ECS 455 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3 Spectrum Allocation
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1 prapun.com/ecs455 Friday 9:15-10:15 Electromagnetic Spectrum 3 MHz 3 GHz
100 m 10 cm
[Gosling , 1999, Fig 1.1 and 1.2] c f 310m/s 8 Wavelength Frequency
2 [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/585825/3697/Commercially-exploited-bands-of-the-radio-frequency-spectrum] Radio-frequency spectrum Commercially exploited bands
cf Note that the freq. bands are
8 given in decades; the VHF band 310m/s Wavelength has 10 times as much frequency 3 Frequency space as the HF band. Cellular Bands Cellular phone networks worldwide use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum designated as ultra high frequency (UHF) (300 MHz to 3 GHz) The UHF band is also used for television, GPS, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth transmission. Due to historical reasons, radio frequencies used for cellular networks differ in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Frequency bands that are currently identified for IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications) in all three ITU Regions: 450 – 470 MHz Additional frequency bands identified for IMT on a Regional or National basis: 790 – 960 MHz • 698-790 MHz (Region 2) 1710 – 2025 MHz • 610 – 790 MHz (9 countries in Region 3: Bangladesh, China, Rep. of 2110 – 2200 MHz Korea, India, Japan, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Singapore.) 2300 – 2400 MHz • 3400 – 3600 MHz (Over 80 Administrations in Region 1 plus 9 in 2500 – 2690 MHz Region 3 including India, China, Japan and Rep. of Korea).
4 [ https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/tech/MobileCommunications/Spectrum-IMT.pdf ] ITU Regions The ITU divides the world into three ITU regions for the purposes of managing the global radio spectrum.
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
5 FDD and TDD LTE frequency bands FDD LTE frequency band allocations TDD LTE frequency band allocations WIDTH OF DUPLEX LTE BA ND BAND GAP UPLINK (MHZ) DOWNLINK (MHz ) BA ND SPACING NUMBER (MHZ) LTE BA ND ALLOCATION WIDTH OF (MHZ) (MHZ) NUMBER (MHZ) BA ND (MHZ) 1 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170 60 190 130 2 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990 60 80 20 33 1900 - 1920 20 3 1710 - 1785 1805 -1880 75 95 20 34 2010 - 2025 15 4 1710 - 1755 2110 - 2155 45 400 355 35 1850 - 1910 60 5 824 - 849 869 - 894 25 45 20 36 1930 - 1990 60 6 830 - 840 875 - 885 10 35 25 37 1910 - 1930 20 7 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 70 120 50 38 2570 - 2620 50 8 880 - 915 925 - 960 35 45 10 39 1880 - 1920 40 9 1749.9 - 1784.9 1844.9 - 1879.9 35 95 60 40 2300 - 2400 100 10 1710 - 1770 2110 - 2170 60 400 340 41 2496 - 2690 194 11 1427.9 - 1452.9 1475.9 - 1500.9 20 48 28 42 3400 - 3600 200 12 698 - 716 728 - 746 18 30 12 43 3600 - 3800 200 13 777 - 787 746 - 756 10 -31 41 44 703 - 803 100 14 788 - 798 758 - 768 10 -30 40 15 1900 - 1920 2600 - 2620 20 700 680 16 2010 - 2025 2585 - 2600 15 575 560 17 704 - 716 734 - 746 12 30 18 18 815 - 830 860 - 875 15 45 30 19 830 - 845 875 - 890 15 45 30 20 832 - 862 791 - 821 30 -41 71 21 1447.9 - 1462.9 1495.5 - 1510.9 15 48 33 22 3410 - 3500 3510 - 3600 90 100 10 23 2000 - 2020 2180 - 2200 20 180 160 24 1625.5 - 1660.5 1525 - 1559 34 -101.5 135.5 25 1850 - 1915 1930 - 1995 65 80 15 26 814 - 849 859 - 894 30 / 40 10 27 807 - 824 852 - 869 17 45 28 28 703 - 748 758 - 803 45 55 10 29 n/a 717 - 728 11 30 2305 - 2315 2350 - 2360 10 45 35 31 452.5 - 457.5 462.5 - 467.5 5 10 5 6 [http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-frequency-spectrum.php] Spectrum Allocation Spectral resource is limited. Most countries have government agencies responsible for allocating and controlling the use of the radio spectrum. Commercial spectral allocation is governed globally by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) is responsible for radio communication. in the U.S. by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in Europe by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in Thailand by the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC; คณะกรรมการกจการกระจายเสิ ยงี กจการโทรทิ ศนั ์และกจการิ โทรคมนาคมแห่งชาต ิ ; กสทช.) Blocks of spectrum are now commonly assigned through spectral auctions to the highest bidder.
7 2016
8 [ https://www.ntia.doc.gov/category/spectrum-management ] Thailand Freq. Allocations
[ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzD-L24vg4U ] 9 ตารางกาหนดคลํ นความถื่ แหี่ ่งชาติ
10 [ nbtc.go.th/spectrum_management/แผนแม่บท/ตารางกาหนดคลํ ่ืนความถ่แหี ่งชาต.ิ aspx ] National Table of Frequency Allocation
11 [ nbtc.go.th/spectrum_management/แผนแม่บท/ตารางกาหนดคลํ ่ืนความถ่แหี ่งชาต.ิ aspx ] Thailand Freq. Allocations Chart
12 http://www.ntc.or.th/uploadfiles/freq_chart_thai.htm Spectrum Allocation Spectrum is a scarce resource. “Radio spectrum will be the first of our finite resources to run out, long before oil, gas or mineral deposits.” Spectrum is allocated in “chunks” in frequency domain. “Chunks” are licensed to (cellular/wireless) operators. Within a single cellular operator, the chunk is further divided into many channels. Each channel has its own band of frequency. Mobile networks based on different standards may use the same “frequency chunk”. For example, AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS and IS-95 all use the 800 MHz “frequency chunk”. This is achieved by the use of different channels. 13 Oct 2012: Thailand 2.1GHz Auction 4.5bn baht per license (freq chunk) 1 license (chunk) = 5 MHz (UL) + 5 MHz (DL) 450 million baht per MHz 30 million baht per MHz per year
14 Nov 2015: Thailand 1800MHz Auction 40bn baht 15 MHz (UL) + 15 MHz (DL) 1.3 billion baht per MHz 74 million baht per MHz per year ( 2.5)
(15 years) (18 years)
15 Dec 2015: Thailand 900MHz Auction 76bn baht 10 MHz (UL) + 10 MHz (DL) 3.8 billion baht per MHz 250 million baht per MHz per year ( 3)
Nov 2015 Dec 2015 18 years 15 years
(forfeit)
16 Interesting Book Spectrum Wars: The Policy and Technology Debate
“Designed to help you ensure that your company wins the battle for the spectrum, this text maps out the strategies required for structuring entry and operations in the spectrum. It offers advice on how to master the lobbying, technical, regulatory, [Manner, 2003] legal and political tools needed for success.”
17 ECS 455 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.4 Unlicensed bands
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18 prapun.com/ecs455 Friday 9:15-10:15 Unlicensed bands Frequency bands that are free to use according to a specific set of etiquette rules. The purpose of these unlicensed bands is to encourage innovation and low-cost implementation. Many extremely successful wireless systems operate in unlicensed bands, including wireless LANs, Bluetooth, and cordless phones. Major difficulty: If many unlicensed devices in the same band are used in close proximity, they generate much interference to each other, which can make the band unusable.
19 Unlicensed bands (2) Unlicensed spectrum is allocated by the governing body within a given country. Often countries try to match their frequency allocation for unlicensed use so that technology developed for that spectrum is compatible worldwide. The following table shows the unlicensed spectrum allocations in the U.S. (ISM = Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) 900 MHz 2.4 GHz 5.8 GHz 5 GHz 5 GHz 5.8 GHz 20 (U-NII = Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) [TseViswanath, 2005, Section 4.1] Licensed vs. Unlicensed Spectra Licensed Unlicensed Typically nationwide. For experimental systems and to Over a period of a few years. aid development of new wireless From the spectrum regulatory technologies. agency. Bandwidth is very expensive. Very cheap to transmit on. No hard constraints on the power There is a maximum power transmitted within the licensed constraint over the entire spectrum but the power is spectrum. expected to decay rapidly outside. Provide immunity from any kind Have to deal with interference. of interference outside of the 21 system itself. Ex. Wi-Fi Standards 802.11a/b/g/n operate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11n optionally supporting the 5 GHz band. The new 802.11ac standard mandates operation only in the 5 GHz band. 2.4 GHz band is susceptible to greater interference from crowded legacy Wi-Fi devices as well as many household devices. The 5 GHz band has relatively reduced interference and there are a greater number of nonoverlapping channels available (25 non-overlapping channels in US) compared to the 2.4 GHz band (3 non-overlapping channels in the US).
22 Section 17.4.6.3 (Channel Numbering of operating channels) of the IEEE Std 802.11 (2012) states “In a multiple cell network topology, overlapping and/or adjacent cells using different channels can operate simultaneously without interference if the distance between the center frequencies is at least 25 MHz.”
23 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11] 5 GHz Band Channels
24 Unlicensed 60 GHz Frequency Band A lot of bandwidth available
Worldwide spectrum availability
Even for the smallest allocation, there is more than 3 GHz of bandwidth available, and most regions allow use of at least 7 GHz. In comparison, the 5 GHz unlicensed band has about 500 MHz of total usable bandwidth. The 2.4 GHz band has less than 85 MHz of bandwidth in most
25 regions. ECS 455 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.5 LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
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26 prapun.com/ecs455 Friday 9:15-10:15 LTE in unlicensed spectrum The use of the 4G LTE radio communications technology in unlicensed spectrum, such as the 5 GHz band already populated by Wi-Fi devices.
(400 MHz – 3.8 GHz)
LTE
(5 GHz)
27 LTE Unlicensed has Multiple Flavors LTE in unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U) Based on 3GPP Rel. 12 Target early mobile operators deployments in USA, Korea and India License Assisted Access (LAA) Defined in 3GPP Rel. 13 as part of LTE Advanced Pro Target deployments in Europe, Japan, & beyond.
28 LTE-U: Controversy June 2015: Google sent the FCC a protest August 2015: the Wi-Fi Alliance also voiced opposition The technical concern with LTE-U is that LTE is a “rude” technology. WiFi includes a “politeness protocol” that LTE lacks. WiFi will back off if it senses interference from other users. Eventually rude LTE operating in WiFi’s polite bands could take over the band.
29 LAA: Fair Wi-Fi coexistence
“A better neighbor to Wi-Fi than Wi-Fi itself ”
30