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The Complex Foraging Strategy of the Specialised Gall Fly Urophora Cardui (Diptera

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The Complex Foraging Strategy of the Specialised Gall Fly Urophora Cardui (Diptera The complex foraging strategy of the specialised gall fly Urophora cardui (Diptera: Tephritidae) for host plants (Cirsium arvense, Asteraceae) Wiltrud Daniels The complex foraging strategy of the specialised gall fly Urophora cardui (Diptera: Tephritidae) for host plants (Cirsium arvense, Asteraceae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. – der Fakultät Biologie/Chemie/Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth Vorgelegt von Wiltrud Daniels Bayreuth, Mai 2004 Damit das Mögliche entsteht, muss immer wieder das Unmögliche versucht werden. Hermann Hesse ...meinen Eltern und meinem Mann gewidmet Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit zwischen Mai 2001 und Juni 2004 am Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie unter Prof. Dr. Erwin Beck angefertigt. Gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft im Rahmen des Graduiertenkollegs 678 „Ökologische Bedeutung von Wirk- und Signalstoffen bei Insekten – von der Struktur zur Funktion“. Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Biologie/Chemie/Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.). Tag der Einreichung: 02.06.2004 Tag des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums: 27.08.2004 1. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Erwin Beck 2. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Helmut Zwölfer Prüfungsausschuss Prof. Dr. Ewald Komor (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Konrad Fiedler Prof. Dr. Carl Beierkuhnlein Dissertation als PDF-Datei verfügbar Dissertation available as PDF-file Kontakt: [email protected] ERKLÄRUNG ZUR FORM DER ARBEIT UND ZUM EIGENANTEIL AN DEN EINZELNEN KAPITELN............................................................................................................................................ 4 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 6 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 7 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................... 11 2 LIFE HISTORY OF UROPHORA CARDUI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ........................ 18 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Life history theory ......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Biology of the study system............................................................................................ 20 2.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Origin of plants and flies, general rearing.................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Investigation of life history parameters......................................................................... 30 2.2.3 Statistics......................................................................................................................... 30 2.3 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................31 2.3.1 Weight at eclosure......................................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Weight at the time of death............................................................................................ 32 2.3.3 Head capsule width ....................................................................................................... 33 2.3.4 Relationships between these measures of individual size.............................................. 34 2.3.5 Longevity of males and females..................................................................................... 35 2.3.6 Emergence rate.............................................................................................................. 36 2.4 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 39 2.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 40 2.6 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 41 3 BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF UROPHORA CARDUI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN RELATION TO THE HOST PLANT CIRSIUM ARVENSE (ASTERACEAE) .......................... 47 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 47 3.1.1 Definitions of the behavioural traits performed by U. cardui....................................... 48 3.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 52 3.2.1 Origin of plants and flies, general rearing.................................................................... 52 3.2.2 Behavioural experiments............................................................................................... 53 3.3 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................54 3.3.1 Behaviour on unmodified thistles .................................................................................. 54 3.3.2 Behaviour on modified plants........................................................................................ 64 3.4 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 75 3.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 77 3.6 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 77 4 THE HOST PLANT RECOGNITION AND THE DECISION-TIME OF UROPHORA CARDUI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN A STAND OF DIFFERENT PLANTS..................... 81 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 81 4.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 83 4.2.1 Origin of plants and flies, general rearing.................................................................... 83 4.2.2 Experiments analysing the host plant recognition and the decision-time of U. cardui. 84 4.3 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................87 4.3.1 General observations .................................................................................................... 87 4.3.2 Selection of different types of thistles ............................................................................ 88 4.3.3 Selection for different patch sizes.................................................................................. 89 4.3.4 The time needed to decide on a certain host plant ........................................................ 90 4.4 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 93 4.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 95 4.6 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 95 5 HOW DO MALES AND FEMALES OF THE SPECIALIZED GALL FLY UROPHORA CARDUI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) SELECT FOR A PARTICULAR SUITABLE HOST PLANT? ............................................................................................................................................. 100 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 100 5.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 102 5.2.1 Origin of plants and flies, general rearing.................................................................. 102 5.2.2 Morphological characters of thistles selected for oviposition .................................... 103 5.2.3 Experiments in the wind tunnel ................................................................................... 104 5.3 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 109 5.3.1 Morphological characters of thistles selected for oviposition .................................... 109 5.3.2 Ability to distinguish between a host and a non host plant ......................................... 112 5.3.3 Visual and olfactory detection versus positive control................................................ 113 5.3.4 Additional olfactorial experiments.............................................................................. 114 5.3.5 Influence of the marking substance of the males......................................................... 115 5.4 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 116 5.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................
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