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Effect of Habitat Structure on the Most Frequent Echinoderm Species Inhabiting Coral Reef Communities at Isla Isabel National Park (Mexico)

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Effect of Habitat Structure on the Most Frequent Echinoderm Species Inhabiting Coral Reef Communities at Isla Isabel National Park (Mexico) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 16(1): 125-134, 2015 1585-8553/$ © AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST DOI: 10.1556/168.2015.16.1.14 Effect of habitat structure on the most frequent echinoderm species inhabiting coral reef communities at Isla Isabel National Park (Mexico) B. Hermosillo-Nuñez1,2,3,5, F. Rodríguez-Zaragoza1, M. Ortiz2, C. Galván-Villa1, A. Cupul-Magaña4 and E. Ríos-Jara1 1Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos y Acuicultura, Departamento de Ecología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Nogales Km. 15,5, Las Agujas Nextipac, Zapopan CP 45110, Jalisco, México 2Instituto Antofagasta, Laboratorio de Modelamiento de Sistemas Ecológicos Complejos (LAMSEC), Universidad de Antofagasta, P.O. Box 170, Antofagasta, Chile 3Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Aplicadas, Mención Sistemas Marinos Costeros, Facultad de Recursos del Mar, Universidad de Antofagasta, P.O. Box 170, Antofagasta, Chile 4Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 203, Del. Ixtapa, CP 48280, Pto. Vallarta, Jalisco, México 5Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. Tel./Fax: + 56 552637804 Keywords: Benthos, Conservation evaluation, Habitat management, Invertebrates, Marine Protected Area, Subtidal. Abstract: The spatial distribution and abundance of the seven most abundant species of echinoderms (Diadema mexicanum, Centrostephanus coronatus, Eucidaris thouarsii, Isostichopus fuscus, Pharia pyramidatus, Phataria unifascialis and Acanthaster ellisii) were evaluated in coral communities of Isla Isabel National Park (Mexico). Biological (corals and other benthic groups) and physical (rocks and boulders) structural elements of the habitat were evaluated to determine their relationship to these spe- cies. Our results show that species composition and abundance varied among sampling sites and between seasons. Also were obtained significant differences in the echinoderm assemblage among sites across seasons. Similar results were detected for the environmental variables related to benthic habitat structure. D. mexicanum, P. unifascialis, E. thouarsii and C. coronatus were the main contributors to the species abundance and distribution in Isla Isabel. Most echinoderm species were positively related to the coverage of different coral species, algae and various types of benthic organisms as well as to physical benthic variables. These outcomes suggest that the spatial distribution and abundance of these echinoderms are explained by the habitat structure, which should be used to design conservation and management strategies for coral communities. Nomenclature: Kerstitch and Bertsch (2007). Abbreviations: BVI–Biological Value Index, PERMANOVA–Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance, RDA– Redundancy Analysis, VIF–Variance Inflation Factor. Introduction quantifying how species differ over multiple spatial scales al- lows us to focus on the variety of ecological processes that Studies examining the variation of marine species and its influence organisms (Chapman and Underwood 2008). relationship to the benthic habitat structure allow us to deter- Echinoderm species are abundant both in coral reef com- mine which factors explain the variation of the distribution munities as in the intertidal and shallow subtidal areas around and abundance of these species (e.g., Entrambasaguas et al. the world, associated with various types of substrates such as 2008, Kopp et al. 2012). These factors can consist of both bi- sand, mud, rocks, corals, and even wood (Solís-Marín 2008, ological and environmental variables, which act differently at Ríos-Jara et al. 2008). Likewise, they play different roles in different spatial and temporal scales (Legendre and Legendre 1998, Chapman and Underwood 2008). Increases in spatial food webs, as carnivores, herbivore, or detritivores (Roberts variability and diversity lead to increased resource availabil- et al. 2003, Luna-Salguero and Reyes-Bonilla 2010). Due ity and biodiversity within habitats. Habitat heterogeneity to these broad functional roles, some echinoderms are con- therefore promotes coexistence through resource partitioning sidered keystone species in different marine ecosystems, among species (Rosenzweig 1995, Tilman and Kareiva 1997), controlling the distribution and abundance of other benthic and is positively correlated with biodiversity and ecosystem species, and even demonstrating effects on the community functioning (Tylianakis et al. 2008). However, local habitat structure (Paine 1969, Herrero-Pérezrul et al. 2008) or con- specificity and changes in habitat quality also influence the stituting part of keystone species complexes in various ma- composition and abundance of species (Gaston 1994). Hence, rine ecosystems (Ortiz et al. 2013). 126 Hermosillo-Nuñez et al. Many studies have shown that the distribution and abun- cies in coral communities of the tropical eastern Pacific (e.g., dance of echinoderms are determined by larval settlement Alvarado and Chiriboga 2008, Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2013). The and recruitment (Clemente et al. 2009), biological interac- information obtained in this study could be extrapolated and tions (Hagen and Mann 1992, McClanahan 1998, Alves et compared with other coral communities and used for devel- al. 2001), temperature (Tyler et al. 2000), salinity (Drouin oping management strategies focused on the conservation of et al. 1985), harvesting (Hasan 2005) and disease (Dumont the marine ecosystem of Isla Isabel National Park and other et al. 2004). However, few studies have assessed how the marine protected areas. structural properties (biological and physical) of benthic habitats affect the distribution and abundance of echinoderms Materials and methods (Entrambasaguas et al. 2008, Alvarado et al. 2012). In the Mexican Pacific, most studies of echinoderms have Description of the study area assessed their taxonomy (e.g., Honey-Escandón et al. 2008, Granja-Fernández and López-Pérez 2012) and community Isla Isabel (21°53’40’’N and 105°53’00’’E) is located in structure (e.g., Reyes-Bonilla et al. 2008, Luna-Salguero and the tropical eastern portion of the Pacific Ocean, 28 km off the Reyes-Bonilla 2010). In the coral communities of Isla Isabel coast of Nayarit state (Mexico) (Fig. 1). This zone is a tran- National Park, Ríos-Jara et al. (2008) evaluated the distribu- sition between the California Current, the North Equatorial tion and abundance of 31 echinoderm species. Unfortunately Current and the Gulf of California’s water mass (Badan this contribution did not assess quantitatively the relationship 1997). The seawater around the island is mostly oligotrophic between the structural elements of coral communities and their level of influence on the spatial distribution and abun- with a salinity of 33-35‰, and sea surface temperature fluctu- dance of echinoderms. Recently, Rodriguez-Zaragoza et al. ates between 26°C and 29ºC (CONANP 2005). The selected (2011) have shown that the coral communities contribute to sampling sites correspond to those areas previously described increase the heterogeneity of the benthic habitats around the by Rodríguez-Zaragoza et al. (2011). The coral communities island, promoting the diversity of reef fishes. Therefore, it is on Isla Isabel are mainly dominated by the genera Porites, expected that on Isabel Island the richness and abundance of Pocillopora, Pavona and Psammocora and are distributed the most common echinoderms will be higher in more com- between depths of 1.6 and 11 m. For a more detailed descrip- plex habitats (coral communities), which contribute to in- tion of the geomorphological and oceanographic properties creasing the availability of food and refuges. of Isla Isabel, see Galván-Villa et al. (2010) and Rodríguez- The aim of the current work was to assess the effect of the Zaragoza et al. (2011). biological and physical elements of the habitat (environmen- tal conditions) on the spatial and temporal distribution of the Sampling abundance of the most common echinoderm species in the island. It is relevant to mention that these species represent up The field work was carried out in February (winter) and to 58% of the total echinoderm abundance of Isla Isabel (sen- June (summer) of 2009, considering 9 sites around Isla Isabel su Rios-Jara et al. 2008) and they are also conspicuous spe- (Fig. 1). At each site, were quantified the density of echi- Figure 1. Study area and sampling sites at Isla Isabel National Park, Mexico. Full squares show the location of sampling sites. Site codes: POC – Pocitas; EPE – Ensenada Pescadores; BRA – Bahía Rabijuncos; CFP – Costa Fragata Profundo; CFS – Costa Fragata Somero; LMI – Las Monas Interno; LME – Las Monas Externo; PRO – Punta Rocosa; and CSN – Caleta Sin Nombre. Habitat structure and echinoderms 127 noderms, the coverage of corals and other benthic groups, Euclidean distance matrix. One-way PERMANOVA was the substratum type and the depth along 5 transects per site only performed spatially (by site) because the measurements and season. A total of 90 transects were conducted parallel were only conducted in winter, assuming that these vari- to the shore in shallow waters between depths of 3 and 15 ables would not change between seasons. Finally, the third m. Different sampling strategies were applied per transect: followed a two-way design
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