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The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: the Case of Industry
The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner, University of Mannheim, Germany Prof. Dr. Christoph Buchheim Dr. Jonas Scherner Chair of Economic History Seminar of Economic and Social History University of Mannheim University of Mannheim L 7,3-5 L7, 3-5 D-68131 Mannheim D-68131 Mannheim Germany Germany e-Mail: [email protected] e-Mail: [email protected] The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry Abstract. Private property in the industry of the Third Reich is often considered a mere formal provision without much substance. However, that is not correct, because firms, despite the rationing and licensing activities of the state, still had ample scope to devise their own production and investment patterns. Even regarding war-related projects freedom of contract was generally respected and, instead of using power, the state offered firms a bundle of contract options to choose from. There were several motives behind this attitude of the regime, among them the conviction that private property provided important incentives for increasing efficiency. I. The Nazi regime did not have any scruples to apply force and terror, if that was judged useful to attain its aims. And in economic policy it did not abstain from numerous regulations and interventions in markets, in order to further rearmament and autarky as far as possible. Thus the regime, by promulgating Schacht’s so-called “New Plan” in 1934, very much strengthened its influence on foreign exchange as well as on raw materials’ allocation, in order to enforce state priorities. -
Mennonite Life
MENNONITE LIFEJUNE 1991 In this Issue The Mennonite encounter with National Socialism in the 1930s and 1940s remains a troubling event in Mennonite history, even as the memory of World War II and the Holocaust continue to sear the conscience of Western civilization. How could such evil happen? How could people of good will be so compromised? Mennonites have been a people of two kingdoms. Their loyalty to Christ’s kingdom has priority, but they also believe and confess, in the words of the Dortrecht Confession (1632) that “ God has ordained power and authority, and set them to punish the evil, and protect the good, to govern the world, and maintain countries and cities with their subjects in good order and regulation.” The sorting out of heavenly and worldly allegiances has never been simple. Rulers in all times and places, from Phillip II in the Spanish Netherlands to George Bush in the Persian Gulf region, have claimed to fulfill a divine mandate. In his time Adolf Hitler offered protection from anarchy and from communism. There should be no surprise that some Mennonites, especially recent victims of Russian Communism, found the National Socialist program attractive. In this issue three young Mennonite scholars, all of whom researched their topics in work toward master’s degrees, examine the Mennonite response to National Socialism in three countries: Paraguay, Germany, and Canada. John D. Thiesen, archivist at Mennonite Library and Archives at Bethel College, recounts the story as it unfolded in Paraguay. This article is drawn from his thesis completed at Wichita State University in 1990. -
Bbm:978-3-322-95484-8/1.Pdf
Anmerkungen Vgl. hierzu: Winfried Steffani, Monistische oder pluralistische Demokratie?, in: Günter Doeker, Winfried Steffani (Hrsg.), Klassenjustiz und Pluralismus. Festschrift ftir Ernst Fraenkel, Ham burg 1973, S. 482-514, insb. S. 503. 2 Da es im folgenden um die Untersuchung eines speziellen Ausschnittes des bundesdeutschen Regierungssystems geht, kann unter dem Aspekt arbeitsteiliger Wissenschaft auf die Entwick lung eines eigenständigen ausgewiesenen Konzepts parlamentarischer Herrschaft verzichtet werden. Grundlegend ftir diese Untersuchung ist die von Winfried Steffani entwickelte Parla mentarismustheorie, vgl. zuletzt: ders., Parlamentarische und präsidentielle Demokratie, Opla den 1979, S. 160-163. 3 Steffani, Parlamentarische und präsidenticlle Demokratie, a.a.O., S. 92f. 4 Theodor Eschenburg, Zur politischen Praxis in der Bundesrepublik, Bd. 1, 2. überarbeitete und mit Nachträgen versehene Auflage, München 1967, Vorwort, S. 10. 5 Zur Bedeutung des Amtsgedankens für die politische Theorie vgl. Wilhelm Hennis, Amtsgedanke und Demokratiebegriff, in: ders., Die mißverstandene Demokratie, Freiburg im Breisgau 1973, S.9-25. 6 Ein Amtseid für Parlamentspräsidenten, so wie er von Wolfgang Härth gefordert wird, würde dieser Verpflichtung des Bundestagspräsidenten öffentlichen Ausdruck verleihen und sie damit zusätzlich unterstreichen. Eine Vereidigung des Bundestagspräsidenten wäre schon allein aus diesem Grunde sinnvoll und erforderlich. Vgl. Wolfgang Härth, Parlamentspräsidenten und Amtseid, in: Zeitschrift ftir Parlamentsfragen, Jg. 11 (1980), S. 497·503. 7 Vgl. Aristoteles, Nikomachische Ethik, übersetzt und herausgegeben von Franz Dirlmeier, 5. Aufl. Berlin (Akademie-Verlag) 1969, 1094b (S. 6f): "Die Darlegung wird dann befriedigen, wenn sie jenen Klarheitsgrad erreicht, den der gegebene Stoff gestattet. Der Exaktheitsanspruch darf nämlich nicht bei allen wissenschaftlichen Problemen in gleicher Weise erhoben werden " 8 Vgl. als Kritik aus neuerer Zeit z. -
The Complex Dynamics Between German Citizens and Turkish Immigrants
The Complex Dynamics between German Citizens and Turkish Immigrants Jesse Jones, West Texas A&M University abstract: This article examines the latest immigration trends into Western Europe, particularly the immigration of Turks to Ger- many. The origins of Turkish immigration and German immigration law are reviewed. Turkey’s bid for European Union membership is examined historically and opinions about how this potential European Union member has caused controversy and how Turkey could change the face of the European Union will be discussed. Attitudes of German citizens toward immigrants are examined using data from the European Values Survey (EVS). Tests show that religion and possibly education level play a role in determining the attitude of German citizens toward immigrants, the majority of whom are Turkish. Introduction1 Turkey in particular, but will also examine attitudes to- ward Turkey’s proposed ascension as a member state of Immigration has always raised concerns for sovereign the European Union itself. If accepted, Turkey would dra- states. Among these concerns: immigrants may refuse matically alter the demography of the European Union to assimilate, they may decrease the standard of living, and redefine what it means to be European. crime rates might increase, or they may take jobs away from non-immigrant citizens. One famous focal point of these concerns is along the southern border of the History of Turkish Immigration, German United States and Mexico, but in other areas of the world Immigration Laws, and Reform immigration is just as controversial an issue as it is on the North American Continent. As the twentieth century progressed, incentives for in- Western Europe has been experiencing an immigra- creased immigration to Europe began to be felt in the tion surge, primarily individuals from underdeveloped Middle East and in Turkey. -
Lviv HISTORIA
Lviv HISTORIA Panorama of Lviv, 1616. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lwow_1.jpg Lviv was founded by the king of Rus – Daniel Halicki around 1250 and named after his son Lion. In the years 1349–1370 was a part of the Kingdom of Poland, 1370– 1387, part of the Kingdom of Hungary, from 1387 to 1772 again part of the Kingdom of Poland, from 1772-1918 part of Austrian Monarchy, from 1918 to 1939 part of Second Republic of Poland. Pre-war Lviv was one of the most beautiful cities in Poland and the third largest in terms of population. In the interwar period it was the capital of the Lviv province, and its population was estimated at about 350,000. Panorama of Lviv Source: http://grafik.rp.pl/g4a/913622,477579,9.jpg The first mention of Jewish settlement in Lviv comes from the end of XIV century. The Jewish Community in Lviv was one of the oldest and most important in Polish-Jewish history. In the last census before World War II more than 24 000 out of about 100 000 Jews in Lviv declared Polish as their native language. It was the largest assimilated group in the country. Lviv Market, 1938 Source: Biblioteka Narodowa The outbreak of war on September 1, 1939, marked the beginning of an irreversible demographic change. The Soviet and German occupation and the post-war change of Poland's borders caused that Lviv lost an estimated 80% of its inhabitants. Scheindl-Charlotte Kohn recalls Lviv from her childhood before the outbreak of World War II: "I remember that, first of all, the Ruska street was a busystreet then, much more than now. -
2 Patterns of Immigration in Germany and Japan
Thesis ETHNIC NATION-STATES AT THE CROSSROADS Institutions, Political Coalitions, and Immigration Policies in Germany and Japan Submitted by Jan Patrick Seidel Graduate School of Public Policy In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree Master of Public Policy The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan Summer 2015 Advisor: Kentarō Maeda Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor Kentarō Maeda for the direction and advice in writing my thesis. I would also like to thank Chisako Kaga, my family and friends in Germany and Japan for the unconditional emotional support. Finally, I would like to thank the University of Tokyo for the financial assistance that made my stay in Japan possible. 誠にありがとうございました！ Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... II ABBREVIATION INDEX .......................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5 1. THEORIES OF IMMIGRATION POLICY-MAKING AND THE CASES OF GERMANY AND JAPAN .................................................................................................................12 1.1 Theoretical and methodological considerations .....................................12 1.1.1 Three theory streams of immigration and integration policy-making ..12 1.1.2 -
The Evolution of German Media Coverage of Migration
The Evolution of German Media Coverage of Migration Gualtiero Zambonini Commissioner for Integration Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR) The Migration Policy Institute is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit think tank dedicated to the study of the movement of people worldwide. About the Transatlantic Council on Migration This paper was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration for its meeting held in May 2009 in Bellagio, Italy. The meeting’s theme was “Public Opinion, Media Coverage, and Migration” and this paper was one of several that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council is an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute undertaken in cooperation with its policy partner, the Bertelsmann Stiftung. The Council is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www.migrationpolicy.org/transatlantic © 2009 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www.migrationpolicy.org. Permission for reproducing excerpts from this report should be directed to: Permissions Department, Migration Policy Institute, 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting [email protected] Suggested citation: Zambonini, Gualtiero. 2009. The Evolution of German Media Coverage of Migration. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. I. Executive Summary The German media has helped reinforce the image of immigrants as “foreigners” and “aliens” — sometimes even in exaggerated terms — since the first guest workers came to Germany in the 1950s and 1960s. -
A REVIEW by Thomas F. Mcdaniel.1 of WILLIAM F. ALBRIGHT's
A REVIEW by Thomas F. McDaniel.1 of WILLIAM F. ALBRIGHT’S HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND CHRISTIAN HUMANISM 2 The scholarly contributions of William F. Albright need no introduction. To the contrary, they have been widely recognized and acclaimed in the United States, Europe and Israel. In the past twenty years, Albright has received twenty honorary doctorates from such universities as Harvard, Yale, Hebrew Union College, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Saint Andrews University, the University of Oslo, the University of Uppsala, etc. He is one of three humanistic scholars ever to have been elected to the American Academy of Sciences. Albright*s first scholarly paper appeared in the Orientalistiche Literaturseitung in 1913, and they have poured forth ever since. The bib- liography of Albright*s works (including books, articles, reports, and book reviews) listed at the end of the Albright Festschrift, (entitled, The Bible and the Ancient Near East, edited by G. Ernest Wright) is a list of over 825 published scholarly contributions which appeared between 1911 and 1958. The present book under review is the first in a series of books to be published by McGraw-Hill which will (1) gather together previously published articles which are now 1 This review was published in 1966 in Seisho to Shingaku, which was the journal of the College of Theology of Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, Japan. 2 New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, ix/ 342 pages. 2 BOOK REVIEW thoroughly revised, annotated, and indexed, and (2) present the results of Albright’s continuing research and writing. This first volume includes fifteen selected lectures, essays and review articles—three of which have never been published before. -
Third Migration Mirjam Karoly
PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA | HISTORY ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EUROPE THIRD 7.0 MIGRATION Third Migration Mirjam Karoly Migration in the Course of Recruiting “Foreign Workers” | Going West – The Fall of the Iron Curtain | Looking for Political Asylum – Migration since the Mid-90s | Fleeing War in Former Yugoslavia | Being a Migrant in a Foreign Country After the first appearance of Roma in Europe and the wave of emigration after slavery was abolished in Romania (“Second Migration”, around 1850), the last migratory movement of Roma from Eastern to Western Europe took place in the second half of the 20th century. This “third migration” has to be considered in connection with external factors: war, political changes and the resulting economic crises made many people leave their country of origin; in the Roma’s case, massive racism and discrimination in all areas of everyday life have to be added. THE NETHERLANDS 1 SWEDEN REFUGEES FROM HUNGARY IN 1956 MAIN ROUTES OF THE During the Hungarian Uprising in 1956, 150.000 peo- GERMANY ple fled Hungary, among them many Roma, particularly GRAT BRITAIN RD 3 MIGRATION Lovara families, who were received mainly in Austria. Ill. 1 FOREIgn WORKERS, 2 1960s AND 1970s Yugoslavian Roma, mostly from the poorer regions of FRANCE Serbia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina emigrated to Western Europe, the AUSTRIA strongest migration taking place in Italy, Austria, Ger- SWITZERLAND many, France, and the Netherlands. USA 1 3 HUngARY ROMANIA REFUGEES FROM 3 ROMANIA, 1990-1995 ITALY ASYLUM-SEEKERS FROM 4 BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA, 1991-1995 4,2 Ten thousand Roma fled the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina BOSNIA SERBIA from 1991 to 1995, and demanded political asylum in Aust- 2 ria, Italy, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland. -
Research Notes Naming Differences in Divided Germany
Research Notes 2005 8 Naming Differences in Divided Germany Denis Huschka Jürgen Gerhards Gert G. Wagner IMPRESSUM © DIW Berlin, 2005 DIW Berlin Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Königin-Luise-Str. 5 14195 Berlin Tel. +49 (30) 897 89-0 Fax +49 (30) 897 89-200 www.diw.de ISSN 1860-2185 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Abdruck oder vergleichbare Verwendung von Arbeiten des DIW Berlin ist auch in Auszügen nur mit vorheriger schriftlicher Genehmigung gestattet. Research Notes 8 Denis Huschka * Jürgen Gerhards ** Gert G. Wagner *** Naming Differences in Divided Germany Berlin, December 2005 * Free University of Berlin and DIW Berlin, SOEP, [email protected] ** Free University of Berlin, [email protected] *** Berlin University of Technology (TUB), DIW Berlin, SOEP, IZA Bonn, [email protected] Research Notes 8 Contents Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2 Hypotheses on naming differences between East and West Germany........................... 2 2.1 Ideologies, societies and naming ................................................................................... 3 2.2 Role models, reference points and the media ................................................................ 3 3 The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) ......................................................... 6 4 Naming practices in East and West Germany.................................................................. 8 4.1 Individualization -
H-Diplo ROUNDTABLE XXI-14
H-Diplo ROUNDTABLE XXI-14 Edith Sheffer, Asperger’s Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna. New York: W.W. Norton, 2018. ISBN: 9780393609646. 15 November 2019 | https://hdiplo.org/to/RT21-14 Roundtable Editors: Daniel Steinmetz-Jenkins and Diane Labrosse | Production Editor: George Fujii Contents Introduction by Benjamin P. Hein, Brown University, Samuel Clowes Huneke, George Mason University, and Michelle Lynn Kahn, University of Richmond .........................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Review by Kathryn Brackney, Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies ............................................................................................5 Review by David Freis, University of Münster .......................................................................................................................................................................8 Review by Dagmar Herzog, Graduate Center, City University of New York .................................................................................................... 11 Response by Edith Sheffer, University of California, Berkeley ................................................................................................................................... 14 H-Diplo Roundtable XXI-14 Introduction by Benjamin P. Hein, Brown University, Samuel Clowes Huneke, George Mason University, and Michelle Lynn Kahn, -
Restructuring the US Military Bases in Germany Scope, Impacts, and Opportunities
B.I.C.C BONN INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR CONVERSION . INTERNATIONALES KONVERSIONSZENTRUM BONN report4 Restructuring the US Military Bases in Germany Scope, Impacts, and Opportunities june 95 Introduction 4 In 1996 the United States will complete its dramatic post-Cold US Forces in Germany 8 War military restructuring in ● Military Infrastructure in Germany: From Occupation to Cooperation 10 Germany. The results are stag- ● Sharing the Burden of Defense: gering. In a six-year period the A Survey of the US Bases in United States will have closed or Germany During the Cold War 12 reduced almost 90 percent of its ● After the Cold War: bases, withdrawn more than contents Restructuring the US Presence 150,000 US military personnel, in Germany 17 and returned enough combined ● Map: US Base-Closures land to create a new federal state. 1990-1996 19 ● Endstate: The Emerging US The withdrawal will have a serious Base Structure in Germany 23 affect on many of the communi- ties that hosted US bases. The US Impact on the German Economy 26 military’syearly demand for goods and services in Germany has fal- ● The Economic Impact 28 len by more than US $3 billion, ● Impact on the Real Estate and more than 70,000 Germans Market 36 have lost their jobs through direct and indirect effects. Closing, Returning, and Converting US Bases 42 Local officials’ ability to replace those jobs by converting closed ● The Decision Process 44 bases will depend on several key ● Post-Closure US-German factors. The condition, location, Negotiations 45 and type of facility will frequently ● The German Base Disposal dictate the possible conversion Process 47 options.