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WINTER 2013 - Volume 60, Number 4 the Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A
WINTER 2013 - Volume 60, Number 4 WWW.AFHISTORICALFOUNDATION.ORG The Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A. “Tooey” Spaatz MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS and other air power pioneers, the Air Force Historical All members receive our exciting and informative Foundation (AFHF) is a nonprofi t tax exempt organization. Air Power History Journal, either electronically or It is dedicated to the preservation, perpetuation and on paper, covering: all aspects of aerospace history appropriate publication of the history and traditions of American aviation, with emphasis on the U.S. Air Force, its • Chronicles the great campaigns and predecessor organizations, and the men and women whose the great leaders lives and dreams were devoted to fl ight. The Foundation • Eyewitness accounts and historical articles serves all components of the United States Air Force— Active, Reserve and Air National Guard. • In depth resources to museums and activities, to keep members connected to the latest and AFHF strives to make available to the public and greatest events. today’s government planners and decision makers information that is relevant and informative about Preserve the legacy, stay connected: all aspects of air and space power. By doing so, the • Membership helps preserve the legacy of current Foundation hopes to assure the nation profi ts from past and future US air force personnel. experiences as it helps keep the U.S. Air Force the most modern and effective military force in the world. • Provides reliable and accurate accounts of historical events. The Foundation’s four primary activities include a quarterly journal Air Power History, a book program, a • Establish connections between generations. -
Famous Physicists Himansu Sekhar Fatesingh
Fun Quiz FAMOUS PHYSICISTS HIMANSU SEKHAR FATESINGH 1. The first woman to 6. He first succeeded in receive the Nobel Prize in producing the nuclear physics was chain reaction. a. Maria G. Mayer a. Otto Hahn b. Irene Curie b. Fritz Strassmann c. Marie Curie c. Robert Oppenheimer d. Lise Meitner d. Enrico Fermi 2. Who first suggested electron 7. The credit for discovering shells around the nucleus? electron microscope is often a. Ernest Rutherford attributed to b. Neils Bohr a. H. Germer c. Erwin Schrödinger b. Ernst Ruska d. Wolfgang Pauli c. George P. Thomson d. Clinton J. Davisson 8. The wave theory of light was 3. He first measured negative first proposed by charge on an electron. a. Christiaan Huygens a. J. J. Thomson b. Isaac Newton b. Clinton Davisson c. Hermann Helmholtz c. Louis de Broglie d. Augustin Fresnel d. Robert A. Millikan 9. He was the first scientist 4. The existence of quarks was to find proof of Einstein’s first suggested by theory of relativity a. Max Planck a. Edwin Hubble b. Sheldon Glasgow b. George Gamow c. Murray Gell-Mann c. S. Chandrasekhar d. Albert Einstein d. Arthur Eddington 10. The credit for development of the cyclotron 5. The phenomenon of goes to: superconductivity was a. Carl Anderson b. Donald Glaser discovered by c. Ernest O. Lawrence d. Charles Wilson a. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes b. Alex Muller c. Brian D. Josephson 11. Who first proposed the use of absolute scale d. John Bardeen of Temperature? a. Anders Celsius b. Lord Kelvin c. Rudolf Clausius d. -
Emerging Physics a Fresh Approach to Viewing the Complexity of the Universe
GETTY IMAGES Emerging physics A fresh approach to viewing the complexity of the Universe. A Different Universe: Reinventing (an analogy that Robert Laughlin draws from with those of life,the biomolecules,for which Physics from the Bottom Down Christina Rossetti’s poem Who Has Seen the he has considerable admiration.Then we hear by Robert Laughlin Wind?). Our identity and perceptions are his own ideas on biology, which will not be Basic Books: 2005. 304 pp. $26, £19.99 all the collective behaviour of ‘ghosts’, who to everyone’s taste but are certainly thought- Philip Anderson borrow their reality from each other. provoking. Finally, his view of complexity Laughlin gives the reader a quick tour science surprised and pleased me with its I should make my interests clear right at the through much of physics (without a single relative benevolence. start. For many years I have thought that a equation). There is a slight emphasis on the Despite the above fulsome praise, this is book such as this should be written, and quantum theory of condensed matter, in so not by any means a perfect book, even for its have been urged to write it myself. I didn’t far as it explains such things as computers purpose.Laughlin is not reliably careful with do so, and couldn’t possibly have written (with a sceptical side glance at quantum facts, whether scientific or historical. For one as suited as this is for its target audience. computation), the properties of ordinary example, it has rhetorical value to give his A Different Universe is a book about what metals, and the like. -
Choquette Seminar.Ai
NOIS AT U LI RB IL A F N O A - Y C T H I A S M CENTER FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY R P E A V I I G .............................................................................................................. N N U University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign CENTER FOR NANOSCALE CHEMICAL-ELECTRICAL- MECHANICAL MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS Nanotechnology: Feynman's "Room at the Bottom" and the Tyranny of Large Systems Richard Feynman's famous essay "There is plenty of room at the bottom" has initiated much interest in nano-science research and many of Feynman's dreams have become reality as semiconductor devices approach atomistic length-scales. It has become clear, however, that any room gained at the "bottom" brings ever growing necessities for the large systems that are felt by design engineers as smothering tyranny. A well known example is the heat generation of VLSI systems. Any resolution of these problems is connected to enormous costs for the chip industry and is therefore only available for the conventional technology and not for new and risky ideas. The problems of scaling novel devices for conventional systems are therefore insurmountable at universities and smaller research institutions and it is natural to look for new and revolutionary systems in connection with new and revolutionary devices. In this lecture, I will discuss two proposals for new types of system design: (i) systems that work in analogy to the biological systems of nature and (ii) systems based on the principles of quantum mechanics e.g. the Quantum Computer. The only working giant systems containing nano-devices are the actual objects of biology. -
About the Beckman Institute
Annual Report 2010-2011 FBOR eADcVAkNCmED SaCInENCE IAnND sTtEiCHtNuOLtOeGY ABOUT THE BECKMAN INSTITUTE he Beckman Institute for Advanced The Beckman Institute is also home to The 313,000-square-foot building was Science and Technology at the three strategic initiatives that seek to made possible by a generous gift from TUniversity of Illinois at Urbana- unify campus activities in their respective University of Illinois alumnus and founder Champaign is an interdisciplinary areas: of Beckman Instruments, Inc., Arnold research institute devoted to leading- • HABITS O. Beckman, and his wife Mabel M. edge research in the physical sciences, • Imaging Beckman, with a supplement from computation, engineering, biology, • Social Dimensions of Environmental the State of Illinois. behavior, cognition, and neuroscience. Policy The Institute’s primary mission is to foster Additionally, the Arnold and Mabel interdisciplinary work of the highest qual - More than 1,000 researchers from more Beckman Foundation provides ongoing ity, transcending many of the limitations than 40 University of Illinois departments financial assistance for various Institute inherent in traditional university organi - as diverse as psychology, computer and campus programs. Daily operating zations and structures. The Institute was science, electrical and computer engi - expenses of the Institute are covered by founded on the premise that reducing neering, and biochemistry, comprising the state and its research programs are the barriers between traditional scientific 14 Beckman Institute groups, work within mainly supported by external funding and technological disciplines can yield and across these overlapping areas. The from the federal government, corpora - research advances that more conven - building offers more than 200 offices; tions, and foundations. -
Scientific and Related Works of Chen Ning Yang
Scientific and Related Works of Chen Ning Yang [42a] C. N. Yang. Group Theory and the Vibration of Polyatomic Molecules. B.Sc. thesis, National Southwest Associated University (1942). [44a] C. N. Yang. On the Uniqueness of Young's Differentials. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 50, 373 (1944). [44b] C. N. Yang. Variation of Interaction Energy with Change of Lattice Constants and Change of Degree of Order. Chinese J. of Phys. 5, 138 (1944). [44c] C. N. Yang. Investigations in the Statistical Theory of Superlattices. M.Sc. thesis, National Tsing Hua University (1944). [45a] C. N. Yang. A Generalization of the Quasi-Chemical Method in the Statistical Theory of Superlattices. J. Chem. Phys. 13, 66 (1945). [45b] C. N. Yang. The Critical Temperature and Discontinuity of Specific Heat of a Superlattice. Chinese J. Phys. 6, 59 (1945). [46a] James Alexander, Geoffrey Chew, Walter Salove, Chen Yang. Translation of the 1933 Pauli article in Handbuch der Physik, volume 14, Part II; Chapter 2, Section B. [47a] C. N. Yang. On Quantized Space-Time. Phys. Rev. 72, 874 (1947). [47b] C. N. Yang and Y. Y. Li. General Theory of the Quasi-Chemical Method in the Statistical Theory of Superlattices. Chinese J. Phys. 7, 59 (1947). [48a] C. N. Yang. On the Angular Distribution in Nuclear Reactions and Coincidence Measurements. Phys. Rev. 74, 764 (1948). 2 [48b] S. K. Allison, H. V. Argo, W. R. Arnold, L. del Rosario, H. A. Wilcox and C. N. Yang. Measurement of Short Range Nuclear Recoils from Disintegrations of the Light Elements. Phys. Rev. 74, 1233 (1948). [48c] C. -
William Bradford Shockley
William Bradford Shockley Born February 13, 1910, London, UK- died 1989, Santa Clara, Calif.; with Walter Brattain and John Bardeen, inventor of the transistor in 1947, the 1956 Nobel laureate. Education: BS, physics, California Institute of Technology, 1932; PhD, physics, MIT, 1936. Professional Experience: Bell Telephone Laboratories: member, Technical Staff, 1936- 1942 and 1945-1954, director, Transistor Physics Research Facility, 1954; director of research, Antisubmarine Warfare Operations Research Group, US Navy, 1942-1944; founder, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, 1954-1989; Stanford University: lecturer, 1958-1963, Alexander M. Poniatoff Professor of Engineering Science and Applied Science, 1963-1975, professor emeritus, 1975-1989. Honors and Awards: Nobel Prize in physics,1 1956. Co-inventor of the transistor in 1947 with John Bardeen and Walter Brattian, Shockley participated in one of the most important discoveries of the century. They applied for a patent in 1948; this device was described as a germanium “transfer resistance” unit, from which the name “transistor” was derived. Shockley continued his research on the device to create the germanium junction transfer transistor, which was much more reliable than the first unit. From this start he founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories in Santa Clara Valley in 1954. After he received the Nobel Prize in 1956, disenchantment with Shockley's management style and his propensity for pure research led to the defection of the “Fairchild Eight” in 1957, and the deterioration of his company. His controversial views on genetics and his racist theories have shocked the society around him, but he has continued his research into “grave world problems.” QUOTATION “The only heritage I can leave to Billy is the feeling of power and joy of responsibility for setting the world right on something.” (Shockley's mother, about her 8-year-old son) BIBLIOGRAPHY Biographical 1 Jointly with John Bardeen and Walter H. -
PNP What Is in a Name?
PNP What is in a Name? Robert S. Eisenberg Department of Applied Mathematics Illinois Institute of Technology Department of Physiology and Biophysics Rush University Medical Center Chicago IL [email protected] July 25, 2019 File: PNP what is in a name July 25-1 2019.docx 1 Abstract and Summary The name PNP was introduced by Eisenberg and Chen because it has important physical meaning beyond being the first letters of Poisson-Nernst-Planck. PNP also means Positive-Negative-Positive, the signs of majority current carriers in different regions of a PNP bipolar transistor. PNP transistors are two diodes in series PN + NP that rectify by changing the shape of the electric field. Transistors can function as quite different types of nonlinear devices by changing the shape of the electric field. Those realities motivated Eisenberg and Chen to introduce the name PNP. The pun “PNP = Poisson-Nernst-Planck = Positive-Negative-Positive” has physical content. It suggests that Poisson-Nernst-Planck systems like open ionic channels should not be assumed to have constant electric fields. The electric field should be studied and computed because its change of shape is likely to be important in the function of biological systems, as it is in semiconductor systems. 2 PNP is a shortened name for “Positive-Negative-Positive” or “Poisson-Nernst- Planck equation”. It was not meant to be just an abbreviation: names are important, beyond their logical meaning, as the world shows us everyday. The name PNP is no exception. The name was chosen to help understand the system it describes. PNP was a pun introduced at the 1993 Biophysical Society (USA) meeting [1] by Eisenberg and Chen [2, 3] to emphasize the analogy between open ion channels and semiconductor devices. -
Reversed out (White) Reversed
Berkeley rev.( white) Berkeley rev.( FALL 2014 reversed out (white) reversed IN THIS ISSUE Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory Tabletop Physics Bringing More Women into Physics ALUMNI NEWS AND MORE! Cover: The MAVEN satellite mission uses instrumentation developed at UC Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory to explore the physics behind the loss of the Martian atmosphere. It’s a continuation of Berkeley astrophysicist Robert Lin’s pioneering work in solar physics. See p 7. photo credit: Lockheed Martin Physics at Berkeley 2014 Published annually by the Department of Physics Steven Boggs: Chair Anil More: Director of Administration Maria Hjelm: Director of Development, College of Letters and Science Devi Mathieu: Editor, Principal Writer Meg Coughlin: Design Additional assistance provided by Sarah Wittmer, Sylvie Mehner and Susan Houghton Department of Physics 366 LeConte Hall #7300 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-7300 Copyright 2014 by The Regents of the University of California FEATURES 4 12 18 Berkeley’s Space Tabletop Physics Bringing More Women Sciences Laboratory BERKELEY THEORISTS INVENT into Physics NEW WAYS TO SEARCH FOR GOING ON SIX DECADES UC BERKELEY HOSTS THE 2014 NEW PHYSICS OF EDUCATION AND SPACE WEST COAST CONFERENCE EXPLORATION Berkeley theoretical physicists Ashvin FOR UNDERGRADUATE WOMEN Vishwanath and Surjeet Rajendran IN PHYSICS Since the Space Lab’s inception are developing new, small-scale in 1959, Berkeley physicists have Women physics students from low-energy approaches to questions played important roles in many California, Oregon, Washington, usually associated with large-scale of the nation’s space-based scientific Alaska, and Hawaii gathered on high-energy particle experiments. -
Communications-Mathematics and Applied Mathematics/Download/8110
A Mathematician's Journey to the Edge of the Universe "The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing." ― Socrates Manjunath.R #16/1, 8th Main Road, Shivanagar, Rajajinagar, Bangalore560010, Karnataka, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] *Website: http://www.myw3schools.com/ A Mathematician's Journey to the Edge of the Universe What’s the Ultimate Question? Since the dawn of the history of science from Copernicus (who took the details of Ptolemy, and found a way to look at the same construction from a slightly different perspective and discover that the Earth is not the center of the universe) and Galileo to the present, we (a hoard of talking monkeys who's consciousness is from a collection of connected neurons − hammering away on typewriters and by pure chance eventually ranging the values for the (fundamental) numbers that would allow the development of any form of intelligent life) have gazed at the stars and attempted to chart the heavens and still discovering the fundamental laws of nature often get asked: What is Dark Matter? ... What is Dark Energy? ... What Came Before the Big Bang? ... What's Inside a Black Hole? ... Will the universe continue expanding? Will it just stop or even begin to contract? Are We Alone? Beginning at Stonehenge and ending with the current crisis in String Theory, the story of this eternal question to uncover the mysteries of the universe describes a narrative that includes some of the greatest discoveries of all time and leading personalities, including Aristotle, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton, and the rise to the modern era of Einstein, Eddington, and Hawking. -
The Los Alamos Thermonuclear Weapon Project, 1942-1952
Igniting The Light Elements: The Los Alamos Thermonuclear Weapon Project, 1942-1952 by Anne Fitzpatrick Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES Approved: Joseph C. Pitt, Chair Richard M. Burian Burton I. Kaufman Albert E. Moyer Richard Hirsh June 23, 1998 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Nuclear Weapons, Computing, Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory Igniting the Light Elements: The Los Alamos Thermonuclear Weapon Project, 1942-1952 by Anne Fitzpatrick Committee Chairman: Joseph C. Pitt Science and Technology Studies (ABSTRACT) The American system of nuclear weapons research and development was conceived and developed not as a result of technological determinism, but by a number of individual architects who promoted the growth of this large technologically-based complex. While some of the technological artifacts of this system, such as the fission weapons used in World War II, have been the subject of many historical studies, their technical successors -- fusion (or hydrogen) devices -- are representative of the largely unstudied highly secret realms of nuclear weapons science and engineering. In the postwar period a small number of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory’s staff and affiliates were responsible for theoretical work on fusion weapons, yet the program was subject to both the provisions and constraints of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, of which Los Alamos was a part. The Commission leadership’s struggle to establish a mission for its network of laboratories, least of all to keep them operating, affected Los Alamos’s leaders’ decisions as to the course of weapons design and development projects. -
Revisiting the Los Alamos Primer B
Revisiting The Los Alamos Primer B. Cameron Reed Citation: Physics Today 70, 9, 42 (2017); View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.3692 View Table of Contents: http://physicstoday.scitation.org/toc/pto/70/9 Published by the American Institute of Physics Articles you may be interested in In the digital age, physics students and professors prefer paper textbooks Physics Today 70, 30 (2017); 10.1063/PT.3.3657 Clippers, yachts, and the false promise of the wave line Physics Today 70, 52 (2017); 10.1063/PT.3.3627 Interplanetary sand traps Physics Today 70, 78 (2017); 10.1063/PT.3.3672 The new Moon Physics Today 70, 38 (2017); 10.1063/PT.3.3593 Mobilizing US physics in World War I Physics Today 70, 44 (2017); 10.1063/PT.3.3660 A thermodynamic theory of granular material endures Physics Today 70, 20 (2017); 10.1063/PT.3.3682 Cameron Reed is a professor of physics at Alma College in Michigan. REVISITING B. Cameron Reed A concise packet of lecture notes offers a window into one of the turning points of 20th-century history. n April 1943, scientists began gathering at a top-secret new laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, to design and build the world’s first atomic bombs. Most of them had been involved in nuclear fission research, but due to secrecy restrictions, few had any sense of the immensity of the project they were about to undertake. Their goal was to leverage the phenomenon of nuclear fission, discovered only four years earlier, to produce nuclear weapons in time to affect World War II.