Shivta Architektur Und Gesellschaft Einer Byzantinischen Siedlung Im Negev

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Shivta Architektur Und Gesellschaft Einer Byzantinischen Siedlung Im Negev Shivta Architektur und Gesellschaft einer byzantinischen Siedlung im Negev Shivta Architektur und Gesellschaft einer byzantinischen Siedlung im Negev Inaugural - Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde (Dr. phil.) an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln Fachbereich Archäologie der Römischen Provinzen vorgelegt von Constanze Röhl Betreuer Prof. Dr. Th. Fischer Köln, Mai 2010 Mein Dank geht an meinen Doktorvater, Prof. Dr. Thomas Fischer. Die Erstellung meiner Doktorarbeit ist ebenso wie mein Studium an der Universität Köln durch seine fachliche Begleitung eine stets bereichernde Erfahrung gewesen. Ebenfalls möchte ich hierfür Prof. Dr. Salvatore Ortisi danken. Zwei Jahre am Deutschen Evangelischen Institut für Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes haben nicht nur durch die freundschaftliche Verbundenheit zum gesamten Team des Institutes, sondern auch durch den wissenschaftlichen Input durch Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. h.c. Dieter Vieweger meine Zeit des Forschens und Schreibens in Jerusalem zu einem unvergesslichen Aufenthalt gemacht. Meinem Team in Shivta (Mathias Grasnick, Anders Knoll, Clemens Schulze) gilt mein Dank für unermüdlichen Einsatz und eine Leistung, die in einer anderen Konstellation nicht zu bewerkstelligen gewesen wäre. Meine Freunde und Kollegen sind im In- und Ausland verstreut, und ich möchte hier nicht nur denjenigen danken, die mich vor Ort tatkräftig unterstützt haben, sondern auch allen, die dies ’auf Entfernung’ immer wieder getan haben. Meiner Familie gilt mein besonderer Dank für den grossen Rückhalt den ich stets durch sie erfahren habe. Der größte Dank gilt an dieser Stelle jedoch meinem Vater, Dr. Ekkehard Röhl, der mich vom Beginn meines Studiums an ermutigte und bestärkte. Sein ständiges großes Interesse an meiner Arbeit und seine Unterstützung trugen wesentlich zu dieser Dissertation bei. Meinem Vater gewidmet. Einleitung I Kontext I.1 Forschungsgeschichte 1 I.1.1 Ulrich Jasper Seetzen 1805 1 I.1.2 Edward Henry Palmer, 18.12.1870 2 I.1.3 Alois Musil Juli 1901 4 I.1.4 Antonin Jaussen, Raphaël Savignac, Hugo Vincent 1904 5 I.1.5 Theodor Kühtreiber März 1912 5 I.1.6 Charles Leonard Woolley, Thomas Edward Lawrence 16. - 24.01.1914 6 I.1.7 Theodor Wiegand, Carl Watzinger, Walter Bachmann 1916 11 I.1.8 Raphaël Tonneau 1926 14 I.1.9 Alexis Mallon 1929 14 I.1.10 Harris Dunscombe Colt, Colt Archaeological Expedition 1933-1938 14 I.1.11 Bellarmino Bagatti 1940er Jahre 15 I.1.12 Nelson Glueck 1954 16 I.1.13 Die Folgezeit 16 I.2 Topographie 18 I.2.1 Geographische Gegebenheiten des Negev 18 I.2.2 Geographische Gegebenheiten der Region Shivta 19 I.2.3 Moderne klimatische Gegebenheiten des Negev 20 I.2.4 Antike klimatische Gegebenheiten des Negev 20 I.3 Siedlungsgeschichte und historischer Kontext des zentralen 22 Negevgebietes I.3.1 Paläolithikum – Iron Age III 22 I.3.2 Achämenidische Epoche bis Frühe Neuzeit 24 I.3.3 Regionaler Kontext: Die byzantinischen Siedlungen des Negev 32 I.3.4 Ruheibeh/Horvat Rəhōvōt Ba-Negev/er-Ruhēb 32 I.3.5 Mamshit/ Horvat Mamšīt/Kurnūb 33 I.3.6 Eboda/Avdat/Abdeh 34 I.3.7 Nessana/Hafir el-’Auğā 35 I.3.8 Elusa/Horvat Hâlūsa/El-Halasa 35 I.3.9 Saadi/Horvat Sa’ădōn/Hirbet es-Sa’adi 36 I.4 Infrastruktur und Subsistenz 36 I.4.1 Handelsrouten 37 I.4.2 Landwirtschaft 39 I.4.3 Feldsysteme 39 I.4.4 Bauweise der Feldmauern 41 I.4.5 Funktionsweise der Feldmauern 42 I.4.6 Verfügbare Wassermenge 42 I.4.7 Datierung der Feldsysteme 43 I.4.8 Weitere Strukturen im Kontext Feldsysteme und Bewässerung 44 I.4.9 Bauweise der Teleilat El-Anab und Kiesbahnen 44 I.4.10 Datierung der Teleilat El-Anab, Kiesbahnen und Dämme 45 I.4.11 Feldtürme 45 I.4.12 Bestellung der Anbauflächen 45 I.4.13 Anbauprodukte 46 I.4.14 Antike Vergleichswerte zu den Anbauprodukten 46 I.4.15 Antike Vergleichswerte zu den Ertragsmengen 47 I.4.16 Experimentellarchäologische Vergleichswerte zu den Anbauprodukten 47 I.4.17 Organisation der agrarischen Tätigkeiten 48 I.4.18 Viehhaltung 49 I.4.19 Fazit zu Infrastruktur und Subsistenz der Region Shivta 51 I.4.20 Wasserversorgung: Ressourcen und Qualität 51 I.4.21 Quellen 52 I.4.22 Brunnen 52 I.4.23 Saisonale Regenfälle 53 I.4.24 Aquädukt 53 I.4.25 Weitere Methoden zur Wasserspeicherung 54 I.4.26 Zisternen 54 I.4.27 Form und Bauweise der Zisternen 54 I.4.28 Positionierung der Zisternen 56 I.4.29 Leitungen der Zisternen 56 I.4.30 Volumen der Zisternen 57 I.4.31 Wasserreservoirs 57 I.4.32 Wartung der Systeme zur Wasserversorgung 58 I.4.33 Datierung der Systeme zur Wasserversorgung 59 I.5 Exkurs: Nomadentum und Sesshaftigkeit 61 I.5.1 Nomadentum und Sesshaftigkeit: Definition und charakteristische 61 Prozesse I.5.2 Nomadentum und Sesshaftigkeit: Ethnographische Beispiele zu 64 charakteristischen Prozessen I.5.3 Nomadentum und Sesshaftigkeit: Ethnographische Beispiele zur 65 Behausung I.5.4 Materielle Hinterlassenschaft nomadischer Gemeinschaften: 66 Der Negev I.5.5 Materielle Hinterlassenschaft nomadischer Gemeinschaften: 67 Ethnographische Beispiele von Zeltarealen im Negevhochland I.5.6 Materielle Hinterlassenschaft nomadischer Gemeinschaften: 68 Das 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. im Negev I.5.7 Materielle Hinterlassenschaft nomadischer Gemeinschaften: 68 Strukturen der römischen– frühislamischen Epochen in der Negevwüste I.5.8 Nomadische Gemeinschaften im Umfeld Shivtas 70 II Die Siedlung 71 II.1 Oikonym 71 II.2 Herkunft des Oikonyms 72 II.3 Zum Status der Siedlung 73 II.4 Ausdehnung und Positionierung 74 II.5 Außenbezirk und Zugangsrouten 75 II.6 Layout 75 II.7 Straßenführung 76 II.8 Öffentliche Plätze 76 II.9 Chronologie 77 II.10 Fundspektrum 77 II.11 Inschriften 78 II.12 Keramik 79 II.13 Kleinfunde 80 II.14 Fazit zur Chronologie 80 II.15 Demographie und Ethnizität 80 II.16 Populationsgröße 81 II.17 Ethnizität 83 III. Die Architektur 86 III.1 Bauweise: Material und Herkunft 86 III.2 Bauweise: Mauertechnik und Verputz 86 III.3 Bauweise: Decken und Böden 87 III.4 Bauweise: Fenster, Türen, Treppen und weitere Installationen 87 III.5 Bauweise: Bauornamentik 88 III.6 Sakralbauten 90 III.7 Die Südkirche 91 III.8 Die Mittelkirche 91 III.9 Die Nordkirche 91 III.10 Eigene Forschungen: Der Baubestand 93 III.11 Terminologie 94 III.12 Klassifikation 95 III.13 Varianten 96 III.14 Strukturelle Genese der Varianten 97 III.15 Strukturelle Genese der Variante 1 97 III.16 Strukturelle Genese der Varianten 2 bis 4.1 98 III.17 Strukturelle Genese der Variante 4.2 98 III.18 Strukturelle Genese der Variante 5 99 III.19 Darstellung des Baubestandes 102 III.20 Baubestand Block 1 103 III.21 Baubestand Block 2 107 III.23 Baubestand Block 3 109 III.24 Baubestand Block 4 112 III.25 Baubestand Block 5 114 III.26 Baubestand Block 6 115 III.27 Baubestand Block 7 116 III.28 Baubestand Block 8 118 III.29 Baubestand Block 9 119 III.30 Baubestand Block 10 121 III.31 Baubestand Block 11 123 III.32 Baubestand Block 12 125 III.33 Baubestand Block 13 126 III.34 Baubestand Block 14 127 III.35 Baubestand Block 15 130 III.36 Baubestand Block 16 131 III.37 Baubestand Block 17 132 III.38 Baubestand Block 18 134 III.39 Baubestand Block 19 135 III.40 Baubestand Block 20 136 III.41 Baubestand Block 21 137 III.42 Baubestand Block 22 138 III.43 Baubestand Block 23 139 III.44 Baubestand Block 24 140 III.45 Baubestand Block 25 141 III.46 Baubestand Block 26 143 III.47 Baubestand Block 27 145 III.48 Diskussion 147 III.49 Evaluierung 149 III. 50 Horizontalstratigraphie und architektonische Details 151 III. 51 Fazit 159 Literaturverzeichnis Tafelverzeichnis Tafeln 1 - 121 Übersichtstabelle Baubestand Beilage: Gesamtplan ’ A’azem min el ’Aujeh wa el ’Abdeh má fi, illa Esbaitá a’azem minhumá ’ Beschreibung Shivtas durch örtliche Nomaden E. H. Palmer 1871 Einleitung Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die komplette Bauaufnahme und Analyse der domestischen Architektur der byzantinischen Siedlung Shivta im zentralen Hochland der israelischen Negevwüste dar. Erstmalig wird so der Baubestand eines der gesellschaftlichen Zentren der Region unter Einbezug des soziogeographischen Gesamtkontextes während dieser Epoche zur Gänze vorgelegt. Als Basis dient die Auswertung eines im April 2009 vorgenommenen Architektursurveys des aktuell erkennbaren, in den Zeithorizont des 6. bis 8. Jahrhunderts datierenden Bestandes. Dabei wurde der bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt aktuellste, im Jahr 2003 publizierte Siedlungsplan überprüft und korrigiert. Auf dieser Basis fand ebenfalls vor Ort eine Aufnahme baulicher Details sowie eine strukturelle Zuordnung von Bauschemata, Gebäudeeinheiten, Räumen und Höfen sowie Zuweisung von Funktionen statt. Der im April 2009 im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neu kartierte status quo ergab über 1.262 Räume und 141 Höfe in 27 Blöcken. 97% des Baubestandes wurden detailliert analysiert und in insgesamt 117 Gebäudeeinheiten unterschiedlicher Bauschemata, darunter 75 domestische Anlagen, 29 Wirtschaftseinheiten, zwei Gebäude offizieller Funktion sowie einen Marktbereich mit angegliederten >tabernae< und ein xenodochium eingeteilt und bezüglich der Horizontalstratigraphie der Siedlung ausgewertet. Die resultierende Fragestellung beschäftigt sich unter Einbezug sämtlicher beim aktuellen Forschungsstand bekannter Fakten soziogeographischer Aspekte sowohl mit der Genese der Bauschemata als auch der umstrittenen Chronologie der Siedlungsentwicklung im Rahmen einer kontextuellen Analyse. Dabei spielt neben der Untersuchung potentieller regionaler vorbyzantinischer architektonischer Varianten auch die vergleichende Darstellung regionaler und überregionaler zeitgleicher Phänomene in ländlich geprägten Regionen des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes eine Rolle. Die abschließende Diskussion deduziert anhand der architektonischen Charakteristika der Wohnbauten unter Einbezug des Gesamtkontextes eine Rekonstruktion lokaler gesellschaftlicher Strukturen. Hierbei wird vor allem der bislang in der Forschung nicht untersuchte Aspekt einer Koexistenz nomadischer, semi-nomadischer und sesshafter Bevölkerungsanteile in derselben Lokalität sowie deren Fluktuation aufgrund alternierender Phasen von Sesshaftigkeit und Nomadentum als prominentes Merkmal beachtet. Die aus diesem Umstand resultierenden strukturellen Reminiszenzen der architektonischen Varianten an unterschiedliche gesellschaftliche Kontexte zeigen eine markante Präsenz der indigenen Prägung.
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