEU eTD Collection NRH NOF NO NF KPJ Activity of ofWomen Croatia KDAŽH Women KDAŽ HR GO Yugoslavia FNRJ DFJ the Peoples' YugoslaviaLiberation of AVNOJ AFŽJ AFŽH AFŽ List of abbreviations - - - - HDA

- -

Narodni frontFrontNarodni /People’s - -

Narodni odbori People’sNarodni / Committees Committee Glavni odbor/Main

-

Demokratskafederativna Jugoslavija /D Komunistička partija Jugoslavije Party /Communist ofYugoslavia -

-

Antifašistički front žena /Antifascist Women’s front Antifašistički Front Narodnooslobodilački front / People’s LiberationNarodnooslobodilački front People’s / Front -

Narodna Republika Hrvatska Republicof Croatia /People’s - Antifašistički front žena JugoslavijeAntifašistički /Antifascist front Women’sFrontYugoslavia of Federativna Republika Jugoslavijaof Narodna /People’s Federal Republic

Antifašistički front žena HrvatskeAntifašistički front Women’sFrontCroatia /Antifascist of Konferencija za d Konferencija za - -

- Konferencija društvenuza žena aktivnost Hrvatske for theSocial /Conference Antifašističko vijeće narodnog Jugoslavije /Anti oslobođenja

Hrvatska - Hrvatski državni arhivHrvatski Croatia / ruštvenu žena aktivnost /Conference for activity theSocial of

v emocratic Federalemocratic Yugoslavia

- Croatian State Archives

- Fascist Council of Fascist Council

CEU eTD Collection SŽDJ SŽDH SŽD People of Yugoslavia SSRNJ of Croatia SSRNH SSRN SKJ - -

Savez komunista JugoslavijeLeague / ofCommun - Savez ženskih društava ženskih /UnionofWomen’s Societies Savez - -

Savez ženskih društavaSavez ženskih Jugoslavije /UnionofWomen’s Soci -

Socijalistički savezSocijalistički radnog Alliance /Socialist ofWorkingPeople naroda Savez ženskih društava ženskih Hrvatske /UnionofWomen’s SocietiesofSavez Croatia - Socijalistički savez radnog Jugoslavije naroda

Socijalistički savezSocijalistički Alliance radnog /Socialist ofWorking naroda Hrvatske People vi

/ Socialist Alliance/ Socialist ofWorking ists ofYugoslaviaists

eties of Yugoslavia

CEU eTD Collection 2006 (see Kašić, events other conferences and “ of ratovi žene, Konji, posth published was thesis The 1990. 21, January on accident car in died she because topic, same the on dissertation doctoral her finish didn’t to 1942 from Yugoslavia in existed that organization especially M graduated Workers’ She the of Yugoslavia. in history) and at ethnology assistant an became and 1976 in Zagreb of University at ethnology and sociology (sociology, disciplines several in articles academic 2 1 were in a Sklevicky’s followed Y in War AFŽ), Front, Women’s wr who author first the was from schoolbooks history material educational S historiography. for search Introductio my generat of out wiped simply been had women, of generations energized have could which and costs, “

Women and Society and Women Lydia Sklevicky, 68 1989b: Lydia How was it possible that a tradition of struggle, of commitment with the highest personal personal highest the with commitment of struggle, of tradition a that possible it was How yi Slvcy ( Sklevicky Lydia the second the its its organizational structure. learning about the AFŽ, nothing but the fact that fact the but nothing AFŽ, the about learning I do not remember, remember, not do I an 1970s the In the the gsai ad hc fought which and ugoslavia

ion's historical consciousness?” historical ion's the lost and forgotten history of Yugoslav women and their treatment in the the in treatment their and women Yugoslav of history forgotten and lost the - history of the the of history wave feminist movement in Yugoslavia in in Yugoslavia in movement feminist wave

1952 (Horses, Women, Wars) Women, (Horses, n ovement in Croatia. Sklevicky was dedicated to to dedicated was Sklevicky Croatia. in ovement he found out from another from out found he

” in Zagreb in 1979 in Zagreb in ” - 90 was 1990)

oe ams dd o exist not did almost women

pproach to write about the AFŽ’s goals, AFŽ’s the about write to pproach d 1980s, the Yugoslav feminist historian Lydia historian feminist Yugoslav the 1980s, d the the the fifth to eight to fifth the

umously umously Antifašistički front žena žena front Antifašistički during my education my during oe’ ognzto wih a fre i te eod World Second the in formed was which organization women’s t toogl aot the about thoroughly ote

a

eiit itra, the historian, feminist

in 1996 in and and ,

and is still the most thorough study on the AFŽ. the on study thorough most the still is and an :

517 ciey o wmns ieain Svrl historians Several liberation. women’s for actively , internationally internationally edited by her supervisor her by edited - 1

520).

grade study (Polić, 1986) that in 1986 in 1986 in that 1986) (Polić, study 1953. She published several articles on the AFŽ, but she but AFŽ, the on articles several published She 1953. 1

(Antifascist Women’s Front, AFŽ), the official women’s women’s official the AFŽ), Front, Women’s (Antifascist

the the

s in Croatia in

oretician, - of primary school primary of 1970s, one of the founders of the feminist feminist the of founders the of one 1970s,

hr wr mr hre ta women than horses more were there active

t niaitči rn žena front Antifašistički he organizat he exploring women's history in Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, in history women's exploring

activist scholar

in the 1990s and 2000s, that we we that 2000s, and 1990s the in Dunja Rihtman Rihtman Dunja its its

, participating in many academ many in participating , and and activities and activities ion existed. existed. ion

uhr f t of author ( the the 1989

Sklevicky Institute for the History History the for Institute b Auguštin : 70). Sklevicky 70). : Sklevicky he first feminist feminist first he the However, at at However, the (Antifascist 2

Yugoslav started to started

and titled and changes changes

was part part was group group

in in in ic CEU eTD Collection and historian (1996), Croatia of Republic People's of level the on AFŽ the of documents archival the of analysis thorough Sources a organization as well as activities the research will women’ AFŽ the about on perspectives researc hardly are organizations successor its out, pointed already Hrvatske žena front Antifašistički Croatia theYugoslavinto historiography. o Societies the Croatia, in successors AFŽ’s the of will I foremost and first But happened. this why understand movement Yugosl in organizations These AFŽ. the after something was there that note a as only existed organizations successor organizati the of dissolution the of issue complex out figure to tried and AFŽ the discussing were least the Historians have done several primary several done have Historians The s problems s pr o Yugoslavia) of (part historiography on the AFŽ started to flourish then. Historians, following Sklevicky, Sklevicky, following Historians, then. flourish to started AFŽ the on historiography f Croatia, SŽDH), and try to try and SŽDH), Croatia, f

nd ŽH was SŽDH have been been have (H) Methods the AFŽ, and in particular in and AFŽ, the

claim that its dissolution in 1953 was detrimental for meaning for detrimental was 1953 in dissolution its that claim

in Yugoslavia (Sklevicky 1996; Stojaković, 2012, etc.). 2012, Stojaković, 1996; (Sklevicky Yugoslavia in while there is literature is there while avia. avia.

the problems that the SŽDH womenthe problems were that the SŽDH

h wmns organization women’s the almost

I was puz

and goals of the SŽDH, SŽDH, the of goals and feminist activist feminist

from from completely neglected in neglected completely

(Antifascist Women’s Front of Croatia, Croatia, of Front Women’s (Antifascist zled about this and one of the aims of my thesis is to try to my the about andone aimstotry zled of this thesis is of 93 o 1961. to 1953

Savez ženskih društava Hrvatske društava ženskih Savez integrate integrate

the fact that fact the about the activities of the AFŽ the of activities the about researches hed 2 Neda Božinović resear Božinović Neda

. the In this thesis this In on in 1953. But in their work, the AFŽ’s the work, their in But 1953. in on

ht existed that ht apnd eadn the regarding happened what

forgotten The the

that most historians most that on the AFŽ. the on icsin ad eae wti the within debates and discussions the SŽDH search for information information for search historiography of historiography voices of voices

I will first discuss historians’ discuss first will I

n h People’s the in facing

a t was Lydia Sklevicky Lydia ched the AFŽ in Serbia in AFŽ the ched in their work. in

he (Union of Women’s of (Union the SŽDH’s women women SŽDH’s the

H

AFŽH who ucso o th of successor , the activities of activities the ,

Subsequently,

the have written have eulc of Republic ful work on on work ful ),

extremely extremely about

women’s women’s and

made s I as ,

one one

a e I

CEU eTD Collection womenwhen used themselves describinggoals andactivities. their es (Brummet read” we what of rhetoric the of understanding better “a is reading close the of goals main the of view a with object an meetings activities. and goals main these organization’s during on going were which debates and discussions 1958, and on held SŽDH’s, Z in include Hrvatske žena resear my for data 1953 after Croatia in organizations women’s of the 171 page based SŽD) Societies, Women’s (2012). (1996), pecially to get a better and deeper understanding of the language and concepts the SŽDH the concepts and language the of understanding deeper and better a get to pecially s - is 184). E 184). agreb. of s , my, primary on the archival documents of the SŽD of Serbia of SŽD the of documents archival the on

s I and

However, However, activities of the of activities her book about book her s txul analysis textual use the

am I ven though ven feminist historian feminist Second held Session 6 Plenary onDecember

( ofrne o te oil A Social the for Conference t

, oty oue on focused mostly 2010 eray 27 February t are ch focus is focus the

to deeper understanding of its meanings” its of understanding deeper to

: 4). : ny rmr rsac o the on research primary only the history and hist and history the the SŽDH , that I found, has found, I that , he archival documents of the of documents archival he

on the activities of the SŽDH.activitiesof the on

I have tried to apply this when reading the archival documents, documents, archival the reading when this apply to tried have I women's movement in Serbia in Serbia in movement women's Gor , - . 8 1957 18,

more precisely the the precisely more These materials These dana Stojaković studied the AFŽ’ the studied Stojaković dana h dcmns from documents the

C , lose reading is “the mindful, disciplined reading of of reading disciplined mindful, “the is reading lose the the oriography of the AFŽ the of oriography

been done by Boži by done been tvt o Women of ctivity 3 is Peay eso hl on held Session Plenary First , specifically the SŽDH (1953 SŽDH specificallythe ,

are available in the Croatian State Archives State Croatian the in available are

and the research is presented in presented is research the and ls raig ehiu, o a to technique, reading close Konferencija za d za Konferencija ae žnkh društava ženskih Savez Since I’m interested in I’m interested Since - 7, 1960. h Foun the the

nović. She has She nović. (Brummet f Croatia of 19

th is an is s magazine in Vojvodina in magazine s

and 20 and ig seby f the of Assembly ding

integral part of my of part integral t KDAŽ , n t detect to and , ruštvenu aktivnost ruštvenu 2010 th - 1961),

aur 27 January

century done research done the : 3) and one and 3) :

(Union of of (Union H

activities the ma the ), which which ),

several several (1996: (1996: nalyze nalyze - 28, 28, the the in CEU eTD Collection and howitremained spe not wasproblem demonstrate this how to different contexts was organization women’s separate questions 18 1989: (Buckley, Armand and Kollontai Lenin, on question women’s to how about ideas different socialism Women and who w projected the fo advocated They class. to gender of submission feminism era. that in women stat the as seen are countries socialist approach in vital something time, same the At social on focus that Iis which of part feminism; it. and communism between within relationship ambiguous unresolved elements different and socialism and women of issue general Theoretical framework edr tuge and, struggle gender ist feminists opposed to what they call they what to opposed feminists ist ere fighting against patriarchyere fightingagainst at that time. There were different approaches to women's women's to approaches different were There fields. theoretical major three within topic my framing I’m

: the second the :

(or totalitarian paradigm) to c to paradigm) totalitarian (or on the past the on about the dmntae that demonstrate I

oils thought. socialist

Finally, I look to the other side of the complex issue of socialism and and socialism of issue complex the of side other the to look I Finally, main field of dispute in the communist thought and practice: whether a whether practice: and thought communist the in dispute of field main unresolved. unresolved. - , which which , the the wave feminists wave

ideological level in terms of terms in level ideological as historian Chiara Bonfiglioli recently argued, argued, recently Bonfiglioli Chiara historian as

again civ i. is, wl dsus axs/omns ad the and Marxism/communism discuss will I First, it. achieve

resulted in resulted necessary and justified or not, with not, or justified and necessary

an Second, hr ws srn spot o wmns liber women’s for support strong a was there ’ to, hc results which tool, e’s ommunism d their their d

bourgeois 4 dsus n challenge and discuss I

disappointment disappointment an an

r women being separate being women r erasure of erasure , in , emancipation - 27). Then, I will will I Then, 27). the whi feminism, which t which feminism, theorizing by Marx, Engels, Bebel, Engels, Marx, by theorizing ch women’s organization women’s ch

the the

cific only to the onlycific to with n denying in agency of socialist women, women, socialist of agency

First, I First, within state socialism and socialism state within the socialist state and state socialist the h gnrl top general the a

’m dealing dealing ’m s mr concrete more ask few examples from examples few and autonomous in autonomous and hey found hey the this notion was was notion this Yugoslavcase gny of agency s

with

to as ation limited. limited. in state state in - down

the the the the the

CEU eTD Collection ques social the for solution as same woman whole? a as society of and individuals of welfare mental and physical the about bring to and need, and misery exploitation, oppression, th with “coincides on impossi saw Bebel women. women of liberation the Sozialismus contribute tothe that claim they Therefore, cal Socialism to transition the in Women to introduction their in Young, B. Marilyn historian and Rapp Rayna class the c the and structure to relationship functional its in understood be to “was too oppression women’s everything analyzed Engels and Marx of discussion Alfre scientist political and Sovietologist 36). (1950: private” and public both prostitution of i.e., system, that from springing women of community the of abolition self w liberation women’s which y h Scait at advocated Party Socialist the ly e Wmn usin n al tes oil sus y nrdcn scaim 18: 8). (1989: socialism introducing by issues social others all and Question Woman led - vdn, ht h aoiin f h peet s present the of abolition the that evident, s s ’s Working claim Engels Friedrich and Marx Karl Both l wtot abolishment without ble eil oiin h sil claimed still he position, pecial

(

Woman and socialism and Woman Marxism and Marxism - theory class socialist Au socialist class lass struggle” (1977: 89). Political philosopher Sonia Kruks, anthropologist Kruks, Sonia philosopher Political 89). (1977: struggle” lass at other question: In what manner should society be organized to abolish to organized be society should manner what In question: other at

marr

of socialism” (1989:of 8). iage as slavery for women and claimed that freedom for women was was women for freedom that claimed and women for slavery as iage would

for the early socialist thinkers socialist early the for th ould be possible, which could be seen in their claim that “it is “it that claim their in seen be could which possible, be ould e

women’s movement before the First World War, claims that claims War, World First the before movement women’s

e civd hog a ate o cvl equal civil for battle a through achieved be h cptls syste capitalist the gust tion (1988: 502). Bebel supposed Bebel 502). (1988: tion ) ,

, argue that Marxism as a theory proposed to solve so solve to proposed theory a as Marxism that argue , in which he criticized he which in gende Bebel in 1879 published published 1879 in Bebel through

eult ad said and equality r ht the that (98 48. vn huh e was he though Even 498). (1988: ” 5

ystem of production must bring with it the the it with bring must production of ystem h lens the ed that socialism was the only system in in system only the was socialism that ed (98 500 (1988: m ouin o wmns usin was question women’s for solution

“women as category had nothing to to nothing had category as “women f h cas tuge maig that meaning struggle, class the of

the bourgeois feminist idea that idea feminist bourgeois the

the - ht h wmn question woman the that 0) H emphasized He 501).

that in the socialist state, socialist the in that book d G. Meyer, in his in Meyer, G. d

rmsoy Notes: Promissory Die Frau und der und Frau Die ity of men and and men of ity

aware of of aware

that the CEU eTD Collection Armand liberateburdenfrom (Buckley, women ofhousehold the 1989: 26). duties ordersocializeto housework in to and legislation bourgeoisof to gettasks:rid two of terms in 99). (1950: expediency” revolutionary practical, is that feminism, not is “that that insisting also while Addi 99). (1950: them” among work systematic “involves which influence”, its under them keep to and Party, the with contact into them bring to workers, women’s of masses the arouse to is it duty commission groups, working bodies, have must Party the that fact the to eyes our close not must “we that claimed he side, other the on but organization, women’s separate a having of idea the rejected again Lenin 1920.stro Whilea advocatingfor in question with conversation his from seen so from idea this separate to striving was he though sp the of idea after the accept to Nevertheless, ready more was 25). Lenin Revolution, 1989: (Buckley, goal this achieve to organization separate women’s of idea the rejected he Revolution Russian 1917 the before consciousness, political he though Even a Buckley, Mary to according independent,economically” socially both and (19 assistance” of need in is she when her by stand will these all generation, female rising the friends, women would women property, private no be would there which in ei dvlpd axs ter frhr n bogt t on it brought and further theory Marxist developed Lenin Along similar lines, two important socialist thinkers socialist important two lines, similar Along ,

tionally, he advocated for “special methods of agitation and forms of organization”, organization”, of forms and agitation of methods “special for advocated he tionally, ee poig h fmns mvmn, eas te blee ta women’s that believed they because movement, feminist the opposing were Lenin offered some practical solutions for women’s problems in th in problemswomen’s for practical solutions some Lenin offered (1988: 504). Finally, Bebel said Bebel Finally, 504). (1988: advocated for drawing women into into women drawing for advocated s, committees, bureaus or whatever you like, whose particular particular whose like, you whatever or bureaus committees, s, British the German socialist feminist socialist German the historian who works on the Soviet Unio Soviet the on works who historian

ng international communist women’s movement, women’s communist ng international that “in the new society woman will be entirely be will woman society new the “in that 6

88: 502). the - called “bourgeois feminism”, feminism”, “bourgeois called socialist struggle and struggle socialist

be free because because free be ,

ecial work among women, even women, among work ecial Alexandra Kol Alexandra Klara Zetkin on Zetkin Klara a oe rcia level, practical more

“nurses, teachers, teachers, “nurses, lontai and Inessa and lontai

for raising their raising for e Soviet Union, Soviet e n (1989: 25). (1989: n the as can as women’s women’s

be CEU eTD Collection Revoluti Bolshevik the after women socialist organize to how about discussion was there level, international the on also but national, the the on nor theoretical a on neither answer, interests different of because or practical, ideological, as theywere from notseparated the57). Party” (1989: supp to led involvement women’s of level low the confront to need practical the women, for groups special resisted ideology Bolshevik of core the “although that concludes Buckley 55). (1989: goals” socialist pursuing state socialist be feminism, bourgeois not revolution, the these serve would organizations triumphed, successfully a had in revolution demands “since that their claiming frame while way, to acceptable managed they Buckley, to according and, organizations strong advocated they 1918 in why is That 44). (1989: legislation” through or substructure economic the in change a by guaranteed’ ‘be even or ‘happen’ automatically 31) (1984: privileges…” and prerogatives existing all of abolition the achieve to striving without prerogatives female their for fighting are “they that and equality” political for demands than (Pushkareva, 2006:33 and internationally, and Union Soviet the in (1874 InessaArmand from and 1925 to 1923 from Norway in diplomat Zhenotdel organization women’s the directorof the activist, political writer, a was She Union. Soviet the (1872 Kollontai Alexandra them, introduce briefly to Just 33). 1989: (Buckley, system socialist a in only achieved be could liberation . But these socialist women were also aware that, as Buckley claims, “liberation would not would “liberation claims, Buckley as that, aware also were women socialist these But . Changes in state socialist women’s organizations happened for several reasons: reasons: several for happened organizations women’s socialist state in Changes from 1920 to 1922, and the first female ambassador in the world (she was a Soviet Soviet a was (she world the in ambassador female first the and 1922, to 1920 from - 1920) was the first director of the directorof first the was 1920) - 36). Kol 36). lontai arguedbourgeois “go demands feminists’ nofurther that historical level, to why this happened. this why to level, historical - 1952) was one of the mo the of one was 1952) 7 a on. As I said above, in his conversation with with conversation his in above, said I As on. ort for special women’s organizations, so long so organizations, women’s special for ort

rmnn mme o te omns Party Communist the of member prominent

1927 to 1930) (Gafizova, 2006: 253 2006: (Gafizova, 1930) to 1927

and power strug power and Zhenotdel , a socialist feminist activistfeminist socialist st important women in women important st cause they existed in a in existed they cause gles ly for women for ly . There is no one one no is There .

Not only on on only Not - - 257). 257). only only CEU eTD Collection message communist the “spread to order in 1920s early the in Parties the from separate for advocating was Zetkin Klara exactly how explains Waters were women socialist prominent most the even how and lively extremely were topic this on discussions how show article Waters’ in mentioned example, One 44). (1989: parties the with relationships closer developed sections these 1930s early the in and unsuccessful were 1 late the in that argues Waters 38). 1989: Waters, in (quoted movement” women’s bourgeois and socialist the between demarcation clear “a making for praised was International Second (Water committees parties’ in representation women’s adequate with level national to local from commissions” be would movement (quote impossible” far and fundamental a cultural andall its life is institutions all its and basis ofsocietytransformation economic ofthe communism… with sympathize who women of mass same the at that and movement, for struggling for way effective Moscow the from clear was it lines, similar Along 30). 1989: (Waters, 1910 in Copenhagen in one second the and 1907 which during International, Second of successor a was Movement This 29). 1989: was within which formed Movement, Women’s Communist strong a for advocating was Lenin Zetkin, 920s there were attempts for isolation of women’s sections from national parties, but they but parties, national from sections women’s of isolation for attempts were there 920s conference in 1920, that the delegates at the conference thought that the only only the that thought conference the at delegates the that 1920, in conference

h Tid nentoa, t a at International, Third the s, 1989: 37). What is interesting is that in one section of the of section one in that is interesting is What 37). 1989: s, d in Waters, 1989: 31). In organizational terms, the the terms, organizational In 31). 1989: Waters, in d hss n the on Theses sometimes sometimes

raie truh omns pris “oe’ agitational “women’s parties’ Communist through organized the Woman Question was Question Woman the time “without the conscious and active participation of the of participation active and conscious the “without time going against general Communist Parties’ lines. Namely, Namely, lines. Parties’ Communist general against going

two women’s conferences took place took conferences women’s two omns Wmns Movement Women’s Communist

conference in Moscow in June 1920 (Waters, (Waters, 1920 June in Moscow in conference 8

women’s movement within the First and the and First the within movement women’s

within the communist society and society communist the within

women’s organizations to be to organizations women’s ,

is esp is peetd uig the during presented , : one in Stuttgart in in Stuttgart in one : ecially important to to important ecially Theses

Theses stated that that stated - reaching reaching

the CEU eTD Collection challenging bottom model vs. Totalitarian Zhenotdel’s w that policies obey to or roles new from question women’s opposi strong as well as Part the within powerstruggle the mentions also She Party of interest of lack the and unemployment the of existence the on changes implementing in obstacles structural some emphasizes Buckley 65). (1989: 1919 in formed was Secretariat, Committee the Central the women, of Department among work supervise and organize to and goal raise women among to consciousness political necessary as justified ideologically and allowed temporarily were organizations women’s separate so active, be to women needed Party the Union, Soviet the in Revolution 60 (1989: women among were work that separate forces against different the and facing were organizations women’s th that obstacles of the forms different and structure organi organizational for the justification ideological existence; the organization’s discusses and presents Buckley Mary social diverse from women together bring and backgroundswith arange ofpolitical and allegiances” (1 faithful the of band small the beyond zations as well as the content the as well as zations Another 1920s, the in Union Soviet the in organizations women’s about chapter book her In

activists were facing(1989: 62). the

a i wih I which in way oaiain p totalitarian Zhenotdel

the in from tion

joint class struggle, and resistance among some women to accept to women some among resistance and struggle, class joint aradigm according to which emancipation was imposed on on imposed was emancipation which to according aradigm

discuss (1919 - up approach up , relevance and efficacy of their work. She also describes also She work. their of efficacy and relevance , conservative Bolshevik men, fear of separation of the the of separation of fear men, Bolshevik conservative r ena odrd‘rmaoe a rbes that problems as above’ ‘from ordered as seen ere -

1930), such as the Civil War in the country, high high country, the in War Civil the as such 1930), se ei’ wrs above) words Lenin’s (see the

oe' qeto in question women's 9

leaders in leaders

- 107). Buckley says that that says Buckley 107). y and the subordination of the of subordination the yand 989: 44). 989: 44).

changes in family life (1989: 61). 61). (1989: life family in changes

tt scaim s through is socialism state . Zhenotdel

behalf of women during during women of behalf In order to achieve this this achieve to order In , the Women’s Women’s the , fe te 1917 the after the Zhenotdel women’s ese the the , CEU eTD Collection population” (2007: 199). an kindergartens possibl acknowledging while all, Above 199). (2007: interests” women’s of presentation political aimed participati political and emancipation women’s that argues and 199). (2007: example for asinterests, women’s Party a was emancipation changedid not the paradigm revisionist on light new shed accordingly who (Fi control” regime of object simple a than more be to had “society Unlike called 80). (2007: agencies government’s US byfundeddifferent often Fitzpatrick to were,according who scientists, politicalmostly by object an purely was that society passive powerless, a produced people between bonds of atomization Union thr Union Soviet the Fitzpatrick Sheila of sake the for women

“ to make it certain for the Party t Party the for certain it make to e positive consequences for consequences positive e was a monolith system in which “the destruction of autonomous association and the and association autonomous of destruction “the which in system monolith a was n em o wmns mniain te oaiain aaim sue tha assumed paradigm totalitarian the emancipation, women’s of terms In revisionists the f eie oto ad aiuain (07 80). (2007: manipulation” and control regime of totalitarians, Following cèhs y label by crèches d Sovie the of example the on explained public picture ofthepublic Uni Soviet ” , who developed a bottom a developed who , ough prevailed the the

the

pr the oaiain aaim Miroiu paradigm, totalitarian omns Pry Te “totalitarian The Party. Communist oject imposed on women from women on imposed oject eiinss ee oty oil historians social mostly were revisionists

es of lens in

Romanian feministpol Romanian the

mothers, she evaluates negatively evaluates she mothers, In

l o have docile supporters and “barely had to do with the the with do to had “barely and supporters docile have o mid the n te a a en o “oto oe te entire the over “control of means a as them ing Soviet Union history. According to Fitzpatrick, the the Fitzpatrick, to According history. Union Soviet a top - 1970s and 1980s the 1980s and 1970s 1980s within the within 1980s - on approach down 10 - up

approach to the to approach on inWestern countries79). (2007: t Union, meant that historians viewed historians that meant Union, t iticaltheorist

oprs omns t fascism to communism compares acc , discipline of Soviet histor Soviet of discipline

above with different goals than goals different with above This approach was developed developed was approach This

on through a system of quota of system a through on model was challenged by challenged was model - ording to which the Soviet Soviet the which to ording history of the of history model scholarship”, scholarship”, model tzpatrick, 2007: 81) 2007: tzpatrick,

the

Mihaela Miroiu claims claims MihaelaMiroiu

introduction of state of introduction who

supposed that that supposed Soviet Union Soviet

which which y, but but y, the t , and ,

so - . CEU eTD Collection solution countries. socialist state in activities women’s to contrast Marxism Second werereally dedicated to o women’s legitimate only the Romania, Massino Jill Similarly, 178). (2014: women” suggests evidence in research of lack the of about conclusions t claiming while lines, similar Along 97). (2010: justice” w among official ideology state the their spread to agenda abandoned “often Party Communist the of members industries, dominated after 170). (2014: life” everyday in worked b from agency “distorts “ the that emphasizes also Fidelis h diverse and active as women to voice give that works find to rare is “it approach this of because that claims and paradigm” totalitarian “the criticizes Polish from countries socialist state in women the - mrcn s American The third theoretical field I will frame my research in is the feminist critique of of critique feminist the is in research my frame will I field theoretical third The co of are, There s -

wave feminism and the and the feminism wave

and state socialism state and o “woman for eod ol Wr F War, World Second says that som that says h second the

the ca ad utrl itra Mlozt (oi) Fidelis (Gosia) Malgorzata historian cultural and ocial ht tee a large was “there that

non usin i trs f separate of terms in question” - e of the socialist women, members of the National Women’s Council, Women’s National the of members women, socialist the of e re hsoin wo prah the approach who historians urse, ae eiit’ s o te notio the of use feminists’ wave the the el - existence of women of existence ow and contributes to misconceptions about how communism communism how about misconceptions to contributes and ow achievement of gender equalityachievement of(2014: 179). hs field, this . Particularly, I will position my analysis my position will I Particularly, . gnzto i Rmna were Romania, in rganization conviction dls concluded idelis “ autonomy principle” autonomy

In her boo her In

historian a

- different perspective: different scale activism of socialist women on behalf of of behalf on women socialist of activism scale

that ‘equality’ was given by the regime” actually regime” the by given was ‘equality’ that 11

omen and pursued their own notions of social social of notions own their pursued and omen As I already pointed out in explaining in out pointed already I As ’s activism in activism ’s

a itra wo ok o sae socialist state on works who historian a ,

k on women and industrialization in Poland in industrialization and women on k rnic d Ha ar Haan de Francisca

ht during that

or nertd oe’ organization women’s integrated

o the of n history of state socialism socialism state of history a hsoin cnt aiy draw easily can’t historians hat

state socialist countries because because countries socialist state

educated about feminism and and feminism about educated soia aet” 21: 167). (2014: agents” istorical the oe’ poet i female in protests women’s bottom autonomy in evaluating evaluating in autonomy

in relation with and in in and with relation in gues that some new new some that gues

- up fr example, for ,

approach. s ocialist and The The of of s ,

CEU eTD Collection were experience wrote further She 101). (1981: women“ dominate to them enable that men among solidarity and interdependence create or establish hierarchical, though which, and base, material a have which men, between relations relations. claimed family in men to subordinated are women why question the answer relation subsume “consistently way that in and class and marriage” “unhappy framed Hartmann Heidi economist level, theoretical reproduction” and sexuality with concerns of lack “its for of centrality the incorporate and analyze sufficiently in feminists socialist providethe feminist movement basicYugoslavia in facts in about w and socialism state feminism, the of Party Communist the ( Yugoslavia with connections their as well as activities, women’s and socialist Yugoslavia in organizations women’s about write to started Sklevicky) th this for important But feminism. when beginning, comp a and feminismhad/have Marxism feminist side, then I will present will I then side, feminist codn to According

to capital” (1981: 98). She said She 98). (1981: capital” to that Marxism never actually attacked p attacked actually never Marxism that KPJ). KPJ). second htrsxa mrig, hlraig n hueok n economic and housework and childrearing marriage, heterosexual : while acknowledging the importance of Marxist ana Marxist of importance the acknowledging while axs tikr pt hmevs n poiin o so to opposition in themselves put thinkers Marxist First, I will explain explain will I First, e the sis because in this period this in because sis - oi Kus Rya ap n Mrln . Young B. Marilyn and Rapp Rayna Kruks, Sonia wave feminist critique towards s towards critique feminist wave 1970s and 1980s were criticizing Marxist theory for “its inability “its for theory Marxist criticizing were 1980s and 1970s said

t hat Marxist analysis saw analysis Marxist hat omen’s organizations during organizations omen’s

th t oe f h ky lmns f patr of elements key the of some at

an the

the overview of the discussion among historians today on on today historians among discussion the of overview

lex and difficult relationship. It was like It was relationship. and difficult lex eainhp ewe Mrim n fmns as feminism and Marxism between relationship that Marxist c Marxist that relationship between Marxism and feminism from feminism and Marxism between relationship 12 [d] atriar

uolvfmns itras(uha Lydia as (such historians feminist Yugoslav

oe’ relat women’s chy, which she defines as defines she which chy, the ategories were sex blind and couldn’ and blind sex were ategories tate socialism and Marxism Marxism and socialism tate

gender division of labour” as well as as well as labour” of division gender women only as only women state socialism state

18: 8) (1989: o t mn ne workers’ under men to ion the 1970s. lytical power, lytical Fr example For . part of the working the of part iarchy that women women that iarchy , and fi and ,

, ald bo called

ay Western many “a set of social social of set “a

this from the fromthis the to

nally I will will I nally Hartmann is evaluate feminist feminist urgeois urgeois equally on , an an to to a t

CEU eTD Collection successors AFŽ’s the that argues she Moreover, 180). (2014: themselves for also the but society, for work to time same the at activism: women’s of dimension important argues Kirin applies s in organizations women’s of a about historian among discussion (2007: 242). good a of and socialism, European of history whole the then criterion, definitional a becomes individualism, of form any or autonomy, personal of concept the “once that argues 242), (2007: individualism” against contest “a was socialism approaches socialist state the and activities women’s evaluating in principle autonomy the on insistence Miroiu’s extent historians Other 200). (2007: autonomy” female not was this but men, from women of independence economic relative a produced question women’s the solving in success communist’s 197) (2007: feminism for concept regulative a as autonomy women’s thought socialist in autonomy of importance the and organizations women’s of autonomy the discuss also them of some but communism, to historia being and powerful”(1981: 104). powerful feeling in and sex, for bodies women’s to access having in children, wo service personal receiving in 104) (1981: men on dependence

Apart from personal autonomy, personal from Apart the In ns mos ns ht with that

the “autonomy 2007 tly discuss tly os of loss Aspasia

women’s autonomy on the individual, personal level and its relation its and level personal individual, the on autonomy women’s o oe’ eacpto. Marily emancipation. women’s to

organizational Forum “Is ‘Communist Feminism’ a Feminism’ ‘Communist “Is Forum

principle ae oils cutis Cota hsoin eaa Jambr Renata historian Croatian countries. socialist tate . Hartman . k rm oe, n o hvn t d hueok r rear or housework do to having not in women, from rk

different kind of autonomy: of kind different ”

on the case of the Yugoslav women’s organization and ofthe on thecase Yugoslav women’s discuss Boxer and Miroiu which

says that in patriarchy “men exercise their control control their exercise “men patriarchy in that says uooy wmns raiain as ls an lost also organizations women’s autonomy, 13

in the same Forum were Forum same the in

n general in many feminisms, stand in the dock” dock” the in stand feminisms, many was J Bxr w Boxer, J. n

20) Mhea iou ta Miroiu Mihaela (2007). ht cmuim a indeed has “communism that the Contradiction in Terminis in Contradiction organizational autonomy organizational , there is still still is there , H .

ie liig that claiming hile opposing to some to opposing r ocuin on conclusion er sake of the the of sake a the road

hug ešić kes kes

to to ”, e CEU eTD Collection 1980s. and 1970s the in worked who scholars (2007: 203). been have opinions and concepts believe” might we what of terms arrogantlyin them interpreting simply than rather which expressed, in contexts “the to attention pay to necessary historian Novikova Russian Natalia (2014:170). feminism” of history the in hole black a as era communist lin politica existing of framework the “within present were that agency women’s of forms at look a take to suggests she principle”, a activism women’s “erase autonomy of narrative the because agency social and political women’s for prerequisite a as taken is institutions political from autonomy individual and collective 280). (2012: agency” political of lack a to equated be “cannot organizations these of autonomy” political of “lack the significance, she War, Cold the during in organizations women’s on study her In 22). (2012: issues women’s on work successful for measure the as “autonomy” of notion the applying by absent even or irrelevant being as War Cold the during activism women’s of interpretation the to contributed in organizations of application the criticizes War, Cold the during anymorepolitical emancipationwomen didn’texist (2014: 18 of agenda whose on 180) (2014: line” Party Communist the following “fatefully just were es, Fidelis criticizes the post the criticizes Fidelis es, haa ofgil, who Bonfiglioli, Chiara h “uooy rnil” a vr iprat for important very was principle” “autonomy The

state calls for contextualization i contextualization for calls ft - r 95 (04 4). (2014: 1945” er oils cutis 21) Se rus ht second that argues She (2014). countries socialist tries to prove that because of their local and international international and local their of because that prove to tries - 1989 approach to the socialist era and “the r “the and era socialist the to approach 1989 has l movements and institutions” (2014: 4). Along similar similar Along 4). (2014: institutions” and movements l researched , u hsoia udrtnig s eesrl limited” necessarily is understanding historical our

h cam that claims She s the complexity, ambivalences, and nuances of of nuances and ambivalences, complexity, the s n historiography. She emphasizes She historiography. n 14 nta o big oue o te “autonomy the on focused being of Instead

In the 1970s in Yugoslavia in 1970s the In

oe’ atvs i Ygsai ad Italy and Yugoslavia in activism women’s

the

atnm picpe to principle” “autonomy when “the principle of women’s women’s of principle “the when the the 1). on Ygsa feminist Yugoslav young

Yugoslavia and Italy and Yugoslavia , in order to fight to order in , - ae femi wave ejection of the of ejection

that is always is that

women’s nism nism the the CEU eTD Collection ort “in that says she when Yugoslavia, in feminists by socialism of the governmental structures” (1994: 18). their and Belgrade and Ljubljana Božinović lines, similar Along “sex a being for organization women’s socialist the by criticized 20). (1994: countries socialist enterprises) th during open more was which system 1970s the relationship offalse history 205). toideology” 1991: (Ramet, and weakness; female of myth the inequality; political and economic social, stereotypes; role (Božinovi AF Zagreb in (Papi countries Woman’s question: meetin intellectuals young among about ideas new These S the of successor was that organization women’s the to opposition in patriarchy, against I m wlig on) dwelling am I Ž g movement, Ž In her next point, Papić presents perfectly what could be seen as as seen be could what perfectly presents Papić point, next her In

arana Papić arana n egae o Belgrade in

ć, 1994: 18). The key problems feminists in Yugoslavia emphasized were: “gender “gender were: emphasized Yugoslavia in feminists problems key The 18). 1994: ć, Cl War Cold e in 1979 in and because of the ideology that wasn’t wasn’t that ideology the of because and ć, 1994: 20). After the meeting, the group “Women and Society” was formed formed was Society” and “Women group the meeting, the After 20). 1994: ć,

women started to organize to started women claims (one of the founders was was founders the of (one a ,

new approach”new a ofrne o te oil A Social the for Conference women’s emancipation women’s n Yugoslav Yugoslav ;

coe 27 October n smlr rus ee lo one i Lulaa n Belgrade and Ljubljana in founded also were groups similar and h self the

that born after born

On the other hand, hand, other the On eiit fot wr psil i Ygsai bcue of because Yugoslavia in possible were efforts feminist wrote (Y

feminist solidarity with each other was “not kindly looked upon by by upon looked kindly “not was other each with solidarity gsai ws o aind with aligned not was ugoslavia - manag ,

– and that the co the that WW2, who WW2, oebr 2, November

mn eooy loe sm kind some allowed economy ement was also was also sociologist and anthropologist and sociologist 15 themselves outside of the of outside themselves historian Lydia Sklevicky, Lydia historian apart from the so the from apart

- operation of the feminists groups in Zagreb, Zagreb, in groups feminists the of operation

Ž started to gather and held their first public public first their held and gather to started at D, the organization that organization the D, Papi tvt o Women of ctivity tended by 1978 as ć

T . explains that 1978 that explains st og s n te Esen Europe Eastern other in as rong e conference he

feminists from other European other European feminists from cialist organizations cialist -

war conference” ( conference” war either of the Power blocs blocs Power the of either hodox socialist ideology, socialist hodox

(KDA Comm

who was part of this this of part was who a whose work on the the on work whose

general evaluation general I am interested in. interested am I was

conference was was conference Ž) unist unist ,

ald “The called the f private of 1994: 21). 21). 1994:

Party and Partyand appeared official official the the

CEU eTD Collection second amongYugoslaviaan countries wasexception state socialist in further demonstrate Yugoslavia in First, fields. research of historiography and history rethinking on scholarship emerging the How to apply this to participant ofsecond this 204). 1991: Ramet, in (quoted unnecessary” is organization their that see will people soon that afraid afraid women whom feminists anti older, the and organizations women’s by also but state the by feminism” of “condemnation the as well as life, public and private in patriarchy of influence strong the laws, the of implementation legisl Yugoslav the of progressiveness ( so” do to socialism of failure of and patriarchy overthrow to need “the about but socialism” overthrowing of “speak 21). (1994:destiny” critique the and patriarchy socialist the of critique the sex very or bourgeois veryor workers that only not of the feminist organizations because we are doing their job for nothing, and they are they and nothing, for job their doing are we because organizations feminist the of - ’s organization is really is organization ’s This thesis This ae eiit oeet a I eosrtd bv ad il lbrt mr i the in more elaborate will and above demonstrated I as movement, feminist wave ’

question, but also any different approach to this women’s question is very, very bad, bad, veryvery, is question women’s this to approach differentany also but question, the yi Slvcy wo tre t rsac wmns itr, a a a an was history, women’s research to started who Sklevicky, Lydia - acs g fascist

women’s question is quite simply and automatically solved by the so the by solved automatically and simply quite is question women’s historian Sabrina P. P. Sabrina historian , which deals with the specific case of Yugoslavia, could be seen as seen be could Yugoslavia, of case specific the with deals which , A s

could be concluded from concluded be could nrto o wmn ciit (ofgil, 04 3 2014: (Bonfiglioli, activists women of eneration Yugoslavia? - my wavefeminist movement Yugoslavia. in - the hss Scn, beca Second, thesis. warish. Onewarish.

a joke. They are doing nothing useful but they are very, very very very, are they but useful nothing doing are They joke. a Ramet, women’s movement in Yugoslavia are extremely intere extremely are Yugoslavia in movement women’s

was ae itriwd n egae ad that said Belgrade in interviewed Ramet

1991: the a to o eult, u te ciiie te bad the criticized they but equality, on ation of the aims of this conference was the beginning of of beginning the conference was this of aims the of strong presence of women’s organizing, as I will will I as organizing, women’s of presence strong 16 eain o sociali of relations

204).

Papi s o te ifrn kn o socialism, of kind different the of use The young feminists acknowledged the the acknowledged feminists young The ć’s claim, the Yugoslav feminists didn’t feminists Yugoslav the claim,ć’s

f h scait ocp of concept socialist the of

in Europe m n feminism and sm

for havingfor - 4). the a n o the of One . develo

women’s women’s Both “official

- part of of part called ctive ctive sting ped ped the the the CEU eTD Collection Yugoslavia, of role the explain will I research. I which organization women’s the situate discussion and movement socialist the within debate huge a is still and from women separate within case. SŽDH specific the on countries socialist state in organizing women’s of issue the of complexity the demonstrate to strive and Yugoslavia organization women’s official the women organize their had they that and followers Party docile simply weren’t women society patriarchal the with struggled system socialist Yugoslav the within position their negotiated t trying perspective, up lenses feminist ask other words, i how and from comes it where understand to order in but it, reject completely and autonomous organization, meanton women’s for meaningfulissuesinYugoslavia. the end work unique, a AFŽ, the of dissolution the narrative, this to According Yugoslavia. in movement women’s organized in point turning a as dissolution second of influence the under 1980s the in formed narrat hegemonic The 1953. in dissolution its and AFŽ the about narrative AFŽ. the about chapter questions about the AFŽ’s successor organization without without organization successor AFŽ’s the about questions I’ In the first chapter of this thes this of chapter first the In the qetoig h hgmnc artv o te AFŽ the on narrative hegemonic the questioning m s thatweregoing

broader I influence of discussthe

that lead to lead that

within the new system they found themselves in. themselves found they system new the within

ques the in hte t hv sprt wmns raiain (ht would (that organizations women’s separate have to whether tion fgr ot o te SŽDH the how out figure o culy i ti tei I r t qeto te an historiographical main the question to try I thesis this in Actually, joint struggle for socialism) or not. I not. or socialism) for struggle joint

deny on forming the SŽDH in this perspective. inthis on forming theSŽDH ing

in the con the in

women’s agency. women’s

is I will provide basic facts about facts basic provide will I is they were living in living were they second text of self of text - 17 wave feminism on writing women’s historyand feminismonwriting women’s wave

I situate th situate I

I approach I -

ae eiim peet te AFŽ’s the presents feminism, wave - . oe sw hmevs hw they how themselves, saw women management and decentralization of decentralization and management

I try I e discussions within the SŽDH the within discussions e

to demonstrate that the SŽDH SŽDH the that demonstrate to I already showed already

th , u te uolv ae and case Yugoslav the put

artv, o i odr to order in not narrative, applying I locate the changes within within changes the locate I e SŽDH from the bottom the from SŽDH e n i wih way which in and

own

Yugoslavia in order to order in Yugoslavia

ideas uniform women’s women’s uniform h second the ive, which was was which ive,

about that this was this that works. t

how to how s -

wave they In -

CEU eTD Collection issues. ex and ground the on facing were women SŽDH debates of issue the analyze will then first I will organization. discuss I which through historians’ and activities (1942 AFŽ the of structure mo women’s present will the I secondly WW2; introduce before Yugoslavia briefly will I Firstly, AFŽ. the of historiography u in Yugoslavia position women’s about facts and statistics some provide will I finally, and socialism, self called so Yugoslavia, in socialism of form specific the explain will I Then communist of role particularly,

In the third chapter I chapter third the In

about the main goals of their organization. their of goals main the about oe’ ognzn i Yugosla in organizing women’s

interpretation of the dissolution oftheinterpretationof the AFŽ. dissolution ntil the 1960s. In the second second the In 1960s. the ntil the hne ta hpee wti te organization the within happened that changes

discussions that were going on going were that discussions provide basic information on the SŽDH’s structure and activities and structure SŽDH’s the on information basic provide its goals and goals its -

1953) will will s and their leader Josip Broz Tito, in the Second World War. War. World Second the in Tito, Broz Josip leader their and s present my analysis of analysis my present ;

t hir activities and the debates that were going on within the within on going were that debates the and activities dly, I will discuss will I dly, i. hrl, wl explore will I Thirdly, via. 18

hpe I il focus will I chapter

plain how they were trying to solve those those solve to trying were they how plain the F

inally, I will look at the problems the the problems the at look will I inally, goals, activities and the organizational organizational the and activities goals, within the SŽDH the within

the archival documents archival the

histo rians’ evaluation of the AFŽ’s AFŽ’s the of evaluation rians’ F .

nly I il discuss will I inally, the the on on around the complex the around h hsoy and history the SŽDH women’s women’s SŽDH

o - management f the SŽDH, the f eet in vement , and and ,

CEU eTD Collection the of meeting a arranged Tito International), Third (The Comintern the of part was KPJ the since and Union Soviet the with relationship close in was a was Tito 55). 2009: (Jović, WW2 in collapsed Yugoslavia when banned in formedwas The1). KPJ 1985: (Prout, BrozTito Josip (KPJ), Yugoslavia Party Communist of Nat the in group occupiers antifascist the the was resisting War in Liberation groups powerful most the of One 1). 1985: quickly very collapsed K describ to start I where is this and 1918 The1.1. KPJ, Tito and Yugoslavia in WW2 earlywomen’s in position in Yugoslavia the of one position new Tito’s and Yugoslavia of reorganization structural with relations Tito’s of consequence self called management so socialism, of form specific the explain will I Then movement. communist a Union Soviet the with relationship his as well as War Liberation the in Tito Broz Josip leader communist the of role the (KPJ), Yugoslavia the of Party about Communist facts important most the present will I First, 1961. to 1953 from existed which res I that SŽD organization women’s the properly position and better explain to able 1. A of short history Yugoslavia ingdom of Yugoslavia (the name was changed in 1929) was attacked by Axis Axis by attacked was 1929) in changed was name (the Yugoslavia of ingdom

1919, but was banned was but 1919, After the First World War, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was formed in formed was Slovenes and Croats Serbs, of Kingdom the War, World First the After be to order in 1961 until Yugoslavia of history short a provide will I chapter this In

founder oils, ht a itoue i 15 i Yugoslavia in 1950 in introduced was that socialism, s

f the of ,

ih t trioy en dvdd no eea ocpe aes (Prout, areas occupied several into divided being territory its with under the under Non - lge Movement Aligned 1921 Law on the Protection of the Stat the of Protection the on Law 1921 tln n te oit Union Soviet the and Stalin terms of th terms of te itr o Ygsai. In Yugoslavia. of history the e

Partisans 19

e law, labourwomen’s and ld y h Secretary the by led , Fnly I il rel eaoae on elaborate briefly will I Finally, . An

iaitčo iee narodnog vijeće tifašističko in international relations as relations international in This .

o oe extent some to

nd the international international the nd a floe b a by followed was e, and it was still was it and e, communist who communist - the 1941, April eea o the of General

literacyrate. powers earch, earch,

ional

as and and

a -

CEU eTD Collection of government new the up set Tito Belgrade, in so in help temporary about Union Soviet the with (Pavlowitch, 2008:211 Yugoslavia in movement resistance only the as movement Tito’s accepted Allies Western the AVNOJ’s supported ex the rightto the creating in moment important an was This 210). 2008: (Pavlowitch, government that of president as Tito with formed was members) (Na government provisional of kind new a and body, legislative the as proclaimed was AVNOJ the session, this During 210). 2008: (Pavlowitch, state Yugoslav the of character federal the about made was decision year,December AFŽ of theorganization thesame was women’s formed. In 50). 2011: (Swain,established was decisions, committees’higher follow to had committees liberation the of movement“ body “representative as AVNOJ the up set meeting the during adopted resolution The 49). 2011: Swain, in (quoted army” partisan liberation people’s the of platform committ “this that and for liberation” struggle people’s Yugoslav the for support of committee national a organize to strive “should Tito that said Stalin allies. Western the insult not would which body governmental year that Earlier 49). 26 November on AVNOJ) Jugoslavije oslobođenja In October 1944, the Red Army entered Yugoslavia, after Tito signed an agreement an signed Tito after Yugoslavia, entered Army Red the 1944, October In AV the of meeting second The Yugoslav the decision would cause problems with his allies, but in the end that did not ha not did that end the in but allies, his with problems cause would decision

(Pavl iled government, which could be seen as problematic for the Western allies whoallies Western the forproblematic as seen be could which government, iled owitch, 2008: 131) and a new system of committees, in which lower lower which in committees, of system new a and 131) 2008: owitch, , Soviet leader Soviet , - 212). King Petar II and his exiled governm exiled his and II Petar King (Anti - 27, 1942 in Bihać, after consultation with Moscow (Swain, 2011: 2011: (Swain, Moscow with consultation after Bihać, in 1942 27, tional Committee of Liberation, with five communists out of nine of out communists five with Liberation, of Committee tional

- acs Cucl f h Pols Lbrto o Yugoslavia, of Liberation Peoples' the of Council Fascist ee should promote, in the country and abroad, the political the abroad, and country the in promote, should ee

Stalin already Stalin O ws ed n ac i Nvme 14, hr a where 1943, November in Jajce in held was NOJ 20

new state, because Tito actually denied any denied actually Tito because state, new me parts of the country. On March 7, 1945, 1945, 7, March On country. the of parts me gave Tito advice about how to organize a a organize to how about advice Tito gave eortk fdrtva Jugoslavija federativna Demokratska ent. Stalin was afraid that the the that afraid was Stalin ent.

ppen :

CEU eTD Collection transform to decided KPJ the structure, social the transform what is this (M and power to came they Europe when change to wanted on communists dependent economically and relations” agrarian on based Pre 109). 1996: (Sklevicky, Front People’s the within the and unions organization, youth such organizations mass committees, from Apart 1). 1985: (Prout, level federal the at mostly concentrated was power time, same the At 45). 1988: (McFarlane,Party the from state dis to difficult was it level each on and level, local and republic federal, the on “state of chain hierarchical a as organized was government Yugoslav auto Herzegovina, and Bosnia Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, 268 new a 1946, January ba Constitution, in after, Soon FNRJ). Yugoslavia, of Republic Federal (People’s the declared and monarchy the abolished th in votes the non Front Liberation (People’s People’s The formed. was beforethese Just eighteen. than olderwoman e voteto to givingright while the elections, Assemblycalledfor provisional The provisional a into 194 itself August in session turn last its during parliament AVNOJ the and DFJ) Yugoslavia, Federal (Democratic - - oos rvne, ovdn ad ooo I te eid ewe 14 ad 90 the 1950, and 1948 between period the In Kosovo. and Vojvodina provinces, nomous 269). of 90% won Front People’s The Front. the leading KPJ the with but groups, communist h Pol’ Fdrl eulc f uolva a a eeain f i republics six of federation a was Yugoslavia of Republic Federal People’s The

Nvme 1 eetos ad several and elections, 11 November e sed on the 1936 Soviet Union Constitution, was adopted (Pavlowitch, 2008: (Pavlowitch, adopted was Constitution, Union Soviet 1936 the on sed , NOF ,

Front was the successor of the the of successor the was Front ) and consisted of several partisan groups, as well as of some of as well as groups, partisan several of consisted and )

oe’ ognzto (t organization women’s

election 21 eeain Nrda eulk Jugoslavija Republika Narodna Federativna

5 in Belgrade (Pavlowitch, 2008: 297 2008: (Pavlowitch, Belgrade in 5

s Macedonia and Montenegro Montenegro and Macedonia

the - as later days war Yugoslavia was a “class society society “class a was Yugoslavia war Narodni front Narodni cFarlane, 1988: 11). In order to order In 11). 1988: cFarlane, he AFŽ) were were AFŽ) he aonolbdlči front Narodnooslobodilački te osiun Assembly Constituent the , h eooi system economic the - Party joint” committees committees joint” Party

(People’s Front, NF) NF) Front, (People’s the very man and veryand man an forces main tinguish the tinguish -

and

- as the the as 298). 298). from from

two two -

CEU eTD Collection highly the centralized country. of decentralization for necessity the as well as 60), 2009: (Jović, adopted was when was and approach new a with up come ally great their lost having circumstances: to new the to adjust to order in country the organizing had Party the and he which in situation difficult very a in was Tito 15). 1988: year(McFarlane, of end the at Yugoslavia on imposed blockade t of alliance international (the Cominform the from expelled was Yugoslavia when happened split 13 1988: (McFarlane, countries two between relations economic unfair of part joint of would introduction that companies the with satisfied not was Tito hand, more other much the allies On powerful). her and Yugoslavia make would which countries, communist Balkan greater Yugoslavia a over wanted control Stalin split: this for reasons political and economic several were There which happened, breakup organizational its Sovie for the introduced model also it Soviet and structure the used above, said I as Yugoslavia, 280). (2008: Stalin” under Union Soviet bythe led communism world of cause the to movement resistance leade political a “was Tito that argues Pavlowitch decision a 1950s, the in The1.2. Yugoslav (McFarlane, 12). 1988: t from model Soviet the on based industrialization rapid a with industrial, to agrarian he Communist parties formed in 1947) in June 1948, followed by a complete economic complete a by followed 1948, June in 1947) in formed parties Communist he the Yugoslavia’s specific form of socialism (self socialism of form specific Yugoslavia’s economic support economic

the ide the a of a new reading of Marx and the introductio the and Marx of reading new a of a

specific form socialismof favor the Soviet economy, not the Yugoslav, because he saw this as a as this saw he because Yugoslav, the not economy, Soviet the favor

highly influenced by Tito’s international relations. Historian Stevan Historian relations. international Tito’s by influenced highly

n h opsd h ie o a akn eeain a eeain of federation (a Federation Balkan a of idea the opposed he and it provided it was a turning point in the Yugoslav political and economicsystem. and political Yugoslav the in point turning awas , and being isolated in the intern the in isolated being and , t model of socialism. But in 1948 1948 in But socialism. of model t 22

- r and organizer” who “tied a popular popular a “tied who organizer” and r management sociali management n of n ational community. This community.ational

new form of socialism of form new sm) was introduced introduced was sm) the - 14). The final final The 14). Tito he 1930s 1930s he - - St stock alin in in CEU eTD Collection influenced Yugoslav andeconomic political, social ofthe all levels structu Workin of Alliance (Socialist the into reorganized was Front People’s the 1953 in nameits tothe commitmen KPJ’s the show to order in taken and Affairs were steps other Several Home 33). 1988: (McFarlane level republic the on put were Administration Budget, Economy, for ministries the while level, federal the on exist f only since 1953, from Constitution of Law the by weakened was state central the of role The 45). 1988: (McFarlane needs and context its to according and 17) 1988: Yugoslavia of republics the to autonomy greater give to decided communists Re followed. decentralization administrative why is which 45), (1988: institution” political and organization social of forms conditioned the 1950s. during growth economic experienced Yugoslavia changes, these implementing in difficulties wit was emphasis (Mc labour” associated of ‘groups or collectives bodies, state in or, introduced, of owner the not was state the system, economic this In 31). 1991: (Šmidovnik, influence and control state restrict organized were administration” te asn o te a o Wres Cnrl MFrae 18: 2, n despite and 32), 1988: (McFarlane, Control Workers’ on Law the of passing the h s oiia sinit rc MFrae writes McFarlane Bruce scientist political As S elf -

management was a system in which “the economy, local communities and public and communities local economy, “the which in system a was management also put Savez Jugoslavije komunista

other words, in this system “productive property [was] managed by non by managed [was] property “productive system this in words, other decided that each republic could decide on its own governmentalstructure, own its decideon could republic each that decided n getr rdciiy f h etrrss Ti cag satd n 1950 in started change This enterprises. the of productivity greater a on the enterprises anymore and and anymore enterprises the P g n s in ol, SN (caln 18: 7. hs changes These 17). 1988: (McFarlane SSRN) eople, c a a as way a uch (League ofYugoslavia, and Communists of SKJ), 23 t to decentralization: in 1952 the Party changed changed Party the 1952 in decentralization: to t

- edn Mrit hoy te Yugoslav the theory, Marxist reading

self o rvn hg bracaiain n to and bureaucratization high prevent to - management of working councils was was councils working of management ,

oiaitči ae rdo naroda radnog savez Socijalistički “forms ive state ministries continued to continued ministries state ive aln, 98 18 i which in 148) 1988: Farlane, f cnmc organi economic of re and wasre it during

(McFarlane (McFarlane zation zation -

CEU eTD Collection Non the of founders the anti and peace world on focused be would policy foreign Yugoslav the that established he 1960 in Already introduced. was policy foreign new Tito’s that period this during was It KDAŽ). žena aktivnost društvenu za Konferencija and decentralization greater achieve to order in was reconstructed SŽD The organizations. mass Yugoslav the influenced course, of this, of all and 35) 1960 of 23 1985: (Prout, de and decentralization of phase second a successfully, in decentralization (McFarlane 1988: 49). governments local of role the over take to supposed were NO), Committees, on communes self of and principle management, the on work to supposed was commune The 25). 1991: (Šmidovnik, it on grounded being regions) and republics (federation, state” of “forms other all with society, Actual 26). 1991: (Šmidovnik, 1871 exaccordingthe 25), to 1991: Šmidovnik, in territory”(quoted its in enterprises) (includingorganizations and inhabitants the all of communityeconomic and the defined Yugoslavia, in ideologist communist important commune decentralized women’s or that change of process this Even though Yugoslavia experienced huge economic growth economic huge experienced Yugoslavia though Even free, economically and politically more being republics the to addition In ), the republics gained more political and economic autonomy (McFarlane, 1988: 34 1988: (McFarlane, autonomy economic and political more gained republics the ), s was introduced by introduced was s

- 24). With the With 24). the 1950s the - colonialism and colonialism - Aligned Movement Movement Aligned ganization, wasganization, formed.

h AŽ a aoihd i 15) n te Ž, s new, a as SŽD, the and 1953) (in abolished was AFŽ the and the second Five Year Plan (1957 Plan Year Five second the and law in 1955 (Šmidovnik, 1991: 25). Edvard Kardelj, the most the Kardelj, Edvard 25). 1991: (Šmidovnik, 1955 in law new 1963 Constitution (which had been had (which Constitution 1963 new

h lcl ee, lo called also level, local the ly, the commune was meant to be the basic unit of of unit basic the be to meant was commune the ly, in 1961, at the meeting in Belgrade, he became one of one became he Belgrade, in meeting the at 1961, in Cneec fr h Sca A Social the for (Conference – 24

a group of countries which were not in alliance in not were which countries of group a

-

bureaucratization started in 1961 1961 in started bureaucratization commune as “an integrated social social integrated “an as commune ample of the Paris commune of communethe Paris of ample n 1961 in aon odbori Narodni - 1961) was implemented implemented was 1961) during the first phase of of phase first the during

debated since the end end the since debated hne is nam its changed ctivity of Women, Women, of ctivity demilitarization, a

system of of system (People’s (People’s to e - -

CEU eTD Collection to right the of confirmation later with on, going still was war the while 1945, in Yugoslavia ri the obtained They vote. to right passive or active the have didn’t women War, World Second the Before labour. paid and education law, the including fields, many in War Cons 1946 Yugoslav the in equality gender on articles included authorities Yugoslav the 1936, function model Union Soviet the to that in Tomšič’ “‘ equal “women’s included model Soviet The 2014). Bonfiglioli equality Women's1.3. position in Yugoslavia Front, AFŽ) and the the ( Croatia of level republic the about talking I’m when SSRNH and level (Yugoslav) federal the to referring I’m when SSRNJ, people; Working of Alliance (distr local and republic P Working of ( contra or McFarlane, 180 1988: social motherhood’ in the private sphere” (Bonfiglioli, 2014: 8). Summarizing Vida Vida Summarizing 8). 2014: (Bonfiglioli, sphere” private the in motherhood’ social

organizations that I will be discussing: the the discussing: be will I that organizations titution. Manytitution. livesinYugoslaviaafter the inwomen’s changes Second happened World the olwn te oit oe o wmns qaiy n te oit osiuin from Constitution Soviet the and equality women’s of model Soviet the Following women’s of model Soviet the accepted authorities Yugoslav the that agree Historians Finally, s (later one of the AFŽ’s leaders) essay from 1940, historian Lydia Sklevicky says Sklevicky Lydia historian 1940, from essay leaders) AFŽ’s the of one (later s – n h frt he yas fe te eod ol Wr (Jancar War World Second the after years three first the in

newlyYugoslaviaformed socialization ofsocialization child rearing the eople (SSRN), as every other organization in Yugoslavia, had its federal, federal, its had Yugoslavia, in organization other every as (SSRN), eople

w mjr lc (h Esen n te Weste the and Eastern (the blocs major two I would like to briefly explain the abbreviations I use. The use. I abbreviations the explain briefly to like would I Savez ženskihSavez društava - 181). 181). ict, county) level. I use SSRN when I refer in general to the Socialist the to general in refer I when SSRN use I level. county) ict, “oiia equality “political :

, the –

women’s question women’s education

(Union ofWomen’s Societies (Union 25 Antifašistički front žena front Antifašistički

– –

rtcin f wmns reproduc woman’s a of protection labour” (1996: 51).

was supposed tobesolvedsimilar Hrvatska ity in the public sphere” and sphere” public the in ity n lc) n h Cl War Cold the in block) rn ). The same applies to to applies same The ). (Antifascist Women’s (Antifascist

, SŽD).

Socialist Alliance Socialist - ese, 1990; Webster, ght to vote in vote to ght

tive tive CEU eTD Collection (2012: 95) 19 in Europe East how explains Haan de countries, Western with compare increas percentage the 1960 in and 23.2%, percentag the 1950 In 164). Jancar in (quoted 47% to and increased percentage women, this 1948 were and 1945 Yugoslavia between in 1939 in force labour industrial the of 27% about AFŽ, w who Tomšič, Vida to According 89). 2012: Haan, (de industrialization of projects huge the for women needed systems the also state all in force 1975: 10,quoted inRamet,1999:96). 95 1999: Yugoslavia (Jancar care child and mothers toa leavewith payafter 8). childbirth” and2014: (quoted before inBonfiglioli, of right the by and nurseries, day and homes children’s hospitals, maternity of establishment especially state The protection. special enjoy they employees or workers as and work, same the for men by received that as social and economic state, of fields all in guaranteed Constituti Yugoslav 1946 the in vote n eea, hr wr to esn fr h inclusio the for reasons two were there general, In t Additionally, - 96);

equality was huge: 54,4% of women was illiterate (Tomšič, 1980: 18 1980: (Tomšič, illiterate was women of 54,4% huge: was

in 1961 this percentage had been decreased to 28,8% (Đurić and Dragičević, Dragičević, and (Đurić 28,8% to decreased been had percentage this 1961 in - socialist countries: gender equality was a part of socialism as an ideology but but ideology an as socialism of part a was genderequality countries: socialist 60s and 1970s was reached in the West only twenty to thirty years later years thirty to twenty only West the in reached was 1970s and 60s

in Article 24, with the statement tha statement the with 24, Article in he 1946 Constitution guaranteed universal access to education, health education, to access universal guaranteed Constitution 1946 he - ese, 90 13. n 91 te lieay ae o wmn in women for rate illiteracy the 1931, In 163). 1990: Webster, e of women workers in the overall Yugoslav labour force was was force labour Yugoslav overall the in workers women of e protects the interests of mothers and children by the the by children and mothers of interests the protects as a war heroine, partisan and one of the leaders of the the of leaders the of one and partisan heroine, war a as on (Jancar on

- political life. Women have the right to the same pay pay same the to right the have Women life. political d o 7 (e an 21: 89). 2012: Haan, (de 27% to ed 26

- Webster, 1990: 163). 1990: Webster, t “women have equal rights with men men with rights equal have “women t the level of participation reached in reached participation of level the o wmn no h pi labour paid the into women of n

The 1946 The , quoted in Ramet, in quoted , - Webster, 1990: Webster, ut o briefly to Just Constitution

CEU eTD Collection going theorganization. onwithin the in as well as on AFŽ, chapter analytical the on chapter next the in elaborated be will which extent, great a to contributed organization women’s and themselves women which to changes War; World explained briefly I Yugos the end in position the women’s In situated. were analyze, I SŽD, documents the whose of formation organization the and AFŽ the of abolition the when and where is this because self of meaning the explained I organization. women’s the accordingly and state, Yugoslav the influenced both because Union, Soviet the with contactsand policiesforeign Tito’s Liberationand War National the in Yugoslav overall the re it found I structure. in social and political economic, happening were that changes to according structure, goals, organizational and their activities in changes experienced KDAŽ the and SŽD the later and an 1940s the in Yugoslavia in organizations women’s the within thechanges a of understanding a better for isimportant shorthistoricalit.This background Conclus the tenth week ofpre procedure and standardized was practice the when changed, was this 1963, In country. so in law 1952 the implementing in obstacles many were there and different was practice the But 158). 1996: (Božinović, reasons medicalfor out carried was it if abortion In this chapter I strived to contextualize the organization that I research and to provide to and Iresearch that organization the contextualize to strived I chapter this In legalized law new a 1952, in soon, very 1951, in prohibited was abortion though Even ion was

liberalized, an liberalized, gnancy (Božinović, 1996: 158). gnancy(Božinović, 1996:158). the meaning of the SŽDH, its activities, goals and discussions that were that discussions and goals activities, its SŽDH, the of meaning the d

- ma until restriction any without permitted was abortion 1977 in lav society and changes in women’s lives after the Second Second the after lives women’s in changes and society lav

aeet n dcnrlzto fr h Ygsa system, Yugoslav the for decentralization and nagement 27

levant to mention the role of communists communists of role the mention to levant

d 1950s, since both the AFŽ the both since 1950s, d me parts of the of parts me the abortion CEU eTD Collection historiographical these werecontemporary orotherwise) of and scholarly the part political (feminist framework. locate will I Bonfiglioli, interpretationsof Chiara historian Following AFŽ. the about written have who historians several by given Yugoslavia in problems women’s m the about claims and AFŽ’s in the changes the and activities of evaluation historians’ demonstrate will I Thirdly, dissolved. was it context was organization the Front Liberation People’s the within position its regarding and structure organizational in changes what out, carried it activities of kind what founded, was AFŽ the circumstances which in and when how, explain t of establishment the before Yugoslavia in movement women’s in organization women’s for 1953 in dissolution its Yugoslavia? of meaning the and AFŽ the of expla they have how and AFŽ the about written historians have How is: AFŽ the about literature relevant most the through discussed chapter, this of question historiographical m the about ideas their and activities AFŽ’s the of evaluations historians’ present will and AFŽ the about articles and books on focused be will I Namely, 1953. to 1942 from Yugoslavia in organization women’s ofthe historiography 2. and History AFŽ aig f h dsouin f h AŽ o wmns ciim n Yugoslavia. in activism women’s for AFŽ the of dissolution the of eaning Trying to answer this question, I will first provide basic historical facts about the the about facts historical basic provide first will I question, this answer to Trying will I chapter this In

the AFŽ in the time in which they emerged and discuss how these narratives narratives these how discuss andthey emergedwhich in time the AFŽin the Ant eaning of the AFŽ and its dissolution in 1953 for meaningful work on work meaningful for 1953 in dissolution its and AFŽ the of eaning ifašistički front žena front ifašistički its its explore organizational structu organizational

n dsus o hsoin hv witn bu the about written have historians how discuss and 28

(Antifascist Women’s Front, AFŽ) Front, Women’s (Antifascist going through going

re. Finally, I will will I Finally, re.

,

and how and in which specific specific which in and how and he AFŽ. Secondly, I will will I Secondly, AFŽ. he discuss key arguments key discuss ined the role the ined that existed that h main The

CEU eTD Collection self above the new that a of and “creation the for organized useful was moremovement bourgeois the be with cooperation mentioned to started KPJ the in women 1930s the during all for vote to right eigh of citizens secret and equal universal, the as well as occupation, or nationality re women, all and men all for equality KPJ unrestricted and the full that “demands stated which program, KPJ’s the accepted women socialist the conference, established movements andthatthe1930sthey 80). in were (1996: cooperating extent tosome interw fear the shared the in that emphasizes Sklevicky movement labour the in women of activities the from separated were activities organizations’ women’s bourgeois these though Even organizations. women’s battlefields) on nurses as War World First the in participants active were women These 79). 1996: (Sklevicky, law the before equality and vote to right women’s demanding sphere, political the towards of beginning the in but care aswork), (such rolewomen’s traditional relatedto activities carried out organizations of end the at emerged countries Slavic m women’s socialist the and movement women’s bourgeois the War: World Second and First the between Yugoslavia in žena The2.1. women’s movement in Yugoslavia before theAFŽ - cons

was a successor of two different, often competing, traditions in the women’s movement movement women’s the in traditions competing, often different, two of successor a was In 1919, the women’s section within the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ Yugoslavia of Party Communist the within section women’s the 1919, In L historian feminist to According ciousness of the female Party members about women’s ‘double oppression’ ‘double women’s about members Party female the of ciousness ; i.e. the same year when the KPJ was established was KPJ the when year same the i.e. ; teen years and above” (Božinović, 1996: 102). But Sklevicky claims that only only that claims Sklevicky But 102). 1996: (Božinović, above” and years teen the 20 the ad fe W1 otne wt ter ciiis ihn bourgeois within activities their with continued WW1 after and , th

century these bourgeois organizations redirected their activities their redirected organizations bourgeois these century ovement (1996: 79 (1996: ovement ydia Sklevicky (1952 Sklevicky ydia

of fascism of h 19 the 29

- 107). The women’s movement in Sout in movement women’s The 107). th

etr, hn oe’ autonomous women’s when century, provided common ground for the two the for ground common provided

(Ramet, 1999: 93). At their first their At 93). 1999: (Ramet, - 1990), the 1990),

gardless of religion, religion, of gardless Antifašistički front Antifašistički

ar period, period, ar

(mostly –

) was ) being hern hern CEU eTD Collection war the in AFŽ The (1) organization: the by out carried were that activities the and goals main structure, organizational of terms in life organization’s the in phases four distinguishes i posthumously published was and dissertation doctoral her of part be to supposed was which AFŽ, the on whereand howthe organization women’s the of structure the and program the on decide to 1942 at met groups women’s formed already People’s the of part be to was AFŽ the that idea the on emphasis explicit with village, or city every in groups AFŽ create to 1942 November in directive a issued KPJ The 135). (1996: education cultural and political he to supposed were they beginning very the from that claims Božinović Neda historian and Yugoslavia, in War World Second the during Front anti the in participants active were Women existence. its during and 1942 December The2.2. AFŽ (1942 m revo the for women mobilizing on work and exist to continued which 81), (1996: movement labour the within movement women’s the of successor a as well as tradition, this war movement” (1996: 86). labour the within men] [to position subordinated a in being also but capital, to subordinated ovement 127). (Božinović, 1996: , but Sklevicky argues that the AFŽ, which appeared two years later, was a successor of of successor a was later, years two appeared which AFŽ, the that argues Sklevicky but , In this short overview of the AFŽ’s history, I will mostly dwell on Sklevicky’s work work Sklevicky’s on dwell mostly will I history, AFŽ’s the of overview short this In The en the at itself dissolved movement feminist bourgeois The niaitči rn žena front Antifašistički n 1996, because hers because 1996, n AFŽ was1996: 142 (Božinović, formedAFŽ isle i 15, ih eea organizati several with 1953, in dissolved -

1953) – ieain rn (ofgil, 04 5. h dlgts from delegates The 5). 2014: (Bonfiglioli, Front Liberation

organizational structure, goals and activities

is

still the most thorough analysis of the AFŽ. Sklevicky AFŽ. the of analysis thorough most the still Atfsit oe’ Fot AFŽ) Front, Women’s (Antifascist the the conference in Bosanski Petrovac on December 7, 7, December on Petrovac Bosanski in conference 30

lp the army but also to work on women’s women’s on work to also but army the lp - 143).

- onal and program changes changes program and onal fascist People’s Liberation Liberation People’s fascist d of 1940 of d was was

because of the of because -

and that is is that and c etd in reated lutionary lutionary

CEU eTD Collection participat which during womenparticipating inthe AFŽwere insocial and mostly care work. In 122). (1996: roles” women’s traditional of “instrumentalization an through women mobilizing for efficient most the was AFŽ the of model this that emphasizes also She the (1996 autonomy organizational of level certain a and committee) central the and committee main rank wide wi organization an was AFŽ the period, this in that argues Sklevicky 118). 1996: (Sklevicky, authorities Communist new the for 1945) in vote to right the obtained Yugoslavia in (women support women’s gain to efforts and education socialist as well as courses), educational different organizing and rate literacy their improving (through women of status social and consciousness the raising in role important o organize to and work reconstruction care taking mothers, working to assistance perform providing included which life, everyday functional to supposed was AFŽ the war, the after ( emancipation cultural and political women’s on work to secondly and areas, liberated the in life organize to generally and etc.) clothes, gathering supplies, food in (help labour voluntary (1950 (1948 model Commanding/Directive (1942 period Sklevicky, f the wounded and the orphans, etc. (1996: 117). At the same time, the AFŽ had the most most the had AFŽ the time, same the At 117). (1996: etc. orphans, the and wounded the f

AFŽ to the People’s the to AFŽ : 119). Sklevicky further states further Sklevicky 119). : - 1953). Sklevicky describes and discusses these phases in detail (1996: 63 describes (1996: 1953). phasesdiscusses Sklevicky these indetail and h nx AŽs hs ws ht f h Cmadn/ietv mdl (1948 model Commanding/Directive the of that was phase AFŽ’s next The the During d n h Pol’ Fot Tu, h KJ a gvn cmad ad directions, and commands giving was KPJ the Thus, Front. People’s the in ed - and 199 - - h KJ a pstoe isl a a edr f l ms ognztos that organizations mass all of leader a as itself positioned had KPJ the file membership, county, district and regional committees, and at the top the top the at and committees, regional and district county, membership, file 6: 25). Sklevicky claims that during the Educational phase (1945 phase Educational the during that claims Sklevicky 25). 6: 1 4) () dctoa mdl f h AŽ (1945 AFŽ the of model Educational (2) 945); a, h AFŽ the war, Front, but to demand help from the AFŽ for the Front (1996: 117). 117). (1996: Front the for AFŽ the from help demand to but Front,

a to an tasks main two had

- th 1949) and (4) Dualistic model of the transitional phase phase transitional the of model Dualistic (4) and 1949) at

in this period the KPJ’s aim KPJ’s the period this in 31

t hl te ry y performing by army the help to : th a pyramidal structure (with a a (with structure pyramidal a th

was not to subordinate to not was n h political the in - 138). - other words, words, other - 97; (3) 1947); 1947), right right 1947),

- 1949),

CEU eTD Collection a Namely, complex. more became which period, this in structure organizational the in changes were there AFŽ, the of analysis Sklevicky’s to According 154). (1996: etc.) nutrition, healthy (hygiene, rearing child and household about and illiteracy of problems the on focused especially organization the 1950, in AFŽ the of Congress Third the after however, Božinović, to According 137). pre rearing and socializing on and women peasant among work the spec put to example, for priorities, KPJ’s the to according work its organize to period this in role specific a AFŽhad the Sklevicky 135).that saysYugoslavia (1996: in 1950 a i incorporated was Sklevicky, to according of consequence criticism, This professionalized. and bureaucratized which during phase a to beseen planfulfilment” in (1989: through “participation 77). the joining througheducation, achievedbe to understood (1928 Plan Five First Year the introduction of afterthe Union Soviet happened inthe corresponds towhat 12 1996: (Sklevicky, children their and mothers working of care take to that, do to order in and, force labour the into women bring to was period this in task AFŽ’s main in goals its created acco AFŽ The 132). (1996: women among work for form organizational KPJ’s one the as itself defined and KPJ the of program the accepted AFŽ The organization. Peopl 131 1996: (Sklevicky, activities their shaping were organizations mass the which to according - dne ih h dmns f h frt Five first the of demands the with rdance 3) Acrigy tee ee hne i te F’ rlto wt te P ad the and KPJ the with relation AFŽ’s the in changes were there Accordingly, 132). ’ Fot Slvcy lis ht h AŽ edr cagd h dfnto o the of definition the changed leaders AFŽ the that claims Sklevicky Front. e’s The final, Dualistic model of the transitional phase (1950 phase transitional the of model Dualistic final,The - 1932), n the political discourse after the introduction of self of introduction the after discourse political the n the according to Mary Buckley Mary to according da o “eortzto, eetaiain n debureaucratization”, and decentralization “democratization, of ideas

h AŽ et hog a o o (ef ciiim o big o formal, too being for criticism (self) of lot a through went AFŽ the 32 . She claims that women’s liberation, until then until liberation, women’s that claims She .

- er ln n rdrce is ciiis The activities. its redirected and Plan Year fter the Third Congress of the AFŽ in 1950 1950 in AFŽ the of Congress Third the fter

labour force etc., at this point started point this at etc., forcelabour

- 1953), Sklevicky explains as explains Sklevicky 1953),

- educating peasant women women peasant educating management socialism in socialism management - school children (1996: (1996: children school ial emphasis on emphasis ial 5 - 2) This 127). CEU eTD Collection the organization, despite theJanuary tokeep 1953decision theAFŽ. decided todissolve AFŽ women why the It unknown Božinović, 1996:169). still (quoted is in entire the of issue an not and issue women’s separate of kind some being society the in position women’s about idea wrong the support problems, social solving in efforts joint from women “separate would organization uniform and single T formed. was SŽD) or the year, that a and later dissolved AFŽ (Božinov the of organizations” Congress Fourth the women’s at Nevertheless, autonomous several of alliance an more but organization, single and uniform a “not becoming AFŽ the in result would that changes through go to had but commissions, women’s planned the with simultaneously exist the 165 (1996: congress) that Socijal women the among within work for commissions special forming about made was decision a 1953, Bož but (1996: 128). ‘self the “trigger to order in ground” the from democracy direct of coordinated AFŽ: the and within (secretariats) introduced were forms organizational assistive new two People’s Front’s People’s istički savez radnog naroda radnog savez istički Sklevicky nvć xlis o drn te orh oges f h Pol’ Fot n January in Front People’s the of Congress Fourth the during how explains inović

oiaitči ae rdo naroda radnog savez Socijalistički

the work of the AFŽ, while while AFŽ, the of work the

new organization, new

didn’t finish her work on this phase of the AFŽ’s structure and activities, and structure AFŽ’s the of phase this on work her finish didn’t aktivi Fourth Congress and the conclusion was that the AFŽ cou AFŽ the that was conclusion the and Congress Fourth he Resol he

- 167). The organizational structure of the AFŽ was also discussed at at discussed also was AFŽ the of structure organizational The 167). ‘cie’. Secretariat (‘actives’). ution on forming the SŽD the forming on ution

or Socialist Alliance of the Working People, SSRN, during SSRN, People, WorkingAllianceSocialist the or of the

Savez ženskih društava ženskih Savez ‘actives’ were basic units that “intended to be forms forms be to “intended that units basic were ‘actives’ 33

(the People’s Front changed its name into into name its changed Front People’s (the wr seil ois ht aae and managed that bodies special were s

society, an issue of all socialist fighters” socialist all of issue an society,

emphasized th emphasized

(Union of Women’s of (Union - initiative’ of the masses” masses” the of initiative’

at the existence of a a of existence the at ć 19: 167). 1996: ić, aiain was ganization ld continue to continue ld sekretarijati Societies,

CEU eTD Collection of lack and invisibility the for reasons the about questions raised who Sklevicky, example, For spheres. social and political the in position women’s on AFŽ the of influence positive the Ramet Božinović, Sklevicky, lives. women’s in difference a made organization the that argue historians 82), (1999: conflict” the of side its for women mobilize women represent top would hierarchical an women with which organization in organization an be to meant never Communist Party’s “injectneedsgoals their sponsorship own and operation” (1999: into 78). organized were who women when happen could what of example excellent an organizaspontaneousa not AFŽ“was the thougheven that argues War, World Second the during Yugoslavia in revolution and women about written has Jancar Barbara scientist political American 15). (1994: Yugoslavia in customs patriarchal against fight to started war the after and oppression, women’s against fighting AFŽ, the that ro its writes besides further Božinović 15). (1994: demands and needs their articulated they which through organization the was AFŽ the that and state Yugoslav socialist the in Yugosl that claims Serbia, in Boži Neda years. early AFŽ’s the of evaluation positive general a give all activities, its of evaluation w for AFŽ the of meaning the about written have who historians other and (1996), work AFŽ’s the thoroughly explains who Božinović, organizational structure 2.3. Historians' evaluation of AFŽ'sthe activit Even though Jancar though Even t on work whose Sklevicky, Lydia nović (1917 nović le in helping the army during the Second World War, World Second the during army the helping in le - 2001), who was who 2001), - Webster (without substantive evidence) claims that the AFŽ was AFŽ the that claims evidence) substantive (without Webster

av women were actively fighting for all rights that they received received they that rights all for fighting actively were women av - on tutr ad h KJs to t euae and educate to “tool KPJ’s the and structure down an active member of the AFŽ and a feminist activist feminist a and AFŽ the of member active an 34 e F i te ot detailed most the is AFŽ he omen’s emancipation and have provided their their provided have and emancipation omen’s

ies and the changes in tion of women” (1990: 157), it was it 157), (1990:women” of tion , and Stojaković agree on on agree Stojaković and ,

since it was created was it since - 19) Neda (1996), Webster, Webster, its its under the the under , but an an but ,

who was was

CEU eTD Collection journa the through sent were messages of kind what analyses was Stojaković AFŽ, the society of journals socialist the on in work her In women 2013). Marčetić, for in (quoted introduced life new a of idea the which through organization of reconstruction the on working were women AFŽ the arguesthat years, manyfor Vojvodina in collectivemanyand laundries restaurants, as such facilities opening in and care health as such spheres, many in women for South and East and lines, similar Along kindergartens 134). (1996: of crèches opening the through childrearing socialized and care, health force, better labour the in entrance rate, literacy increased as such 1949, until lives women’s in AFŽ the through (and AFŽ the that acknowledges Sklevicky autonomy, AFŽ’s the of loss gradual the criticizing while solve th to ways for sought and attention, public to them brought facing, were backgrounds this of because emp also women gave AFŽ the on active be that to opportunities writes Božinović life, everyday women’s on impact AFŽ’s a in equality achieve to and sphere public the of part become to efforts long years hundred women’s of successor post the in organization only the was AFŽ the that claims AFŽ, the on while and AFŽ, the on research historians’ em” (1996: 262).

h cuty n the in country the Gordana Stojaković, a feminist historian who has been doing research about the AFŽ the about research doing been has who historian feminist a Stojaković, Gordana While aie that hasizes analyzing -

East European affairs, emphasizes that the AFŽ played a very important role role important very a played AFŽ the that emphasizes affairs, European East “they uncovered the specific problems that the women from various social social various from women the that problems specific the uncovered “they

ll aspects of social life (1996: 62). Similarly, in her evaluation of the the of evaluation her in Similarly, 62). (1996: life social of aspects ll

AFŽ’s activists were in direct contact with many women women many with contact direct in were activists AFŽ’s e yas fe te eod ol Wr and War World Second the after years key

the meaning of the changes in the AFŽ’s organizational structure and structure organizational AFŽ’s the in changes the of meaning the -

the local level local the women themselves) played a role in role a played themselves) women others (1999: 93). others Sabrin

herself providing the first serious historical work work historical serious first the providing herself and to change their communities (1994: 15 (1994: communities their change to and 35

a Ramet, a US scholar who has focused on on focused has who scholar US a Ramet, a ls achieving positive changes positive achieving ls žena Glas

that the AFŽ was the the was AFŽ the that - war period that was a a was that period war

(The voice of of voice (The and that that and ). She ). CEU eTD Collection loss gradual in changes the presented Zagreb, in appeared groups the in AFŽ the research to started who the by replaced activities Historians’2.4. level” hierarchical (1989 respective on Front] [People’s PF the into “integrated and unrelated” own its lost organization the because AFŽ, the form organizational new a or vertical (1989 the of the level the loosening lowering and as AFŽ the changes of structure these hierarchical evaluates Sklevicky 132). (1996: directives its defined accordi them, towards directives issuing and organizations mass all of leader a as itself positioning KPJ the specifically, (1948/1949), model Directive the during organi a large of inYugoslavia(2012: women number 38). journals AFŽ’s diff discuss to and themselves express to opportunity an had women AFŽ, the through that claims She 14). (2012: life everyday women’s on had they and women) a a zational structure after 1948. Sklevicky 1948. after structure zational : 101). She also criticizes also She 101). : : 103). A However,

fter Slvcy 19; oioi, 96, h AŽ a fnly isle i 15 and 1953 in dissolved finally was AFŽ the 1996), Božinović, 1996; (Sklevicky, elf as the organizational form of the KPJ's work among women and fulfilled its its fulfilled and women among work KPJ's the of form organizational the as elf

of the organization’s autonomy organization’s the of Zora Zora the

opinions opinions Savez ženskih društava ženskih Savez

above mentioned changes in the in changes mentioned above

(The Dawn), how these messages were received and how much influence much how and received were messages these how Dawn), (The itras ae vlae negatively evaluated have historians interpretation of the dissolution of AFŽ the about and ideas for solutions to women’s to solutions for ideas and about , called ‘actives’. Sklevicky explains this change as detrimental for for detrimental as change this explains Sklevicky ‘actives’. called , the changesthat

(SŽD), which was integrated in the SSRN. Sklevicky, SSRN. the in integrated was which (SŽD), otx o te ae 90, hn h frt feminist first the when 1970s, late the of context , which transformed the AFŽ into an organization an into AFŽ the transformed which , 36 interprets

happened

AFŽ’s

etcl ie, atvs wr “mutually were ‘actives’ lines, vertical h AFŽ’s the

negatively

organizational structure, organizational rn issues erent in 1950, when the AFŽ introduced AFŽintroduced the when 1950, in

h cags in changes the

problems were available to available were problems organizat the

aiainl autonomy ganizational ,

g t ng changes that happened happened that changes

and that through the the through that and wih h AFŽ the which o ional structure as as structure ional h AFŽ the goals and and goals ’s

CEU eTD Collection Yugoslavia”, in History Women’s Founding of Difficulties the On Women: than Horses “More 1989b. Lydia. Sklevicky, Routledge. ed. al., et Angerman Arina in Yugoslavia” The Case Emancipation: Integrated or Integration 1989a. “Emancipated Lydia. Sklevicky, historians. other avaliable for were 1980s in and published were that AFŽ, the on especially Yugoslavia, in movement women's articlesseveral on wrote she 1996.But in solutions” 3 own their found and problems own their defined they which in work women’s “ was 1953 in AFŽ the of abolishment the and SSRN to make claimsupongovernment as women andsociety” (1990: 174). organizat independent an of women “deprived it because detrimental, as 1953 in organizations separate women’s of disappearance the evaluates She 166). (1990: KPJ the of belt” transmission “a just became organization the Jancar dissolution. AFŽ’s the of interpretation her clearly suggests AFŽ”) the of End the and Patriarchy of Reassertion 163 the of subjugation final the autonomyuntil of loss gradual of narrative AFŽ. the on work earlier Sklevicky’s upon mostly relies (1990), Yugoslavia in revolution and women about book her in example, had onbeing insisted ag fightthe for and discrimination women’s against struggle institutional the provided have could AFŽ the that claims She Front. People’s and KPJ the with relations and structure organizational AFŽ’s the in changes the on position “ that

Lydia Sklevicky died in 1990, and her unfinished doctoral disertation on the AFŽ was published posthumuosly published was AFŽ the on disertation doctoral unfinished her and 1990, in Sklevicky died Lydia - 6) Ee te ae f h catr n hc se xlis h ed f h AŽ (“The AFŽ the of end the explains she which in chapter the of name the Even 167). was obediently fu obediently was ln smlr ie, oioi age ta te ia sit f oe’ ise t the to issues women’s of shift final the that argues Božinović lines, similar Along Jancar Barbara approach. Sklevicky’s followed have historians Other

Gender & History History & Gender

an lfilling the Party’s directives” (1996: 132). Sklevicky has a very clear clear very a has Sklevicky 132). (1996: directives” Party’s the lfilling

“independent36). mass political organization” (1996: 1(1): 68 - Webs

– ter emphasizes that the that emphasizes ter 73. Current Issues in Women’s in CurrentIssues

ional base from which to develop a women’s position and position women’s a develop to which from base ional 3

Jancar 37 -

Webster’s

the beginning of the end of organized of end the of beginning the

AFŽ

History.

artv aot h AŽ s lo a also is AFŽ the about narrative ainst patriarchal society,patriarchal ainst lost its autonomy in 1950, 1950, in autonomy its lost

pp. 93 pp. -

108

AFŽ to the KPJ (1990: KPJ the AFŽto . London and New York: New York: and London of Post

- - space for th for space revolutionary revolutionary Webster if

only when when , for for ,

it it

e CEU eTD Collection clearly, develop it and doesn’t point this Božinovićmentions onlybriefly169). Unfortunately, 1996: Božinović, in (quoted laws” revolutionary our by recognized already is that equality fighters be to educated be to have “women that of one was (who essay Cvetić’s Bosa but characteristics, political any without enlightenment, on focused be would women 1953. in AFŽ the of Congress (last) Fourth the during read was that essay one in contradictions about remark successes way emanc women’s ontheir towards and problems discussing and experiences collecting for space the “lost women AFŽ, the of dissolution the with that concludes she Sklevicky, to similar Very 18). (2012: state Yugoslav post the during and claims thattheideaa patriarchy, strong fight of against whichduring war was present the very also Stojaković 18). 2012: (Stojaković, state the for project expensive (kinderg an standards became crèches) social established previously the when Yugoslavia, in 1950 in self of introduction the after decrease to started AFŽ the of privileged pos their renounce to whatsoever motive no had they and leadership, and members the among “ duties argue She raising. conscience women’sfor conductingforresponsibleactivities now was theSSRN that was responsibilities and dissolution this with problem main the that emphasizes Božinović welcom society patriarchal that claiming and backlash patriarchal of result a as AFŽ the of dissolution the framing While 16). (1994:

ht fud qal itrsig n Božinovi in interesting equally found I What importance the and engagement political women’s how explains Stojaković Gordana since the most rigid, patriarchal concepts regarding the woman held on obstinately obstinately on held woman the regarding concepts patriarchal rigid, most the since ition in the family the (1996: in 263). ition and inthe society” Božinović - a rcntuto o te onr, start country, the of reconstruction war

points out that the decision was decision the that out points s that the Socialist Alliance didn’t pay much attention to these to attention much pay didn’t Alliance Socialist the that s the AFŽ the leaders and later and leaders d h aoihet f h AŽ 19: 170), (1996: AFŽ the of abolishment the ed 38 ipation” (2012: 38). ipation”

for achieving full equality for themselves, the themselves, for equality full achieving for ’ wr o te F, however AFŽ, the on work ć’s one - management and decentralization and management made that work among peasant among work that made of the SŽD the of d o iapa i te 1950s the in disappear to ed

the

leaders redistribution of redistribution ) concluded concluded ) , is her her is , artens, artens, CEU eTD Collection general the to corresponded history official the from women of erasure this that claimed resea was first 3). (2014: Yugoslavia in the appeared groups feminist when 1970s, late of context the in AFŽ the about write to started Sklevicky that wh o situation political the into work their contextualize to strives and Yugoslavia (2014: War Cold 4). pri “autonomy the second criticizes Bonfiglioli thesis, this of Introduction the in explained I As 22). (2012: exist didn’t activism women’s period this during that idea dissertation doctoral her in explores 1983, in born Bonfiglioli, Chiara historian Young era. War ways. and work AFŽ’s the followedand AFŽ’s continued the whichtosuccessors extent about the question the raises as dissolution a narrative the complicate could contradictions of kind this finding that think about essay same the in read can we when meant, actually women among work political with cease wor “ of meanings and between organizations successor its of work the as well Iextr foundwhat but ich they emerged. Particularly, she explains Lydia Sklevicky’s work on the AFŽ and says and AFŽ the on work Sklevicky’s Lydia explains she Particularly, emerged. they ich ds, we could ask what the idea (and the decision) that the women’s organizations should organizations women’s the that decision) the (and idea the what ask could we ds,

the hog ti ln, ofgil i ciiiig second criticizing is Bonfiglioli lens, this Through Cold the in activism women’s historicizing in approach new a is there recently Indeed,

women’s activism in Yugoslavia in activism women’s cig oe’ hsoy ht a eae fo te uolv colok. She schoolbooks. Yugoslav the from erased was that history women’s rching necessity for women to be educated enough to be able to fight for the for fight to able be to enough educated be to women for necessity

h ed f ucsfl ok n oe’ psto i Yugoslavia, in position women’s on work successful of end the can offer can nciple” while evaluating activities of women’s organizations during the the during organizations women’s of activities evaluating while nciple”

emelyhere important direction enlightenment s for s

understanding this this understanding - and Italy during the Cold War and challenges the challenges and War Cold the during Italy and ”

in order to evaluate the dissolution of the AFŽ,the asof dissolution evaluatethe orderto in

and and 39

- “

As I mentioned in Introduct in mentioned I As oiia work political s o s qetos bu te boundar the about questions ask to is - wave feminist historians for applying applying for historians feminist wave history in possibly more nuanced more possibly in history - ae eiit itras in historians feminist wave ”

in this context. In other other In context. this in bout the AFŽ’s the bout ion, f the time in time the f rrgt. I rights. ir because it it because Sklevicky ies CEU eTD Collection that claims short, InBonfiglioli 214). 2012: (Bonfiglioli, way systematic more a in authorities political by done be should issues women’s on work that and anymore useful not was organization women’s in option best the as dissolution support didn’t exactly leaders that and liberation, women’s Party local where ground, the on conditions real the and equality between difference the of aware were leaders AFŽ’s self new the to women’s issues on work order toadjust the organization in leadersdismissed claims thatits the of dissolution organization (2012: 210 the to led that circumstances political and social the of understanding leaders AFŽ w AFŽ the which in narrative the criticizes Bonfiglioli 4). (2014: time the of context social political,economicand the within existed that suggest she thesis, this of Introduction the in out pointed already I as principle”, “autonomy the on focused being of Instead Yugoslavia. in organization women’s of activities meaningful of end the meant dissolution its that idea the duringexistence ofwomen’s War theCold (2014: activism 4). tradition new a of trap the in fell backlash, patriarchal of sign their but history, of version for struggle women’s of consequence this confront to wanted Sklevicky that a argues Bonfiglioli 3). 2014: (Bonfiglioli, emancipation as not revolution, the of consequence women’s that stated which Yugoslavia, in position women’s on opinion Based on her analysis of documents from the from documents of analysis her on Based Bonfiglioli’s approach - lyly o h KJ n fa o feminism of fear and KPJ the to loyalty ’ aaeet oe o scaim 21: 1) Bniloi mhszs ht the that emphasizes Bonfiglioli 216). (2012: socialism of model management ,

in the end, by insisting on expla on insisting by end, the in - 211). “ the fear of being labeled feminist and that a separate women’s women’s separate a that and feminist labeled being of fear the demands amainnarrat ofthe demands questioning

ht oet 21: 1) Te epand ht separate a that explained They 213). (2012: moment that because of this of because s to search for different forms of women’s agency women’s of forms different for search to s as dissolved as a result of result a as dissolved as 40

Fourth Congress of Congress Fourth the AFŽ’s leaders considered the AFŽ’s AFŽ’s the considered leaders AFŽ’s the women’s on discourse KPJ’s official the ining the dissolution of the AFŽ as a as AFŽ the of dissolution the ining ,

n avcts o a better a for advocates and -

n ta cam te non the claims that one patriarchal backlash, the backlash, patriarchal ive about the AFŽ and AFŽand about the ive

the AFŽ, Bonfiglioli AFŽ, the liberation came as a as came liberation -

CEU eTD Collection ofthe AFŽdissolution 1953for me in the of meaning the about ideas their discussed I finally, and organization the of autonomy presented I Thirdly, in changes the and activities goals, AFŽ’s the on information about facts since published AFŽ), Front, Women’s (Antifascist Conclusion in the evaluation ofwomen's org second Women), (the organizations successor AFŽ's the on research thorough for advocates Bonfiglioli addition, In 217). (2012: fig the in support state without them left dissolution deve less the in women for lot a meant organization separate the but life, political in integrated already were women where Croatia), separate the of dissolution Yugosl of the developedparts more the in didn'tmuch mean women's organization that argues Bonfiglioli Namely, dissolution. AFŽ’s the of analyses earlier to extent some to corresponds which life, everyday women's for AFŽ the would isolate femaleactivists from universal partypolitics” (2012: 216). the i within equality of issue the “‘mainstream’ to possibility the in faith leaders’ AFŽ the did so but role, a played certainly authorities socialist the of critique foster could organization nstitutions of socialist self socialist of nstitutions - In this chapter, I have analyzed books and articles about the about articles and books analyzed have I chapter, this In dissolution the of meaning the of evaluation her in clear is Bonfiglioli Nevertheless, wave feminist historians for their a their for historians feminist wave

hc ae ady eerhd 21; 04, n isss n e c her on insists and 2014), (2012; researched hardly are which the the

women’s movement in Yugoslavia before the AFŽ and then provided provided then and AFŽ the before Yugoslavia in movement women’s Union of Women’s Societies and the Conf the and Societies Women’s of Union historians’ evaluations of the AFŽ’s activities and changes in the level of of level the in changes and activities AFŽ’s the of evaluations historians’ - management, and the fear that a separate women’s organization women’s separate a that fear the and management, anizations during the Cold War. duringtheCold anizations aningful work onin Yugoslavia.aningful women’s work problems loped parts of the country ( country the of parts loped - historical application of the “autonomy principle” “autonomy the of application historical 41

the the t gis ptirhl local patriarchal against ht 1980s. I first provided provided first I 1980s. erence for the Social Activity Social the for erence

t ognztoa structure. organizational its BiH for example) and its its and example) for BiH Antifa

šistički front žena front šistički iiim f the of riticism basic historical basic avia (Slovenia, (Slovenia, avia structures

of of of

CEU eTD Collection used themselvesexplaining when their work. perspective own women’s SŽDH such. as activism” “women’s for searching or term the using without ways. complex and 1996) Božinović, in pages (several researched researchi for space women’s a I agency,could contextualize open approach and thathistorians tohistoricize think Bonfiglioli’s accepting By (2014). Yugoslavia in organizations women’s about talk we when not the what discusses Bonfiglioli (2014). issues women’s on work meaningful for measure a as principle” “autonomy the by applying War Cold the during activism women’s of interpretation this to contributed historians this exis didn’t or duringirrelevant was activism women’s period that idea dominant the challenges Bonfiglioli Chiara historian era, War Cold the in activism women’s researching While society. the in position their enhancing and rights t on effect detrimental a had organization autonomous women’s of end women'sYugoslav inthe society. position y early AFŽ’s the evaluate generally historians emancipation, women’s AFŽfor the of importance Acknowledgingthe Yugoslavia. in women among work meaningful of end the was 1953 in dissolution its that claim AFŽ abov presented I As SSRN. the in integrated the with 1953 But the assumption of most historians has been that the dissolution of the AFŽ and the and AFŽthe of dissolution the that been has historians most of assumption the But in replaced and dismissed and 1942 in formed organization women’s a was AFŽ The ae žnkh društava ženskih Savež ng the ac the ng This is why Ide whyis This tivities of the AFŽ’s successor AFŽ’s the of tivities and I will discuss their activities in the terms which they which terms the in activities their discuss will I and cided to follow her approach and to research to and approach her follow to cided ears positively and claim that the organization enhanced organization the that claim and positively ears

ion of autonomy means, and whether it is applicable applicable is it whether and means, autonomy of ion (Union of Women’s Societies, SŽD), which was was which SŽD), Societies, Women’s of (Union

42 , ot itras h hv witn bu the about written have who historians most e,

-

and evaluate those activities in activities those evaluate and t. She claims that second that claims She t.

organizations

I will be focused on focused be will I he work for women’s women’s for work he -

that are still hardly still are that - more nuanced nuanced more wave feminist wave the SŽD, but SŽD, the the CEU eTD Collection I Finally, activities. their describing in used they terms which and work their and themselves evaluated women those how in interested I’m rank and leaders SŽDH’s the of perspective the from work, SŽDH’s the of goal main the about and activities SŽDH’s the of characteristics the about debates the analyze d not or practice justified and and necessary were organizations thought communist the in dispute of field women’s socialist evaluate to how as dis activities, well as it, achieve to how about and ideas socialism different state within emancipation women's to approaches and questions different acti which organized, was it how particular: in SŽDH the and general in SŽD the about facts basic provide first will Decem on held Session Plenary First on held SŽDH’s, the of Assembly Founding the from material the Hrvatske društava Hrvatska the of level the on organization this approach I researched. hardly is that društava the towards move I chapter this In 1953. the in dissolution its and AFŽ the discussions 3. (1953 The SŽDH bts ta wr gig n ihn h wmns organization women’s the within on going were that ebates, ber 6 ber ic hr s aeyay nomto nteSDi teYgsa itrorpy I historiography, Yugoslav the in SŽD the on information any barely is there Since Idiscussed historians’on perspectives general and the AFŽ in I In presented chapter 2,

(Union of Women’s Societ Women’s of (Union (People’s Republic of Croatia, NRH) so I analyze documents of the of documents analyze I so NRH) Croatia, of Republic (People’s - 7, 1960, through which I7, 1960,throughdiscussseveral which topics. cussed in the introduction of this thesis. In this chapter I will discuss the main the discuss will I chapter this In thesis. this of introduction the in cussed

(Union of Women’s Societies of Croatia, SŽDH). My research is based on based is research My SŽDH). Croatia, of Societies Women’s of (Union iis t are ot n we i ws isle. eody tee are there Secondly, dissolved. was it when and out carried it vities - 1961): p 1961): January 27 January ies, SŽD) (1953 SŽD) ies, osition, activities, goals and and goals activities, osition, - 28, 1958, and the Second Plenary Session held on on held Session Plenary Second the and 1958, 28, 43

– will present problems the SŽDH the problems present will -

1961), the AFŽ’s successor organization successor AFŽ’s the 1961), n h eape f h dsusos and discussions the of example the on

–

whether separate women’s women’s separate whether the SŽDH. Thirdly, I will will I Thirdly, SŽDH. the February 27 February Narodna Republika Narodna - and - - Savez ženskih ženskih Savez Savez ženskih ženskih Savez file members. members. file 18, 1957 18,

women , the ,

CEU eTD Collection 5 4 lev several local the for women. among commissions work political women’s SSRN’s the and enlightenment women’s for responsible and 1953 in SSRNJ the of Congress Fourth the of decisions the to according However, SSRN). People, Working the within women) among the with simultaneously the was society in position women’s society. that entire the of idea responsibility the upon act to order in and concerns done prev be to should order organizing in women’s differently that emphasized was it AFŽ) the of Congress last (the SŽD the of Congress Founding the at thesis, this of 2 chapter in explained already I As d was organization the 1953, in AFŽ the žena front Antifašistički organization The3.1. SŽDH’s structure and activities of end the as 1953 in dissolution meaningful work issues onwomen’s AFŽ’s the of perception historians’ feminist wave answer to aim I issue bigger The society. patriarchal the of engagement the evaluate can we how and time, the proble these extent what clarify can them to to approaches ask will I work. their in facing were

HR HR - - HDA HDA The - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH ae žnkh društava ženskih Savez

ht existed that els, but unlike the AFŽ (which was one unique organization), the SŽD was an an SŽDwasthe organization), unique one was AFŽ(which the unlike but els, - - 1, 1.1., GO SŽDH, February 19, 1957, p.1 1957, 19, February GOSŽDH, 1.1., 1, p.1 1957, 19, February GOSŽDH, 1.1., 1,

of the Fourth Congress of the AFŽJ later that year, the SŽD would be be would SŽD the year, that later AFŽJ the of Congress Fourth the of

(Antifascist Women’s Front, AFŽ). Front, Women’s (Antifascist newly formed newly

n uolva rm 93 o 91 I ws h scesr f the of successor the was It 1961. to 1953 from Yugoslavia in ent an understanding of women’s issues being only women’s women’s only being issues women’s of understanding an ent oiaitči ae rdo naroda radnog savez Socijalistički

5

what kind of activism was possible, suitable and preferred at at preferred and suitable possible, was activism of kind what Like the AFŽ, the SŽD had its federal (SŽDJ), republic, and republic, (SŽDJ), federal its had SŽD the AFŽ, the Like 4

( is justified ornot.is justified ht s why is That no o Women of Union Komisije za rad među ženama među rad za Komisije issolved and the new organization, SŽD, was formed. formed. was SŽD, organization, new the and issolved 44

h SD a spoe t eit n work and exist to supposed was SŽD the - 7

with s Societies, ’s SŽDH

Briefly, at the Fourth Congress of of CongressFourth the Briefly,at hs nlss is analysis this

women in dealing with the with dealing in women Scait line f the of Alliance (Socialist

Ž) a the was SŽD)

(Commissions for work for (Commissions ms and the SŽDH’s SŽDH’s the and ms

whether women’s women’s second - CEU eTD Collection 8 7 6 51 1957: Jančić, 33; 1957: (Krajačić, (Berus, 1957:63). specificcon to accordingactions, social of kind different launch and initiate to all, of first be, would role whose body the as seen was 25 1957: (Krajačić, workers women help to order in work household of fam working assist to be: should SŽDH GO the of tasks main the that made was decision The SŽDH. the of Committee Main the of tasks and role the on meeting. the attend to invited t within committees and organizations other from representatives but the of members new choose to supposed were who committees, lower the from delegates by attended was Assembly Founding The par second the in discuss will I which organizing, for rules and directions of lack preciselythis was delay this reasonsfor the of Onelevel. federal the atformed was SŽDJ Assem village”. and city each of issues and problems the to “according work in preferences own its choose could organization each levels, lower and republic the on thelevel Republicof ofthe People’s Croatia. the on focus I thesis this In as such society, prosvjećivanje communist Yugoslav the within position women’s to related problems concrete different for solutions for searching were that organizations, of number a of alliance

HR HR HR - - - HDA HDA HDA bly of the SŽDH was held on February 27 February on held was SŽDH the of bly Even though there were discussions on how to organize work among peasant women peasant among work organize to how on discussions were there though Even were there Since - - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH

(enlightenment), opening child rearing facilities, improving the household etc.household the improving facilities, rearing child opening (enlightenment),

- - - 2, 2.2 2, F GOSŽDH, 1.1., 1, p.1 1957, 19, February GOSŽDH, 1.1., 1,

. 1., GO SŽDH, October 2, 1956 2, October GOSŽDH, 1., no strict rules in terms of organization and activities of the SŽD on SŽD the of activities and organization of terms in rules strict no Savez ženskih društava Hrvatske društava ženskih Savez 8

At the Founding Assembly, the main assignment was to decide decide to was assignment main the Assembly, Founding the At ebruary 19, 1957, p.1 1957, 19, ebruary - 53), village and peasant women’s problems were not in not were problems women’s peasant and village 53), texts in which local SŽD’s committees were operating operating were committees SŽD’s localwhich in texts Glavni odbor Glavni 45

- 18, 1957, more than three years after the after years three than more 1957, 18,

(Main Committee, GO) of the SŽDH, SŽDH, the of GO) Committee, (Main (SŽDH), the SŽD the (SŽDH), ilies and to solve the problems the solve to and ilies 7

n rai, h Founding the Croatia, In - e SN ee also were SSRN he 27). The GO SŽDH SŽDH GO The 27). t of this chapter. this of t organization 6

CEU eTD Collection 9 explained cooperatives”), within section žena Sekciji žena problemima o “Referat essay her in cooperatives, the within section Women’s farming. collective in to role paid women’s was and attention villages More chapter). this of section second the in further and 2 Chapter in (discussed problems women’s solving in society entire the including of idea general the pro women’s working solving in 1) Chapter in (discussed commune the of duties the on emphasis more slightly with discussed, were 1957, in Assembly Founding enterpriseand organizing household courses (195 or commune the within restaurants and restaurants schools’ local nutrition, of the care taking on levels: SŽD the of achievements and tasks similar mostly presented Krajačić Soka (Kr chapter this of part third the in discuss will I as organization, the within contested was which work, household the with dealing better for courses providing through also but mothers, working of burden the ease to order in work household socializing throu kindergartens; and crèches organizing through societies werethe cities, formedwhereas were 23). inneglected (1957: thevillages the of most that was problems major the of one that claimed work, past SŽD’s the of evaluation her in SŽDH, the of GO the of president a also and SSRNH the of Committee woman working ženi radnoj i porodici Assembly: Founding the during read been had that essays of book published o focus the

HR - HDA At the Plenary Session one year later, on 27 on later, year one Session Plenary the At ways: several in families working and women working helping was SŽDH The - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH f the Founding Assembly of the SŽDH, which was clear from the very title of the the of title very the from clear was which SŽDH, the of Assembly Founding the f - argri (Esy n h polm o wmn esns ad h women’s the and peasants’ women of problems the on (“Essay zadrugarki” –

- our main task). Soka Krajačić, a member of the Presidency of the Main the of Presidency the of member a Krajačić, Soka task). main our 2, 2.4.4 2,

–

a onvi zadatak osnovni naš . , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, ,

o te oe’ scin ihn h s called so the within section Women’s the how - 28, 1958 28, 46

(

A 7: 21 7: ssistance to the working family and to the to and family working the to ssistance 9 - the at as topics similar 1958, January, 28

gh advocating and taking steps taking and advocating gh ea ačć oe f h laes f the of leaders the of one Jančić, Jela - 22).

ajačić, 1957). In her essay, essay, her In 1957). ajačić, blems, in accordance with accordance in blems,

Pomoć radnoj radnoj Pomoć

- seljanki i i seljanki women’s toward s

CEU eTD Collection 12 11 10 the within sections women’s to support strong giving was SŽDH the republics, Yugoslav other in SŽD the unlike But, duty. Union’s an be to supposed was this since workers, women gene in SŽD the that Yugoslavia in movement women’s the on book her in out points Božinović Neda Historian Unions. the within section women’s servi new open and services existing already maintain to as well as facilities, rearing child and children of care take to enterprises) SSRN, the of committees people’s (local factors social the at proposed those to weresimilar actually1958 in Session Plenary SŽDH’s duringthe given ideasand Approaches issues. economic and social of number a solving in society entire the including by position 1957, in held SSRNJ the of Session Plenary 1982 Yugoslavia, of minister prime the (later Planinc Milka SŽDH, the of GO the of members the of One issues. of number a solving through families working and women working help to how suitable for theamong peasant work women. t adapting of rules new the with accordance in but organizations, SŽD’s other the as activities similar very cooperatives. the enter to them for easier it make th cooperatives into women draw to was section Women’s the of task main the how emphasized Jančić women. peasant for and zadruge

HR HR HR - - - ces socializing work. for household HDA HDA HDA ht a seii fr h SD ws t uuuly od eainhp ih the with relationship good unusually its was SŽDH the for specific was What discussing were essays the of majority the women, peasant on essay the from Apart

- - - (cooperatives) was the best suitable organizational form of the SŽD for work among among work for SŽD the of form organizational suitable best the was (cooperatives) KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH o the needs of women in specific contexts, they found this form being most most being form this found they contexts, specific in women of needs the o - - - 2, 2.4.4 2, 2.4.4 2, 2.4.4 2,

Founding Assembly of the SŽDH a year earlier: together with other other with together earlier: year a SŽDH the of Assembly Founding . . . , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, , , G 27 January GOSŽDH, , O SŽDH, January 27 January SŽDH, O

og avctn fr h oeig f evcs ht could that services of opening the for advocating rough 12 - 1986), explained how this idea came from the Fifth Fifth the from came idea this how explained 1986),

where it was discussed how to enhance women’s women’s enhance to how discussed was it where

- - - 47 28, 1958, 1.day, morning, p. 14 p. morning, 1.day, 1958, 28, 1 p. morning, 1.day, 1958, 28, 17 p. morning, 2.day, 1958, 28,

10

Basically, the Sections were conducting were Sections the Basically, a dd’ py uh teto to attention much pay didn’t ral

including the entire commune in commune entire the including

- - 44 24

11

CEU eTD Collection 13 emphasizi about all was Session Plenary the time this but similar, were I that meetings SŽDH’s three all problems the from much differ At1958. in Session PlenaryFirst in and not 1957 Assemblyin Founding SŽDH’s the at discussed did emphasized Bijelić problems The 11). numbers (1960: high in activities social and manufacturing enter to women for possible it make boo the as same the title the (with essay her in NRH, the of Security Social for Council the of perspectivesIrenawomen).for Bijelić,GO SŽDH and opens ofthe it member president o perspektive entitled with, published was Session Plenary Five next the into dealing were discus women SŽDH The it. 6 December on Sessions Plenary SŽDH’s last) documents to according (and next the why is that and 1961, in already start to supposed was plan next The Five the fulfilling in resulted which better qualification foretc. female workers, courses f 1958 in Session Plenary the during SŽDH the praised Turković, Ružica section, that of member The Unions. of Committee Main the within section women’s the with successfully cooperated SŽDH the w women of burden the easing that 1958, in Session Plenaryand 1957 in AssemblyFounding in both essays,and discussions self the successfu very were sections these and Unions,

HR k’s title) emphasized two main issues to deal with: how to help the family and how to to how and family the help to how with: deal to issues main two emphasized title) k’s - HDA As discussed in chapter 1, Yugoslavia experienced economic growth during the 1950s, the growthduring economic experienced Yugoslavia chapter 1, in discussed As - management enterprises (1996: 175). As I already explained, it was clear from the the from clear was it explained, already I As 175). (1996: enterprises management - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH vr ženama tvara or the good cooperation and the support in advocating for more services, services, more for advocating in support the and cooperation good the or - 2, 2.4.4 2,

. , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, ,

sed how to integrate solutions for a number of problems women problems of number a for solutions integrate to how sed Wa te Five the (What

orkers was the main activity of the SŽDH, but apart from that, from apart but SŽDH, the of activity main the was orkers - Year Plan (1961 Plan Year analyze - Year , the problems to deal with and the solution provided provided solution the and with deal to problems the , Plan (1957 Plan - 48 - 28, 1958, 1.day, afternoon, p.30 afternoon, 1.day, 1958, 28, t eooinipa dns prdc i kakve i porodici donosi plan petogodišnji Što Year Plan brings to the family and which which and family the to brings Plan Year l in solving women’s workers problems within within problems workers women’s solving in l

- 1965). Again, a book with essays from the from essays with book a Again, 1965). 13

- 1961) one year one 1961) - 7, 1960 was mostly focused on on focused mostly was 1960 7, before its official end official its before ng all these issues in in issues these all ng - 33

. CEU eTD Collection 17 16 15 14 of SŽD the of Congress following that on information find couldn’t I documents SŽDH’s S the of Congress next the to left was decision the but SŽD, the dissolve to the level according ofthecontext. commune, toeach local pr solvingthe on emphasisput to and higherdecentralization a order toachieve in made the changes were Krajačićthatall committees, exist. said shouldn’t higher the from directions receive and communicate committees lower which in structure, connected. vertically be should committees SŽD’s the social the nor commissions; SSRN’s the neither rules, for new the to according that, and women of Commission activity into changed been had women among work for commission changes. possible those about 1960 Krajačić Soka 1960. April her informed in SSRNJ the of Congress Fifth the at debated were work women the in changes that state to important is it here but chapter, this of part next the in topic this on discussions the about more say will I introduced. be would organizations towards women (1960:22). producers cooperatives of attitude bad the and position, disadvantaged a in students female put which system school inadequate the force, labour female the of qualification low the industries, Five the in addressed be should which problems main the that said and society” in position women’s of issue present Five the of part official an them make to order

HR HR HR HR - - - - HDA HDA HDA HDA Krajačić also mentioned that, during the Fifth Congress of the SSRNJ, it was proposed proposed wasit SSRNJ, the of CongressFifth the during that, mentioned alsoKrajačić th At - - - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH e same Plenary Session in 1960, it was clear that new changes in the women’s women’s the in changes new that clear was it 1960, in Session Plenary same e drugarice - - - - 2, 2.4. 2, 2.4. 2, 2.4. 2, 2.4. 2,

(female comrades) at the Plenary Session of the SŽDH in December December in SŽDH the of Session Plenary the at comrades) (female 5., GO SŽDH, December 6 December GOSŽDH, 5., 6 December GO SŽDH, 5., 6 December GOSŽDH, 5., GO 5., - er ln ee wmns se women’s were: Plan Year

SŽDH, December 6 December SŽDH, 14

h si ta te ae f h SR’ Women SSRN’s the of name the that said She 49 - - - - 7, 1960, p.194 1960, 7, p.185 1960, 7, p.190 1960, 7, p.183a 1960, 7,

- er ln Bjlć riuae “constantly articulated Bijelić Plan. Year 15

In other words, hierarchica words, other In 16 -

193

- gregation in female dominated dominated female in gregation oblems of families and women atwomen and families of oblems 198

ŽDJ. 17

Among the Among l vertical l

among ’s CEU eTD Collection SŽ the of Committee Main the of president Krajačić, Soka worker”), female the to assistance in and community socialist activity social is work (“Our ženi” radnoj pomoći i društva d je rad “Naš essay her In times. several These discussionsSSRN?. continued at the1960. Plenary 1958and in Sessions eachdistric in issues specificwomen’s with dealing be will which organizations/associations different of alliance an or organization autonomous and uniform an be it Should introduce? we should structure of type which them, is i Isnecessaryand it organizations? women’shave to important Why were: part, this in present will I which Assembly, Founding the during discussed for issues years the of Some happen. three to level (Croatian) republic took the on organization the it of Assembly 1953, in formed officially was SŽDJ the though archival the 27 February in on held SŽDH, space the of Assembly of Founding the from lots documents occupied and level district questi and republic This the not? on or ubiquitous organizations women’s separate through done be that Should society. in position women’s enhancing with deal to best how of question complex How3.2. should women (Božinović, 1996:184). 1990 until name, its in changes several with exist, to continued which KDAŽ), Women, of the form to and decision the where 1961, April in held was SŽDJ of Assembly Instead,the 184). (1996: happened never it Božinović, historian to according but, Yugoslavia,

At the to answer an for searching was level) (federal state socialist Yugoslav The the Founding Assembly Founding the Konferencija za društvenu aktivnost žena aktivnost društvenu za Konferencija

H epand ht hs a the was this that explained DH,

be be organized?

in 1957 in t, while leaving the political work among women to the to women among work political the leaving while t, , the leaders of the SŽDH discussed these issues these discussed SŽDH the of leaders the , ruštvena aktivnost aktivnost ruštvena 50

( Conference for the Social A Social the for Conference

first assembly of the women’s women’s the of assembly first f so, why? If we decide to have have to decide weIfwhy? so, f

was taken to abolish the SŽD the abolish to taken was – –

n h cntuto o the of construction the in igani socijalističkog izgradnji u - 18, 1957. Even Even 1957. 18,

h Founding the n a also was on ctivity CEU eTD Collection 18 some of women of needs the to adjusted but AFŽ, the as sturdy as “not was organization, in”. interested are women today and o that topic no is there and activities social all almost organizations in participating, women's specific of frames narrow the surpassed has activity social “women’s that said clearly example for Croatia), of north the in region in SŽDH the of Committee District one of Assembly Founding the from deal all activities with that (1957:19). many were women’s problems solving necessaryfor unabl was and “narrow” too became organization the women, among work the in success excellent its Despite dissolved. be to had AFŽ the that emphasized Krajačić Additionally, the conclusion lastCongress of theAFŽJ 1953 in to (similar said Krajačić women, among work political also but workers, female to assistance While 1953. in level federal the on AFŽ the of dissolution the until did AFŽH the what presented She 1949. in AFŽH the of Congress Fourth last the after level) (republic Croatia in organization

HR - HDA Women from the lower SŽDH’s committees expressed the same opinion. A document document A opinion. same the expressed committees SŽDH’s lower the from Women struggle”this (1957: 18). soci general the of framework position women’s to particularly related issues practical other many and elevation and education political women’s on worked AFŽprocess,the this society.overallWithin the supportfrom full the haveproblems didn’t these of solution the for searching Thus, issues. societal as not and women’s specifically as treated “ […] […] - KDAŽH 1 KDAŽH a series of these probl these of series a emphasizing its main activities: the enlightenment of women, literacy courses, literacy women, of enlightenment the activities: main its emphasizing 18

234 diinly te ouet xlie ta te Ž, s nw ye of type new a as SŽD, the that explained document the Additionally, - 2, 2.2.1., GO SŽDH, October 1, 1956 1, October GOSŽDH, 2.2.1., 2,

-

which

ems, which the women’s organization was solving, were were solving, was organization women’s the which ems,

was active as a part of the People’s Front at the time and time the at Front People’s the of part a as activewas al fight for women’s rights. The AFŽ secluded itself in itself secluded AFŽ The rights. women’s for fight al 51

) that: )

–

a atal sprtn isl fo the from itself separating actually was

ur women would not be not would women ur Hrvatsko zago Hrvatsko rje e to to e

(a (a CEU eTD Collection 19 žena“ for (“Wewomen’s professiona tofight have kvalifikaciju radnu za boriti se “Treba essay her started Parliament, NRH’s the of Council Executive the of member and SŽDH the of GO the of member Berus, Anka organization. hence SSRN, the within associations women’s of alliance an as existence own their justifying were they point one at was, AFŽ the like organization management self new the to issues women’s on work adjust to order in organization the dismissed leaders usual AFŽ, the of Congress Fourth the from documents against go which dissol AFŽ, the the of interpretation of dissolution the about claims Bonfiglioli’s wherewo they organizations, political in participation their reduce would separate which form to organizations, directed women’s be could women societies, forming on insisted GO the if that, struggl were they issues specific the to according associations form then and activities certain around gather to women wanted instead but them, have to just associations forming on insist to want didn’t SŽDH the the on SŽD the of Assembly Founding the after years three held was SŽDH the of Assembly Founding the that fact extraordinary somewhat questions”. whic associations many of consists SŽD The region. particular

HR - HDA But although all SŽDH leaders argued against a uniform and separate women’s women’s separate and uniform a against argued leaders SŽDH all although But Chiara historian for support as seen be could above presented statements The the explained also SŽDH, the of Committee Main the of president Krajačić, Soka - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 19

model of socialism (2012: 216). model of socialism rked to solve many problems related to women’s position (1957: towomen’s many20). rked problemsposition related tosolve - 2, 2.2.1., GO SŽDH, October 1, 1956 1, October GOSŽDH, 2.2.1., 2,

ing with (1957: 20). Members of the GO of the SŽDH were thinking thinking were SŽDH the of GO the of Members 20). (1957: with ing to o te F, icse i catr . hl analyzing While 2. chapter in discussed AFŽ, the of ution

52

federal level. She explained how the GO of of GO the how explained She level. federal l qualifications”), question whether with the

Bonfiglioli still in a way a separate women’s women’s separate a way a in still

claims that it is evident that its that evident is it that claims h are dealing with particular particular with dealing are h

the -

CEU eTD Collection 22 21 20 SŽDhad the and goingon were not where discussions districts, the in paragraphthat was next throug society socialist the within position problems”. those solve can’t it since organization, women’s a have to then “why asked, people some of problems are problems [women’s] all that opinions “therewere that It said organization. approach women’s to how about discussions of were lots political life and thebiggest problemwas theoverload and social in participating from women prevented problems Many men. to equal not were they practice in and women for difficult was ground the on situation the because necessary in problems specific women’s for counties. particular solutions finding in helpful very be could societies women’s that showed actually practice the but rights, all attained already had women since women’s have to not or necessary was it whether of question the was always in SŽDH the of Committee organizations (1 through other through than easier and faster that much solved be could problems many societies, women’s concluded She 48). (1957: numbers high in participating were women had, their justified p associations every in since existence women’s data, to according that explained She life. political in participated and rights all had women since associations, women’s specific needed Croatia

HR HR HR - - - HDA HDA HDA Similarly, a separate document from the Plenary Session in 1958, also stated that there that statedalso 1958, in Session Plenarythe from document separate aSimilarly, District one of Assembly Founding the from material the in lines, similar Along - - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 22

The question was “why not to solve all problems related to women’s role and role women’s to related problems all solve to not “why was question The 957: 48). 20 - - - 2, 2.4.4 2, 1956 1, October GOSŽDH, 2.2.1., 2, 1956 1, October GOSŽDH, 2.2.1., 2,

diinly te ouet ad ht h wo the that said document the Additionally,

lace where they were formed around specific problems that women that problems specific around formed were they where lace

. , GO SŽDH, January January GOSŽDH, ,

raso zagorje Hrvatsko h the SSRN”. However, the answer provided in the the in provided answer the However, SSRN”. the h 27 - 53 28, laes f h Dsrc epand ht there that explained District the of leaders ,

1958, p.1 1958,

of domestic labour.

h etr scey, hc ws why was which society”, entire the

e’ ognzto was organization men’s 21

associations, associations, CEU eTD Collection 23 SŽD the of success biggest the and there” work still they organizations, social and political other leave didn’t “women Instead, happen. didn’t them isolate and SSRN the within women smaller in result would organization women’s separate a which in scenario a that argued She 56). (1957: positions” those from problems women’s for solutions find to try “wheth and not” or useful work our “is was, question the time the all that said and the 1957 in of SŽDH Assembly Founding the and 1953 in AFŽ the of Congress last the between period fr detached not are societies (“Women’s zadataka” općedruštvenih od odvojila se nisu žena “Društva essay her vain. orgathese but 23), (Krajačić,1957: with dealing was SŽD the that problems women’s) only (not social for solutions finding in join to organizations other inviting kept leaders SŽDH The 23). 1957: (Krajačić, labour domestic nut better as such problems, everyday the solve to families workingworkers andwomen help societyto entirehadthe that societyentireandthe of issues only issues, women’s specific no were there that idea the to related actually t was of existence justification the for necessity whole The 23). (1957: society entire the of problems the were these since organizations, women’s of framework the in only stay should with deal would that organizations problem other no often were there practice, in that claiming results andco its good SŽD’sexistence throughorganization’sthe the justified work initial “thework, begunto

HR - HDA

er is it enough for women just to join to the SSRN, engage there to the full extent and extent full the to there engage SSRN, the to join to just women for enough it is er Bosa Cvetić, president of the Central committee of the SŽD of Yugoslavia (SŽDJ), in (SŽDJ), Yugoslavia of SŽD the of committee Central the of president Cvetić, Bosa by essay her of end the towards SŽDH the of existence the justified Krajačić Soka s of women’s position in society. Still, she said that there were no reasons why this this why reasons no were there that said she Still, society. in position women’s of s - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH operation withtheoperation localcommittees people’s and institutions”. other social om general social activities”) explained debates that were going on in the the in on going were that debates explained activities”) social general om - 2, 2.4.4 2,

. , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, ,

nizations often didn’t perform their tasks, but often in often but tasks, performtheir didn’t often nizations - 54 28,

1958, p.1 1958,

rition, childcare or socializing socializing or childcare rition,

participation of of participation he SŽDH’s SŽDH’s he 23

CEU eTD Collection 25 24 in and committees, people’s municipal the of councils the committees, people’s municipal be would It problems. of possiblbe would it if said, good, Radojčević kind especially different solving in help would institutions all Session, Plenary that of conclusions of result a as if, excellent be would it that said Croatia) of north sma (a Koprivnica from Radojčević Jelica need. this recognized also committees lower from Activist 27). (1960: Communists…” of League of institutions councils, working for created society debat our which positions, all in issues these discuss women’s “should the organization, within problems discussing and SŽD the in active being apart women, that expressed begcomradesanything. for to not society, the in position women’s enhancing on work Berus, to according to, had they in these within issues all on work to supposed management”. social of form other some in active also not was SŽD, the in active being from apart who, one “no were there and committees” people’s Plenary that on present women of half least at since unacceptable were us” promised comrades giveus, didn’t “comrades as such sentences Berus, to According below). (see them towards behavior comrades’ about complaining were who regular and institutions inseparate SSRN’s organizations. women’s the in both organizing simultaneously for strategy: double a for arguing actually was She 56). th into activists women new draw to managed it that was

HR HR - - HDA HDA es and adoptions of collective proposals and conclusions, therefore at union’s meetings, union’s at therefore conclusions, and proposals collective of adoptions and es t h Peay eso i 16 ohr Ž’ laes n rank and leaders SŽD’s other 1960 in Session Plenary the At crit she when thing, similar a explaining was Berus Anka - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH al most same most - - 2, 2.4.4 2, 2.4.4 2,

opinions. Irena Bijelić, member of the GO of the SŽDH, concluded concluded SŽDH, the of GO the of member Bijelić, Irena opinions. . . , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, , 27 January GOSŽDH, , 25

stitutions, and within communes. In other words Inwords othercommunes. within and stitutions, - - 55 28, 1958, 1.day, afternoon, p.30 afternoon, 1.day, 1958, 28, 28,

1958, 1.day, afternoon, p.39 afternoon, 1.day, 1958, Session (1958) “worked in some of the the of some in “worked (1958) Session e to mobilize “women who work in the in “womenworkmobilize who to e e political and social sphere (1957: sphere social and political e 24

ht a wy oe were women why was That

czd h SDs activists SŽD’s the icized - 33 - and file members members file and

ll city in the the in city ll CEU eTD Collection 29 28 27 26 needs”. practical to according district, every in committee every and each in decided be to has this dist dissolve to orders for need no is there Republic our “in that position their in clear were women’s leaders SŽDH separate the Krajačić, a to According for organization. need the saw they wbecause SSRN, organizing the within of and strategy organizations double the with continue to wanted obviously They position. leaders’ SŽDH’s the explaining in clear was Krajačić and SŽD, SŽD. ofsuggested the thedissolution continued 1953, in started which SŽD, the of role the over discussions commune. the of level the on problem every solving on emphasis putting and country the of decentralization greater a with accordance Fifth the further discussed Session, was organizing women’s which during Plenaryheld, was SSRNJ the of Congress 1960 SŽDH’s this before just chapter, this of part first the in to continued agendaall political organizations, of theagenda first the ofall on (1960: SSRN” 127). of and families working ofproblems issues[the these put comradesto “other[female] invited the SŽDHof Committee Main the that explained Planinc Milka communes, the within problems solving for directions co the that emphasizing While 94). socio other in managementpositions

H HR HR HR R - - - - HDA HDA HDA HDA As is obvious fr obvious is As 29 - - - -

KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH advocate for a double strategy in women’s organizing. But as already mentioned mentioned already as But organizing. women’s in strategy double a for advocate

- - - - 2, 2.4. 2, 2.4. 2, 2.4. 2, 2.4. 2,

female workers and the problem of people’s living standard] on the the on standard] living people’s of problem the and workers female om the quotes above, the SŽDH the above,quotes the om 5., GO SŽDH, December 6 December GOSŽDH, 5., 6 December GO SŽDH, 5., 6 December GOSŽDH, 5., 6 December GO SŽDH, 5.,

- 28 political organizations” in solving all those issues (1960: issues those all solving in organizations” political cuin o te lnr Ssin sol b ue as used be should Sessions Plenary the of nclusions

This final decision was left to the next Congress ofthe next left the was to decision This final 56 26 - - - - 7, 1960, p 1960, 7, p.194 1960, 7, p.184 1960, 7, p.185 1960, 7,

Soka Krajačić emphasized that during 1960 during that emphasized Krajačić Soka ricts’ committees of the SŽD, because because SŽD, the of committees ricts’ women at the Plenary Session in 1960in Session Plenarythe at women .194

mn bt i separate in both omen, 27

and t and hat the SSRNJ the hat

in CEU eTD Collection which workers, women the to assistance providing of idea the with issues all approaching evaluating while example, For Croatia. of life social and political the in participation women’s enable solve specific 19). ofeach problems district (1957: women’s orde in associations women’s different of forming the encourage to time same the at while on”, going is activity political overall “where SSRN the to women among work” “political decision this behind idea the that claimed She SSRN. the of framework the in performed be should drugarice activities and goals? organization’s the evaluate they did how and themselves, saw they how about us tell leaders, activity commissions’ SSRN the be to supposed was work” “political SŽDH, “political” label on insistence the does What Yugoslavia? of decentralization self of system new the in organizing women’s of solution new posit own their thoroughly very discussing were women activities? and goals their describing questions: several to answers give to try emphasiz to them for important was what and work own their saw members and leaders SŽDH’s the how see to order in women, among work” “political the of importance the about 1958 January on held Session Plenary First and SŽDH’s the Polemics3.3. over the goal main the of organization Krajačić several times emphasized that the main goal of the SŽDH’s activities was to was activities SŽDH’s the of goal main the that emphasized times several Krajačić The first will I Here, a t peet n slto o wmn n eaae raiain n t mv the move to and organization separate in women of isolation an prevent to was of the conclusion of the last AFŽ Congress that the political work among women among work political the that Congress AFŽ last the of conclusion the of -

h atvte o te an omte o te ŽH se nitd ht t “was it that insisted she SŽDH, the of Committee Main the of activities the

even though, in the division the in though, even president of the Main Committee of SŽDH, Soka Krajačić, reminded her her reminded Krajačić, Soka SŽDH, of Committee Main the of president

analyse

discussions discussions

ht a w conclu we can What

of labour between the SSRN’s commissions and the and commissions SSRN’s the between labour of hc trs ee h SŽDH the were terms Which that took place took that 5 7

ion and that they were searching for a for searching werethey that and ion during

e rm h fc ta te SŽDH the that fact the from de

e about that work. Thus, I will I Thus, work. that about e - aaeet oils and socialism management

the Founding Assembly of of Assembly Founding the l ing the SŽDH’s work as work SŽDH’s the ing

oe uig in using women -

by the SŽDH the by r to r

CEU eTD Collection t socio the of meaning the on remarks his of because important extremely essay his found I 63). (1957: activities” societies women’s društveno je žena društva “Aktivnost essay his in claimed explicitly Assembly, Founding the during discussion the in participating was who political andsocial life” 34). (1957: the in participation greater their for obstacles overcoming in women help to order “in was did so and political the in more participate to women for possible it make to order “in also activity this conducting was SŽDH the that insisted she but children”, of care take to and apartments “i courses, household society in position women’s understanding in backlash the for reasons the of one as seen be could this that said lab domestic all with deal better to how women teaching also was SŽDH the family, working the for services and facilities providing 32 (1957: organization the defended time same providin on work SŽDH’s the criticized she when evident most the is This activities. political as labeled be could still activities SŽDH’s the that explain to Krajačić Soka for important really was it think I reasons, mentioned above the wor “political conduct to supposed not was SŽDH the officially though Even it. within status SŽDH’s the was what out figure to and system new the in itself position to leadership SŽDH’s the of struggle the is remarks Krajačić’s Soka from visible is What 30 (1957: spheres” social and political the in participation higher women’s enable to aimed he Resolution on forming the SŽD in 1953 stated that political work among women should should women among work political that stated 1953 in SŽD the forming on Resolution he cial life” (1957: 33). At the end of her essay, Krajačić again explained that everything they they everything that explained again Krajačić essay, her of end the At 33). (1957: life” cial Mika Špiljak, a (male) mem (male) a Špiljak, Mika – r socio are

- as a mother and housewife (1957: 32 (1957: housewife and mother a as political work in the new moment for the Yugoslav state. Even though though Even state. Yugoslav the for moment new the in work political ses ht u ol ga i t tah oe hw o ok t tidy to cook, to how women teach to is goal only our that seems t - political activities”) that the SŽDH was conducting “political “political conducting was SŽDH the that activities”) political ber of the Presidency of the Main Committee of SSRNH, of Committee Main the of Presidency the of ber

our through household courses for women. Krajačić Krajačić women. for courses household through our 58

- oiik atvot (Te ciiis f the of activities (“The aktivnost” politička g household courses for women and at the the at and women for courses household g - 33). As I explained above, apart from from apart above, explained I As 33). - 33). She said that because of the the of because that said She 33). k” among women for for women among k” ). CEU eTD Collection build to order in was doing socialism. was SŽDH the that everything words, other In 59). (1957: no was “there activit SŽD the of work overall the in because apolitical”, is it that mean to have doesn’t it program, political have doesn’t organization an if conditions, these “in that argued re Špiljak’s Mika to Similar 55). (1957: diverse” and “widespread was work SŽD’s the actually but AFŽ, the of work political the to compared 56) (1957: problems” irrelevant with preoccupied are we “that and tha outside the from seems “it that claimed from ideological togeneral, education, andpolitical education” (1960: 104). professional fight”,to to had warone the during as learn”“just because learn, “learn, should them of all words, her In be. should women all of task main the what explain to strived Sremec Nada member SŽDH 1960. in SŽDH the of Session Plenary the at sev made was Yugoslavia in 1960s and 1950s the in urgent as seen was what societydifferentat our 63). the in moment” (1957: problems importa or relevant not for was fight independence” the or ustashas chetniks, against “fight the as such the WW2, that during explain work to political tried Špiljak 63). (1957: war the during meant it than else something fail they that saying work, SŽD’s the of character political socio 63). (1957: from?” act political conducting not SŽD the about ideas these do his “Where introduction in asked Špiljak women, among work for committees special SSRN’s to removed be - political activitiesand he actorsnottobeing blamed somefor political tosee able socio y that wouldn’t be in line with the general struggle for building our socialist society” socialist our building for struggle general the with line in be wouldn’t that y Bosa Cvetić, president of the Central committee of the SŽD of Yugoslavia (SŽDJ), (SŽDJ), Yugoslavia of SŽD the of committee Central the of president Cvetić, Bosa and WW2 during important as seen was what between comparison best the Maybe

He argued that in the new circumstances the SŽD’s activities were for sure weresure for SŽD’s activities the circumstancesnew the arguedHein that ak aot h dfeet aue f h pltcl ok Cvetić work, political the of nature different the about marks t we narrowed the scope of our work” (1957: 55), 55), (1957: work” our of scope the narrowed we t t nmr ad ht tee wr] completely [were] “there that and anymore nt 59

day’s task is to study in every field:everystudy in to is task day’s ed to see how political work meant work political how see to ed

eral years later, later, years eral vte c ivities

ome ome - CEU eTD Collection 33 32 31 30 enhance to ground the on women the with meetings organize to of necessary was it that Parliament concluded the and Assembly People’s the for elections the before just intentionally held was session the that emphasized times several was it Session, Plenary t and life political the enter to women helped work SŽD’s the that thought she that clear is It 1950. in elections the in than 1953 in numbers higher in SSRN the of committees local and women in improvements were there because unsatisfied” be couldn’t they also but satisfied, be “couldn’t they that said SŽDH, the of GO the of member Šoljan, Marija SŽD, the of work overall the analyzing “enabl to was kindergartens opening of purposes the of one that emphasized Bijelić Irena kindergartens, about spoke activities”. she When social in participation their and enlightenment political women’s enormous emphasiz she commune, the within solved be to had and could specificproblems women’s all that claiming while and factors social other with SŽDH the of cooperation the for advocating while Berus, Anka well. as issue this to referred social life and social full in their affirmation”. struggle political for and order theirall in themofseries in effortsenter andsectors the tohelp problems to ofquestions wit work further for orientation gave women’s and material rich produced SŽDH was the of goal Assembly first its “the that document that the in was stated was SŽDH It life. political the in participation of role the on conclusion overall the that a te Ž sol cniu t tk cr o wmns oiia priiain A te same the At participation. political women’s of care take to continue should SŽD the hat HR HR HR HR - - - - HDA HDA HDA HDA uig h Peay eso o te ŽH n aur 27 January on SŽDH the of Session Plenary the During clear Assembly’s Founding SŽDH the from essays of book a for notes The - - - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH - - - - 2, 2.4.4 2, 2, 2.4.4 2, 2.4.4 2, 1957 February, GOSŽDH, 2.2.1., 2,

’s political participation and women had been elected to the district the to elected been had women and participation political ’s . . . , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, , , 27 January GOSŽDH, , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH,

prns o ne pltcl n sca life”. social and political enter to parents e - - - 28, 60 28, 28,

p.43 afternoon, 1.day, 1958,

1958, 2.day, p.33 2.day, 1958, p.14 morning, 1.day, 1958, d ht hs prah ol “otiue to “contribute would approach this that ed

- 28 , 1958, several leaders leaders several 1958, , 30

h women in solving a solving in women h

NRH. Šoljan Šoljan NRH. 32 ly stated ly

While 33 31

CEU eTD Collection 36 35 34 authority bodies” (1960: 23). and management in participation greater “women’s to lead would manufacture” in presence the and jobs skilled in participation greater “women’s that argued She 23). (1960: manufacture]” in participation bu question, an irrelevant it consider SŽDH] [the they because “not essay her in mention participation not political women’s did she that explained Bijelić Irena mentioned. barely was work” “political whic 1960, Session Plenary so many socialist inour community” results Marchcelebrated and be 8should accordingly. socio a be should it that differently, celebrated be should 8 March that guidelines “gave already of. disapproved highly she which Day”, March years recent “in that said She celebration. the of content the about them warned Šoljan committees, their in preparations the on reports gave committees SŽDH’s lower from women When 8. March on Day Women’s International wa 1958 in Session Plenary the at topic important most second the elections, next the from Apart Yugoslavia. in question women’s the on leaders SŽDH resultsplaces wereachieved meetings where in separate wit good very that showed elections last from “experience because elections, in participation their

HR HR HR - - - HDA HDA - HDA political manifestation for a for manifestation political n otat o h Fudn Asml ad h Frt lnr Ssin a te Second the at Session, Plenary First the and Assembly Founding the to contrast In the of position the for illustrative be can which issue, another stressed also Šoljan - - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH - - - 2, 2.4.4 2, 2.4.4 2, 2, 2.4.4 2,

t because this question is directly related to the first one [women’s [women’s one first the to related directly is question this because t . . . , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, , 27 January GOSŽDH, , , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, , fcsd n h nw Five new the on focused h

ll women, not only for mothers”, because “women achieved “women because mothers”, for only not women, ll 35

ojn mhszd ht h G o te SŽDH the of GO the that emphasized Šoljan - - 61 - 28, 28,

28,

1958, 2.day, p.35 2.day, 1958, p.35 2.day, 1958,

8 started to have characteristics of Mother’s Mother’s of characteristics have to started 8 1958, 2.day, 1958, - h women were held”.h women were er ln n o manufacture, on and Plan Year

p.35

s the preparation for the next next the for preparation the s

34

36

CEU eTD Collection 37 political providing educationwomen. for and consciousness political women’s raising on tasks their neglected work for Commissions the SSRNH’s from ‘comrades’ the that 1957 in Assembly Founding SŽDH the form essays several from evident is It ground. the on facing were members SŽDH’s the that problems biggest discuss leadership SŽDH’s the of level complete neglecting happened before”. workregion which ofthe among women, inthe tr to not careful be to have “we that said and district their in SŽDH the of committee this forming before and AFŽ the of dissolution the after years three of period the to referred they hand, other the On ground”. the on work d “strict because helpful being as changes these evaluated They issues”. specific own its has region or district every because work, our for rules or directives strict no are “there that emphasized women SŽDH the of committee District the of forming mentioned above the from one is example indicative An districts. some in activitieswomen’s the in paralysis temporary a was AFŽ’s, the to compared in dealing withthe patriarchalsociety? engagement SŽDH the evaluate we can How time? the at suitable and possible was activism of kind what about and in lived they society the about them towards reaction SŽDH’s the and can What with? dealing were women problems biggest the Which3.4. problems were

HR - HDA The problem of the “political work” among women was not solely a problem on the on problem a solely not was women among work” “political the of problem The organization, the of structure looser a of and debates these of consequence The problems present will I Here, - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH - 2, 2.2.1., GO SŽDH, October 1, 1956 1, October GOSŽDH, 2.2.1., 2,

the SŽDHthe

among women weren’t doing their job, that is, they often they is, that job, their doing weren’t women among the SŽDH the ions. Problems related to this “political work” were the were “politicalwork” this to relatedProblems ions.

ansform this liberty in organizing and acting into a a into acting and organizing in liberty this ansform

women facing intheir 62

women were facing in their work. What were What work. their in facing were women

Hrvatsko zagorje Hrvatsko

we conclude from these problems these from conclude we irectives could maybe prevent prevent maybe could irectives practical , where duri where , work? 37 ng the the ng

CEU eTD Collection org responsibleother with togetheropeningkindergartens byworking familieshelp to was Committee Main SŽDH the of role the that explaining while example, For either. jobs t with it for responsible those by conducted solved” (1957: 50). as to right has and door everybody’s on knock can everybody politics, “in because hands” own its in it take doesn’t SSRN the if issues special some solve to SSRN the ask “should societies women’s that emphasized She put should activiti conduct SŽDH maybe and SSRN the the on pressure that said example, for Berus, Anka duties. those perform to SŽD onework ofthe among womenreasons was society Yugoslav the in position women’s backlash a was there that concluded Krajačić 32). (1957: consciousness” inte an and enlightenment on work to difficult it “makes really this how and with” dealing are women that “problems the about or activities” women’s about much know don’t organizations “SSRN’s that stated she then but SSRN, the within wome with work political the that was AFŽJ) the of Congress Fourth the of also (and SSRNJ she the of Session Plenary Fourth the Moreover, of decision the that repeated briefly 32). (1957: life” social the in participation women’s of track keep it does nei women; among work political of care take doesn’t SSRN the “the that of be must one reasons that argued She organizations. social all in active very were women although aske d “why there are not more women in leadership positions within the SSRN” (1957: 32), (1957: SSRN” the within positions leadership in women more not are there “why d hem on solving the problems of female workers and working families didn’t do their do didn’t families working and workers female of problems the solving on hem T the to suggested and duties its fulfilling not for SSRN the criticized also leaders Other SSRN the towards critique direct most the Maybe he SŽDH he not only not

had a problem with the political work among women not being not women among work political the with problem a had . In . k questions and raise issues that one thinks have to be to have thinks one that issues raise and questions k

addition, organizations that were supposed to work work to supposed were that organizations addition,

and that the lack or the non the or lack the that and for that backlashfor that 63

es that should be performed by the SSRN. the by performed be should that es came from came nsive raising of women’s political women’s of raising nsive (1957: 32). Soka Krajačić when she she when Krajačić Soka n had to be conducted be to had n - existence of political of existence

in understanding understanding in anizations, anizations, ther ther CEU eTD Collection 39 38 SŽD the from women but money, of lack a of because crèches some close to wanted comrades the that Istriasaid and crèchesin of example gave the She they wanted. what for fightto tried and t from women help SŽD the towards reaction comrades’ to order in issue certain a solving for money no was there said often they demands: the members’ about complaining also was she But SSRN. finall now were women bothered which problems that was district her in SŽD the of achievement biggest the that thought She 1958. January in Session Plenary the during given Istria), in town (a Pula from struggl they how and facing were conclusion can be drawn. seriously duties the since ground, the on problems serious caused SŽD the and SSRN the between responsibilities of redistribution the that out points Božinović mentioned, already also I as But, AFŽ. the on chapter the in discussed I which 170), (1996: backlash a of result SSRN, the as AFŽ the of the dissolution the interpreted She after. years to 40 almost women among work political of transfer the of critique Božinović’s Neda legallycare 26). obliged totake ofkindergartens” (1957: are that factors social those among even irresponsibility and omissions “found SŽDH the because future their and kindergartens the of condition the about worried was Krajačić Soka

HR HR - -

HDA HDA visited the comrades and the themthat theSŽD explained happen.visited comrades wouldn’t let this Maybe the most illustrative examples of what kind of problems women from the SŽD the from women problems of kind what of examples illustrative most the Maybe Kra - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH jačić ’s 19: 6) Fo acia dcmns ht I that documents archival From 263). (1996:

and Berus’s critique could be seen in light of feminist historian and activist and historian feminist of light in seen be could critique Berus’s and he community. he - - 2, 2.4.4 2, 2.4.4 2,

dsusd uig h meig o te itit omtes f the of committees District the of meetings the during discussed y

. . , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, , 27 January GOSŽDH, ,

ed with them are those of SŽDH’s member Nevia Zakinja Nevia member SŽDH’s of those are them with ed 38

That is why women from the SŽD were very “resolute” very were SŽD the from women why is That - - 64 28, 28,

1958, 1.day, afternoon, p.5 afternoon, 1.day, 1958, p.1 afternoon, 1.day, 1958,

SSRN simply didn’t take its its take didn’t simply SSRN analyzed

- 2

above, the same same the above,

patriarchal 39

CEU eTD Collection 42 41 40 women’s of issue complex the around in 1950s organizing the in SŽDH the within on going were Conclusion alreadycomradeswereworking”. three “one only was comrades their from got women that everything and organizing]”. [of costs the bear will which c “the commun their in problems specific the to accordingsocieties women’s organize to best their gave Women district. their in SŽD the organizing while struggling were women how J 1958. to struggle and there persuadeabout talking that wereal are them problems”. go to have we that is problem biggest “the that concluded Zakinja t In seriously. them taking of committees SSRN’s local the or Union’s councils from comrades convince to try and go to had women said, she time, the of Most undertaking. this in success have didn’t they but problems, workers women’s solving in them to meeting a for enterprises of managers or councils working of presidents called p general in was committees people’s the and SŽD the activis clo on decisions made authorities and comrades

HR HR HR - - - HDA HDA HDA omrades tricked them [the SŽD [the them tricked omrades ts managed to prevent the authorities form doing that, but the communication between communication the but that, doing form authorities the prevent to managed ts n hs hpe I rvdd ai fcs bu te ŽH peetd icsin which discussions presented SŽDH, the about facts basic provided I chapter this In in Session Plenary SŽDH’s the at women other by out pointed were problems Similar easily and often how show “to this saying was she that explained Zakinja Nevia elka Marković from the SŽD in Virovitica (a city in the north of Croatia) explained Croatia) of north the in city (a Virovitica in SŽD the from Marković elka - - - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH

uolva epand ht a te an ipt oe te ŽHs goals, SŽDH’s the over dispute main the was what explained Yugoslavia, - - - 2, 2.4.4 2, 2.4.4 2, 2. 2,

4.4 . . . , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, , 27 January GOSŽDH, , 27 January GOSŽDH, ,

women]” by saying that women can “rely on the SSRN, SSRN, the on “rely can women that saying bywomen]” 42

41

In but in the end the SSRN was not helpful at all at helpful not was SSRN the end the in but In - - - 65 28, 28, 28,

1958, 1.day, afternoon, p.21 afternoon, 1.day, 1958, p.21 afternoon, 1.day, 1958, p.6 afternoon, 1.day, 1958, ig aiiis o childcare”. for facilities sing oor. Zakinja said that the SŽD the that said Zakinja oor. 40

corner of the table, where table, the of corner

he end of her speech her of end he

The SŽD’s SŽD’s The

include include women ity, but ity, CEU eTD Collection It inthe politicalenhance andsocialfrom sphere. women’swas the problems position obvious to how women ex was It be could work SŽDH’s the task, SSRN’s the be to supposed was circumsta new the in role their the right liberation. towomen’s approach liberation women’s for fight organization to organizing: double of form a for advocated strongly leaders some SŽDH, the of existence the justifying from Apart villages. regarde they because organization, women’s separate somewhat a of existence the justified they AFŽ, rank and leaders SŽDH’s the Although, to had society to them for the context, entire how,inthenew emphasize and to why tobedissolved explain AFŽ had the important was It 1950s. the in Yugoslavia in decentralization and socialism o their of position the discussed leaders SŽDH The society. to communist Yugoslav the used in position and they activities their describe language which and them for important was what themselves, saw women perspect up 6 December on held Session Plenary 27 February problems theSŽDH provided society anSŽDH’swomen’s in example ofthe position an approach to The SŽDH’s leaders were trying to position themselves and to figure it out what was what out it figure to and themselves position to trying were leaders SŽDH’s The I d this as the only way to solve specific women’s issues in particular districts, cities or cities districts, particular in issues women’s specific solve to way only the as this d analyzed tremely important for the SŽDH the for important tremely ive, striving to show the SŽDH the show to striving ive, - 18, 1957 18, and do housework, but that all the SŽDH’s activities were performed in order to order in performed were activities SŽDH’s the all that but housework, do ok n ovn te rbes f oe’ psto i te community. the in position women’s of problems the solving on work

within th within

rhvl aeil from material archival

women werefacingwomen work. intheir , the First Plenary Session held on held Session Plenary First the , e SSRN. It seems that the SŽDH the that seems It SSRN. e nces in Yugoslavia. They often emphasized that, although this although that, emphasized often They Yugoslavia. in nces rganization within the new circumstances of self of circumstances new the within rganization - 7, 1960. I approached these documents from a bottom a from documents these approached I 1960. 7, -

and

women to prove that they were not just explaining just not were they that prove to women

h Found the women’s agency. I tried to demonstrate how these how demonstrate to tried I agency. women’s - file members agreed with the dissolution of the of dissolution the with agreed members file 66

n Asml o te ŽHs hl on held SŽDH’s, the of Assembly ing

January 27 January

women really believed this was was this believed really women labelled - 28, 1958, and the Second Second the and 1958, 28,

both as “political work”. work”. “political as

n a in d summarized - management management

separate - CEU eTD Collection movement. from erased be not should work women’s be can’t SŽDH the that argue I Therefore, self of circumstances the in position SŽDH’s the large at discussed they that and in; lived they context the for suitable most the found they way a in society in position women’s enhance of SŽDH the that showed documents SŽDH archival of analysis my contrast, By tools”. “Party as them disparages still countries socialist state in organizations women’s official the about literature scholarly fulfilling duties. its not for SSRN the criticizing publicly and openlyKrajačić) were Soka as (such leaders the and gro the on women those chapter, the of part last the in demonstrated I As structure. new the of implementation the with problems Yugosl in position women’s enhancing e the evaluated who as historians meaningful, several not as judged be shouldn’t work SŽDH’s the that believe I Nevertheless, SSRN. the from cooperation of lack the of because primarily enough, well implemented not from obvious is what But, 216). (2012: on going self the within equality women’s achieving for solution a find to try to order in AFŽ the dissolve to decided leaders) SŽD’s (whic leaders AFŽ’s the that opinion Bonfiglioli’s Chiara historian the with disparaging the exactly was work their in obstacle biggest the Often, to. supposed were they as institutions, other from help much receive didn’t they that ground the on facing were women SŽDH the that - management and tried to find solution find to tried and management As mentioned in the Introduction of this thesis, the mainstream paradigm in the the in paradigm mainstream the thesis, this of Introduction the in mentioned As

behaviour

women had their had women - management institutions, where all political activities were activities political all where institutions, management

from comrades from the SSRN. Therefore, I would agree would I Therefore, SSRN. the from comrades from und were fighting for what they considered as important, important, as considered they what for fighting were und d f h AŽ s h ed f ennfl ok on work meaningful of end the as AFŽ the of nd avia s

for the probl the for

67 the the did labelled

own own the js bcue n h SŽDH the in because just , historiography on the Yugoslav women’s women’s Yugoslav the on historiography

documents that I that documents voices and opinions; that opinions; and voices

as “Party tool” and and tool” “Party as ems they were facing on the ground. the on facing were they ems analyzed h later became the became later h that

they strived to to strived they , this idea was was idea this ,

women had had women h SŽDH the

the CEU eTD Collection 43 second rethink to able be to order in did, women what explore to wanted I First, Croatia. of Republic People’s the in 1961 to 1953 Hrvatske f a in happening was what better understand to order in organizations successor AFŽ’s the of one of case the examined I socialism. and feminism between relations complex the rethinking organizations1970s. The remained almost completely AFŽ’ssuccessor unresearched. the until history women’s for noteworthy nothing was there 1953 in AFŽ the of dissolution conti and AFŽ the with start usually overviews Historical history. women’s Yugoslav on works scholarly in visible not is continuum This Yugoslavia. in history women’s from erased were contributions continu of part saw as women themselves SŽDH The way. different a in but efforts, AFŽ’s the continued which AFŽ, archival Front Women's Antifascist the everything of proud were they that evident is the it and of organization, establishment antifascist women’s the celebrated women SŽDH The 1958. in Session Plenary SŽDH date”. important on Petrovac Bosanski 6 December in held was conference Front Women's Antifascist first the since Conclusion orgotten period of Yugoslav women’s history. I looked at the the at looked I history. women’s Yugoslav of period orgotten

HR - HDA In a broader a In w proceeding are we “Comrades,

- documents, I believe the SŽDH the believe I documents,

KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH ( Union of Women’s Societies of Croatia, SŽDH), the organization that existed from existed that organization the SŽDH), Croatia, of Societies Women’s of Union - 7, 1942. [...] This year we are celebrating the 15 the celebrating are we year This [...] 1942. 7,

u wt te eiit oeet n h 1970s the in movement feminist the with nue 43

These -

2, 2.4.4 2,

sense, this thesis could be seen as part of emerging scholarly work on work scholarly emerging of part as seen be could thesis this sense, ee h wrs f ŽH an omte Mrj Šla a the at Šoljan Marija Committee Main SŽDH of words the were . , GO SŽDH, January 27 January GOSŽDH, ,

AŽ hd oe o wmn n uolva After Yugoslavia. in women for done had (AFŽ)

m bt hl hsoin hv witn bu te AFŽ, the about written have historians while but um,

women considered the SŽDH as a successor of the the of successor a as SŽDH the considered women t or etn. .. I hs en xcl 1 years 15 exactly been has It [...] meeting. our ith - 68 28,

1958, 1.day, afternoon, p.23 afternoon, 1.day, 1958, - wave feminist historians’ perception of the of perception historians’ feminist wave th

anniversary of that great and and great that of anniversary , ugsig that suggesting Savez ženskih društava društava ženskih Savez

the SŽDH the analyzing after the the after

their

CEU eTD Collection public and social the in position women’s enhancing for fighting were they that emphasize tha demonstrated I Yugoslavia. in management their w best the discussed for sought and position leaders SŽDH the the against that fought showed I they encountered. how they and structures patriarchal goals, and activities SŽDH’s the describing in used posit their negotiatedthey how themselves, perceived women SŽDH the how out find to wanted I all, Above organization. the within on going were that discussions and activities goals, SŽDH’s the presented I tools”. “Party women’s communist on narrative hegemonic against bottom a from material the approached I and lenses feminist order d able tobeexaminewhat the SŽDH women the second apply to not decided I Bonfiglioli, Chiara historian the Following society. in position m for detrimental was organization unique and autonomous the of dissolution the which, to according dissolution, AFŽ’s the of interpretation historians’ the on its in o changes the and activities goals, AFŽ’s the explained I AFŽ. the of historiography historyand complex the with I dealt 2 In Chapter 1950s. the in Yugoslavia of decentralization tha organization countries socialist state in organization women’s official about narrative scholarly general the is which SŽ the of evaluation negative historians’ whether out I find Second, to issues. wanted women’s on work meaningful of end the as 1953 in dissolution AFŽ’s rganizational structures, as well as historians’ evaluation of all of this. Above all, I focused focused I all, Above this. of all of evaluation historians’ as well as structures, rganizational - n hpe 3 loe a acia dcmns f h SD wtot second without SŽDH the of documents archival at looked I 3 Chapter In the locate to order in 1 Chapter in Yugoslavia about facts basic provided first I wave feminist “autonomy principle” when evaluating the activities of the SŽDH, in in SŽDH, the of activities the evaluating when principle” “autonomy feminist wave -

was justified in this case. this was in justified I eerh n h seii cnet f self of context specific the in research I t ay of organizing women in the new circumstances of self of circumstances new the in women organizing of ay

ion within the Yugoslav society, which words which society,Yugoslav the within ion 69

i ws motn fr h SŽDH the for important was it t id andinterpretworkway. inanew their organizations being simply obedient obedient simply being organizations - - aaeet oils and socialism management p esetv, hc goes which perspective, up eaningful work on women’s women’s on work eaningful H s Pry tool” “Party as DH

oe to women - wave they - -

CEU eTD Collection Lydia in historian words: Sklevicky’s on knowledge think I history. women’s A Social the the organization, successor SŽD’s r this Moreover, level. federal the on SŽD the studying while research this use could researchers further if excellent be would it but level, republic the on organization the SŽDH, the with deals thesis This AFŽ. the after wo of field unexplored completely almost and complex SŽDH abolished. was the how and why example, for address, to like have would I questions the all answer couldn’t archive, the in documents of lack the of because and topic, this on work scholarly of lack the because Second, English. of clear into translate and analyze then difficultwhich it to made SŽDH sometimes and challenging difficult, extremely the with dealt I enhance community. women’s in position well a had women SŽDH the that and tool” “Party a simply not was SŽDH the that prove to managed I that believe I public. in and openly SSRN) the criticize to rank and leaders SŽDH’s that I showed end, the In strategy. I double toastheir insolvinginclude issues,what referred theentirespecific society women’s their keep to and sphere I believe my research can serve as a starting point for further study on the extremely the on study further for point starting a as serve can research my believe I While oe, often women, ctivity of Women, KDAŽ), which which KDAŽ), Women, of ctivity analyzing the Socijalistički savez radnog naroda radnog savez Socijalistički extraordinary rich and empowering women’s movement in Yugoslavia. Or Or Yugoslavia. in movement women’s empowering and rich extraordinary

odd ih enns pcfc o te otx i wih t emerged, it which in context the for specific meanings with loaded

documents and doing my research I encountered two problems. First, problems. two encountered I research my doing and documents position as a somewhat separate organization, but organization, separate somewhat a as position

hs s motn i odr o t dpie uue eeain of generations future deprive to not order in important is this esearch can be a helpful starting point for researching the the researching for point starting helpful a be can esearch Konferencija za d za Konferencija

70

(Socialist Alliance of the Working People, People, Working the of Alliance (Socialist a be equally been has - thought ruštvenu aktivnost žena aktivnost ruštvenu e’ organization men’s - - and out str out - file members were not af not were members file ambiguous language of the of language ambiguous ategy and ideas on how to how on ideas and ategy erased from Yugoslav Yugoslav from erased at the same time same the at

s (Conference for for (Conference

n Yugoslavia in raid raid

to I CEU eTD Collection 44 popula of half outnumberedsignificantly thehorses bigger slightly the up make society is it since try, a worth be would it But, predict. to hard is future near the in met be will perspective, women's them among voices, and dimensions abl is which history of kind this approaching for need the “Whether

Sklevicky, 1989b: 73 1989b: Sklevicky,

”. 44

71

notorious tion, and since they have always always have they since and tion,

fact that women in Yugoslav Yugoslav in women that fact e to integrate many many integrate to e CEU eTD Collection Reader inFeminist Theory 97 pp. Union” Progressive More a Towards Feminism. and Marxism of Marriage Unhappy “The 1981. Heidi. Hartmann, 20th and 19th Europe, Eastern South Centuries and Eastern, Central, eds. Feminisms. Loutfi, and Movements Anna and Daskalova “Kollonta Krassimira 2006. Natalia. Gafizova, Fitzpatrick, Sheila.inSoviet ed. 2007.“Revisionism History”, Haan, de Francisca in Region” the in Massino War “Forum”, Jill Cold the Kirin, “Gendering Jambrešić 2014. Indruchova. Renata (Gosia), Malgorzata Fidelis, Routledge. Union European to War Cold From Europe: Postwar in East” and West Women’ Life: Modern of Motor the as “Women 2012. Francisca. Haan, De Wheatsheaf. 1989. Mary. Buckley, Br Serbia century],Beograd: inthe 19thand20th Devedesetčetvrta. 1996. Neda. Božinović, Center for Research Women’sStudies, and Communication. Can What Conference: Feminist European Former in Movement Women’s the Lukic,Yugoslavia” Blagojevic,and inMarina DasaDuhacekJasmina eds. (1995) of History the in Points “Key 1994. Neda. Božinović, Aspasia Con a Feminism’ ‘Communist “Forum: in Feminism” and Socialism ‘Second a of “Reflections 2007. J. Marilyn Boxer, Era: Yugoslavia”, The Case of “ 2014. Chiara. Bonfiglioli, Italy War inCold and(1945 Yugoslavia Activism Social and Political Women’s Networks: “Revolutionary 2012. Chiara. Bonfiglioli, Boston, University MA:Northeastern Press. (1988) ed. Rossi, S. Alice August. Bebel, Bibliography ummett, Barry S. 2010. Barryummett, 2010. S.

1, 241 . pp.253 Aspasia Aspasia

- 246. oa ad Socialism and Woman - 8, 162

257. BudapestandYork New

ona eusa n Bni G Sih eds. Smith, G. Bonnie and Regulska Joanna Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union Soviet the in Ideology and Women - Žensko pitanje u Srbiji: u XIX i XX veku XX i XIX u Srbiji: u pitanje Žensko 190. Techniques ofclose reading - . New York and Lo. New and York 122, reprinted in Linda Nicholson, ed. (1997) ed. Nicholson, Linda in reprinted 122, The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir de to Adams From Papers: Feminist The Women’s Political and Social Activism in the Early Cold War War Cold Early the in Activism Social and Political Women’s

Aspasia , lxnr (1872 Alexandra i,

– 8, 1 (originally: 1957)”. (PhD diss.,UniversityUtrecht,(PhD 1957)”. of 2012). –

25. 72 e o o Ourselves? for Do We ndon: Routledge.ndon:

: Central European University: Press. Borpia Dcinr o Women’s of Dictionary Biographical A i Fa ud e Sozialismus der und Frau Die - Wave’ Feminist Historian of European European of Historian Feminist Wave’ . LosInc.. Publications, Sage Angeles: . pp. 87 pp. . History andTheory -

92” n rnic d Haan, de Francisca in 1952)” -

103. London and New York: York: New and London 103.

. New York, etc.: Harvester Harvester etc.: York, New .

[The women’s question in question women’s [The oe and Women tradictio in Terminis?”, in tradictio p. 13 pp. . The Second Wave.A Second The n Lbr Oates Libora and s Work in Europe in Work s

- 46(4), 77 . pp. 49 pp. . 8 Belgrade: 18. The

Gender in in Gender 17) in 1879) ,

6 East – -

91. 505.

- CEU eTD Collection eds. Loutfi, Anna and Daskalova Krassimira Haan, de Inessa “Armand, 2006. Natalia. Pushkareva, Press. 1985. Christopher. Prout, New York: University Columbia Press. 2008. K. Stevan Pavlowitch, Our ResearchWomen’s Studies, and Communication. for Do (1995) We eds. Can Lukic, What Conference: Jasmina Feminist in and 1980s” Duhacek and Dasa 1970s Yugoslavia: Blagojevic, Former Marina in Movement “Women’s 1994. Zarana. Papic, ‘Communist “Forum: Feminism’ in Practice” and Vision a as “Communism 2007. Natalia. Novikova, Feminism’ ‘Communist a ContradictioTerminis?”, in “Forum: in Feminism” State Patriarchy,not State a Dallin,was “Communism 2007. Mihaela. Miroiu, Atkinson, in Movement” Women’s the and Lapidus,eds, “Marxism 1977. G. Alfred Meyer, Publishers.Pinter Bruce. McFarlane, Socialism eds. Kruks, Young, Sonia B. in Marilyn “Introduction” and 1989. Rapp Young. Rayna B. Marilyn and Rapp Rayna Sonia, Kruks, Workers,” Women of [1907 Conferences Socialist “International 1972]), original [Russian 1984 1984. Alexandra. Kollontai, 520. Budapest andNewYork:University Central European Press. Ce 20th and 19th Europe, Eastern South and Eastern, Central, Feminisms. eds. Loutfi, Anna and Daskalova (1952 Lydia “Sklevicky, 2006. Biljana. Kašić, Un 2009. Dejan. Jović, states successor Pennsylvania State University Press. Yugoslav the and Yugoslavia ed. Ramet, P. Sabrina Jancar Colorado: ArdenInc. Press, Jancar iversity Press. -

- - 1916] 36 1916] Webster, Barbara. 1999. “Women in the Yugoslav National Liberation Movement” in Movement” Liberation National Yugoslav the in “Women 1999. Barbara. Webster, 1990. Barbara. Webster, . pp.7

a Contradictio in Terminis?”, inTerminis?”, a Contradictio WomenRussia in - - 58. 12. New York:12. New MonthlyPress. Review

1988. Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away Withered that State A Yugoslavia: edr oiis in politics Gender uolva Pltc, cnmc ad Society and Economics Politics, Yugoslavia: akt oils in Socialism Market

eetd rils n Speeches and Articles Selected Hitler’s New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia in War World Second The Disorder: New Hitler’s . pp.85 oe & eouin n uolva 1941 Yugoslavia in Revolution & Women A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and and Movements Women’s of Dictionary Biographical A

-

112. Stanford, California:University Stanford Pres Aspasia -

rmsoy oe: oe i te rniin to transition the in Women Notes: Promissory Elizaveta Fiodorovna (1874 Fiodorovna Elizaveta 73 h Wsen akn: oe ad oit in society and women Balkans: Western the

-

Yugoslavia 1, 202 90” n rnic d Ha, Krassimira Haan, de Francisca in 1990)” p. 67 pp. . selves? Aspasia A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s of Dictionary Biographical A

- 206. p. 19 pp. . - . West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue Indiana: Lafayette, West . Nw ok Ofr University Oxford York: New . 87. University Park, PA: The The PA: Park, University 87.

Mso: rges Publishers, Progress (Moscow: 1, 197

- 2 Blrd: Center Belgrade: 22. - 201. London . h Es European East The -

1920)” in Francisca in 1920)” nturies - 1945 - New York: York: New . pp. 517 pp. . Denver, . s. for for

- . CEU eTD Collection izgradila Stojaković. Ma Websites: .London:Lawrence& Wishart. Communism and Women Women’s Communist The Comintern: of Women Socialism to Notes: inthe transition Shadow the “In1920 Movement, 1989. Elisabeth. Waters, York: Publishers. Pinter administration” public eds. inDekleva, and communities territorial local self of system the of “Disfunctions 1991. Janez. Šmidovnik, Swain, Geoffrey. 2011. 39. Belgrade:ŽINDOK. 1946 Yugoslavia, of Front ed.Lidija Vasilijević, in press], AFŽ the through Women’s Antifascist [The štampu” AFŽ kroz 1946 (AFŽ) Jugoslavije Žena Front “Antifašistički 2012. Gordana. Stojaković, Zagreb:Auguštin.ŽenskaInfotek 1996. Lydia. Sklevicky, Women’s History inYugoslavia”, Sklevi History Post of Case The Emancipation: Integrated or Integration “Emancipated 1989a. Lydia. Sklevicky, states 89 successor Yugoslav the and Yugoslavia in society and ed. women Ramet, Balkans: P. Western Sabrina in Time” Tito’s “In 1999. P. Sabrina Ramet, Great Transformation 1991. P. Sabrina Ramet, Centuries. Cent Feminisms. and Movements - rčetić, Iva. 2013. “Ekonomija njege i brige izgradila je zemlju”. Interview with Gordana with Interview zemlju”. je izgradila brige i njege “Ekonomija 2013. Iva. rčetić, ThePA: 105. UniversityPennsylvania Park, State - eouinr Ygsai” n rn Agra e a. ed. al., et Angerman Arina in Yugoslavia” revolutionary k, yi. 99. Mr Hre ta Wmn O te ifclis f Founding of Difficulties the On Women: than Horses “More 1989b. Lydia. cky, . pp.93 - je

pp. 33 - zemlju (accessed April (accessed 4,2014). zemlju Kulturpunkt.hr - uolva n unol atr Self after Turnmoil: in Yugoslavia 108. London108. and New Routledge. York: - - 36. Budapest York: andNew European University Central Press. 43” in Sonia Kruks, Rayna Rapp Rayna Kruks, Sonia in 43” . Durham Tito: abiography Tito:

Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Meaning of the of Meaning and Sources The Europe: Eastern in Currents Social : oj, ee Ratovi Žene, Konji, Selections from the Writings of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin Lenin, Engels, Marx, of Writings the from Selections .

http://www.kulturpunkt.hr/content/ekonomija

- Lon a. Gender &GenderHistory a, atr, n Suh atr Erp, 9h n 20th and 19th Europe, Eastern South and Eastern, ral, don: Duke University Press.don: Duke

. London. . pp. 29

74 Hre, oe, as, opl D Rihtman D. compil. Wars], Women, [Horses,

Rod i Levica i Rod - New York: I.B.New Tauris. York: - -

56. New Monthly York: Review Press.

management? and Marilyn B. Young, eds. Young, B. Marilyn and

1(1): 68 University Press.

- – management in the economy, in economy, the in management 73.

[Gender and the Le the and [Gender

n ae Smi ad Jože and Simmie James in urn Ise i Women’s in Issues Current

p. 17 pp. . the in politics Gender -

- njege 2 London 32. – 93 A view A 1953: – 1953: pogled 1953: - i - Promissory

ft], pp. 13 pp. ft],

. 1950 . brige - New New . pp. .

– - CEU eTD Collection Five the [What 6 HR 2.day, morning,p.1 cooperatives”]. within section women’s the and peasants’ women of problems the on [“Essay 28, 1958,2.day, morning. HR 28, 1958,1.day,afternoon. HR 28, 1958,1.day, morning. HR activities of societies thewomen’s are socio activity social is socia work [“Our ženi” radnoj pomoći i društva have p.51 factorcooperatives”]. accountable tobecome in societies[“Women’s general arenot detached social p.55 activities”]. from women’s professional qual 1957. Zagreb: Tisak. 27 February on held SŽDH the of Assembly Founding the from essays of book published zadatak. 27 February SŽDH, GO 1957, HR 1957 HR HR 1957, GO SŽDH, October 1,1956. HR Primary sources: - , 1960. 7, ------HAD HDA HDA HDA HDA HDA HDA HDA , GO SŽDH, February, 1957. list communityin assistancelist and tothe femaleworker”]. p.18 ačć Jl. 98 “eea o rbeia žena problemima o “Referat 1958. Jela. Jančić, društveno je žena društva “Aktivnost 1957. Mika. Špiljak, aktivnost društvena je rad “Naš 1957. Soka. Krajačić, zad životu u factor odgovorni postati trebaju “Žene 1957. Jela. Jančić zadataka” općedruštvenih od odvojila se nisu žena “Društva 1957. Bosa. Cvetić, forfight to have žena“[“We kvalifikaciju radnu za boriti se “Treba 1957. Anka.Berus, 1957. [ 1957. ------KDAŽH KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH 1 KDAŽH t ptgdšj pa dns prdc i av prpkie taa ženama. otvara perspektive kakve i porodici donosi plan petogodišnji Što - A Year Plan brings to the family and which perspectives it opens for women], for opens it perspectives which and family the to brings Plan Year ssistance to the working family and to the to and family working the ssistanceto

- 1234 1234 - 25. 234

------1, 1.1. Glavni odbor, GO SŽDH,1, 1.1.GlavniFebruary odbor,GO 19,1957. 2, 2.4. Plenumi, 2.4.4. Plenum SŽDH 1958, GO GO 1958, SŽDH Plenum 2.4.4. Plenumi, 2.4. 2, 27 January SŽDH, GO 1958, SŽDH Plenum 2.4.4. Plenumi, 2.4. 2, 2. 2, 2, 2.4. Plenumi, 2.4.5. Plenum SŽDH 1960., GO SŽDH, December December SŽDH, GO 1960., SŽDH Plenum 2.4.5. Plenumi, 2.4. 2, 2, 2.2. Skupštine, 2.2.1. Osnivačka skupština SŽD Hrvatske, 1956 Hrvatske, SŽD skupština Osnivačka 2.2.1. Skupštine, 2.2. 2, 2, 2.2. Skupštine, 2.2.1. Osnivačka skupština SŽD Hrvatske, 1956 Hrvatske, SŽD skupština Osnivačka 2.2.1. Skupštine, 2.2. 2, 1956 Hrvatske, SŽD skupština Osnivačka 2.2.1. Skupštine, 2.2. 2,

ifications”]. p.48

4. Plenumi, 2.4.4. Plenum SŽDH 1958, GO SŽDH, January 27 January SŽDH, GO 1958, SŽDH Plenum 2.4.4. Plenumi, 4. - 18, 1957. 18,

Pomoć radnoj porodici i radnoj ženi radnoj i porodici radnoj Pomoć - - political p.63 activities”]. 51. 75

- ejni Skii žena Sekciji i seljanki - 55.

working woman working

– –

- - n h cntuto o the of construction the in igani socijalističkog izgradnji u politička aktivnost” [“The aktivnost” politička 35. -

65.

SŽDH, January 27 January SŽDH, - 63. –

ruga” [“Women ruga”

our main task], task], main our

–

- naš osnovni naš zadrugarki”

1960. - 18, 18, ------CEU eTD Collection 6 HR women”]. p.11 Five the [“What ženama” Tisak. published - 7, 1960.,p.183a - HDA

Bijelić, Irena. 1960. “Što petogodišnji plan donosi porodici i kakve perspektive otvara perspektive kakve i porodici donosi plan petogodišnji “Što 1960. Irena. Bijelić, - KDAŽH 1234 KDAŽH ok f sas rm h Peay eso hl o Dcme 6 December on held Session Plenary the from essays of book - 28. -

198.

- - 2, 2.4. Plenumi, 2.4.5. Plenum SŽDH 1960., GO SŽDH, December December SŽDH, GO 1960., SŽDH Plenum 2.4.5. Plenumi, 2.4. 2, Year Plan brings to the family and which perspectives it ope it perspectives which and family the to brings Plan Year 76

- , 90 Zagreb: 1960. 7, ns for ns