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Sources of Fluids and Salinity in Shallow Ground Water

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Sources of Fluids and Salinity in Shallow Ground Water SOURCES OF FLUIDS AND SALINITY IN SHALLOW GROUND WATER NEAR NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION WELD, ADAMS, AND BOULDER COUNTIES, COLORADO A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Geological Sciences By Joshua G. Sargent 2014 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Stephen Osborn for his knowledge, guidance and support; this project would not have been completed without his contribution. I would also like to acknowledge the supporting faculty of the Geological Sciences Department, whom provided me with guidance, insight, and encouragement. I am grateful for the Sustainable Research Network grant provided from the National Science Foundation, which funded this research project. Additional acknowledgement is given to the Aqueous Geochemistry and Hydrogeology laboratory at the Department of Geological Sciences of California Polytechnic University Pomona where a large portion of this research took place. Further acknowledgment is given to the Environmental Isotope laboratory in the Geological Sciences Department of the University of Arizona, where isotopic analyses took place. I owe my deepest gratitude to my fiancé, family, and friends for giving me the love, support, and encouragement along this journey. I would like to acknowledge and thank my field and laboratory assistants and fellow collaborators: Patrick Scott Thomas and Joshua Park of California Polytechnic University Pomona, and Jessica DeHart of the University of Colorado Boulder and her assistant Kyra Reumann-Moore. iii ABSTRACT Higher energy demand and a desire for energy independence have increased natural gas extraction across the U.S. as well as environmental concerns. However, there is little publically available water quality data addressing these concerns. To address this knowledge gap, in part, a research study was conducted to understand basic water quality and the source(s) of salinity (a common by-product of petroleum wells) and fluids in shallow groundwater of the Denver-Julesburg Basin of Colorado where there is and has been extensive oil/gas production. Forty domestic groundwater, one precipitation, and nine surface water samples were collected in Adams, Boulder, and Weld counties, Colorado. Samples were analyzed for salinity (chloride and bromide), nitrate, fluoride, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes to understand the source of fluids and salinity. The sampled wells extract water from aquifers overlying the deep Niobrara formation, a target of the recent oil and gas exploration and production boom of northern Colorado. The depth of these sampled wells ranged from 20 to over 800 feet, likely producing from the alluvial, Arapahoe, and Laramie-Foxhills aquifers of the northern part of the Denver Basin. Results indicate that fluids in shallow groundwaters within the study area are largely meteoric in origin from mountain front recharge, and are possibly influenced by evaporation. Salinity is also largely influenced by surface inputs, but there may be some evidence for impacts associated with the proximity of oil/gas wells. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Sisgnature Page .................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. iii Abstract ........................................................................................................ iv List of TablesS ..................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ...................................................................................................... viii List of Equations ................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Salinity Overview ...................................................................................... 1 Identifying Sources of Salinity ........................................................................ 5 Evaporation of Seawater ................................................................................ 7 1.2 Environmental Isotope Chemistry ............................................................ 9 1.3 Exploration within the Study Area .......................................................... 12 1.4 Drilling and Production Techniques ........................................................ 13 1.5 Possible Flow Paths ............................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Geologic Setting ............................................................................. 19 2.1 Front Range History ............................................................................... 20 2.2 Denver-Julesburg Basin ......................................................................... 21 2.3 Petroleum System .................................................................................. 23 Conventional Reservoirs .............................................................................. 23 Unconventional Reservoirs .......................................................................... 23 2.4 Muddy “J” and “D” Sandstones .............................................................. 26 2.5 Niobrara Formation and Codell Sandstone ............................................ 29 Fort Hays Limestone Member ...................................................................... 30 Smokey Hill Member .................................................................................... 31 2.6 Shallow Groundwater Aquifers ............................................................... 31 Unconsolidated Alluvial Aquifers .................................................................. 32 Denver Formation ......................................................................................... 32 Arapahoe Formation ..................................................................................... 33 Laramie-Fox Hills Formation ........................................................................ 33 v 2.7 Wrench Fault System ............................................................................. 34 2.8 Purpose of this Study ............................................................................. 34 Chapter 3: Methods ......................................................................................... 36 3.1 Sampling Procedures and Field Analyses .............................................. 38 3.2 Laboratory Analyses of Groundwater ..................................................... 38 Chapter 4: Results ........................................................................................... 42 4.1 Field Parameters of Waters .................................................................... 42 4.2 Laboratory Analytical Results of Waters ................................................ 43 Chapter 5: Discussion ...................................................................................... 48 5.1 Field Parameter Analyses ...................................................................... 48 5.2 O/H Isotopes – Source of fluids .............................................................. 49 5.3 Salinity .................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 6: Conclusions .................................................................................... 65 6.1 Future Work ............................................................................................ 65 References ....................................................................................................... 67 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Classification of Water Based on Salinity ........................................ 3 Table 2 Physical Properties ........................................................................ 40 Table 3 Field Measurements....................................................................... 44 Table 4 Laboratory Data ............................................................................. 46 Table 5 GIS Data ........................................................................................ 60 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Colorado State Map Overview ......................................................... 2 Figure 2 Seawater Evaporation Trends ......................................................... 8 Figure 3 Generalized Stable Isotopes .......................................................... 11 Figure 4a Hydraulic Fracturing Drilling Conceptual Model ............................. 16 Figure 4b Fluid Migration Pathways During Hydrualic Fracturing ......................... 16 Figure 5 Western Interior Seaway ................................................................ 20 Figure 6 Colorado State Geologic Map ........................................................ 22 Figure 7 Colorado Sedimentary Aquifer Basin Map ..................................... 24 Figure 8 Stratigraphic Section of Rock Units in the Denver Basin. .............. 28 Figure 9 Shallow Ground Water, Surface Water, and Precipitation sample locations within the study area ....................................................... 37 Figure 10 Isotopic signatures of sampled water in the Denver Basin ............ 51 Figure 11 Chloride and Bromide Concentration
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