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Expérimentation Et Déploiement Du Véhicule Autonome En Île-De-France Le Rôle Facilitateur Des Pouvoirs Publics

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Expérimentation Et Déploiement Du Véhicule Autonome En Île-De-France Le Rôle Facilitateur Des Pouvoirs Publics Expérimentation et déploiement du véhicule autonome en Île-de-France Le rôle facilitateur des pouvoirs publics Mai 2019 IAU île-de-France 15, rue Falguière 75740 Paris cedex 15 Tél. : + 33 (1) 77 49 77 49 - Fax : + 33 (1) 77 49 76 02 http://www.iau-idf.fr Directeur général : Fouad Awada Étude réalisée par Dany Nguyen-Luong, Directeur du Département Mobilité transports Avec la collaboration de Cédric Cariou, Alexandra Cocquière, Jérémy Courel, Jan Durdevic, Thierry Petit, Frédérique Prédali, Dominique Riou, Daniel Thépin N° d’ordonnancement : 5.18.012 Crédit photo couverture : Coralie RENARD / Transdev Sommaire 1. Introduction ............................................................................ 5 2. Etat des lieux .......................................................................... 6 2.1 Le véhicule autonome : un mode parmi d’autres de la mobilité du futur ........................... 6 2.2 Les usages du véhicule autonome ..................................................................................... 6 2.3 Les bénéfices du véhicule autonome ................................................................................. 9 2.4 Les freins au véhicule autonome ..................................................................................... 11 2.5 La convergence du véhicule autonome et du véhicule partagé ....................................... 12 2.6 La gestion de la mixité véhicule autonome-véhicule privé : une transition à risque ........ 13 2.7 La technologie : encore des progrès à faire pour circuler sur route ouverte ................... 14 2.8 Des préoccupations en matière de cyber-sécurité et de responsabilité .......................... 17 2.9 Des expérimentations en France encore trop timides ..................................................... 17 3. Leviers réglementaires ......................................................... 19 3.1 Le cadre réglementaire international ................................................................................ 19 3.2 Le cadre réglementaire européen .................................................................................... 20 3.3 Le cadre réglementaire français ....................................................................................... 20 3.4 Mettre en place une expérimentation en France: le parcours du combattant .................. 25 3.5 Le cadre réglementaire américain .................................................................................... 29 3.6 Le cadre réglementaire allemand ..................................................................................... 30 3.7 Le cadre réglementaire ailleurs ........................................................................................ 31 4. Politiques d’aide des Etats et des collectivités locales ..... 32 4.1 La législation pour faciliter l’expérimentation ................................................................... 32 4.2 L’aide par financement direct ........................................................................................... 38 4.3 L’aide par financement indirect ........................................................................................ 41 5. Niveau d’avancement et de maturité des acteurs privés ... 46 5.1 Une multitude d’acteurs privés ......................................................................................... 46 5.2 Des partenariats tous azimuts .......................................................................................... 51 5.3 Distinguer l’avancement de la maturité ............................................................................ 54 6. Conclusion ............................................................................ 55 Fiches 1 à 22 ............................................................................. 60 Fiche 1 : Expérimentation Paris, Pont Charles de Gaulle ..................................................... 61 Fiche 2 : Expérimentation Puteaux, Esplanade de la Défense ............................................. 63 Fiche 3 : Expérimentation Vincennes .................................................................................... 66 Fiche 4 : Projet « Tornado », sur la commune de Rambouillet ............................................. 68 Fiche 5 : Expérimentation Rungis, Parc Icade ...................................................................... 69 Fiche 6 : Expérimentation Issy-les-Moulineaux, Île Saint-Germain ....................................... 71 3 IAU îdF – Véhicule autonome Fiche 7 : Expérimentation Saclay, site du CEA ..................................................................... 72 Fiche 8 : Navettes VEDECOM autonomes sur le plateau de Satory .................................... 74 Fiche 9 : Expérimentation de Rouen ..................................................................................... 76 Fiche 10 : Expérimentation de Verdun .................................................................................. 78 Fiche 11 : Projet SCOOP : préparer l’arrivée du VA via une infrastructure routière connectée79 Fiche 12 : Initiative Road 5.0 de la Région d’Île-de-France .................................................. 82 Fiche 13 : Plan national d’expérimentations .......................................................................... 83 Fiche 14 : Projet Drive Me - Suède ....................................................................................... 85 Fiche 15 : Projet Sohjoa - Finlande ....................................................................................... 87 Fiche 16 : Transpolis - Lyon .................................................................................................. 89 Fiche 17 : ZALAZone – Hongrie ............................................................................................ 91 Fiche 18 : K-City – Corée du sud .......................................................................................... 93 Fiche 19 : Mcity – Etats-Unis ................................................................................................. 95 Fiche 20 : OmniCAV - Grande Bretagne ............................................................................... 96 Fiche 21 : VRX, SCANeRTM et ROADS - France ................................................................ 97 Fiche 22 : PTV MaaS Modeller .............................................................................................. 98 4 IAU îdF – Véhicule autonome 1. Introduction Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre des réflexions menées par les services du Conseil régional pour faciliter les expérimentations et le déploiement des véhicules autonomes (VA) en Île-de-France. L’expérimentation est en effet une phase indispensable pour tester les solutions technologiques et la fiabilité en matière de sécurité, évaluer les usages et l’acceptabilité. Plusieurs expérimentations simples de navettes autonomes sur voie dédiée ont déjà été réalisées comme à la Défense ou à Vincennes. Quelle stratégie et actions la région peut-elle mener au-delà de l’aide apportée à ces expérimentations, dans un contexte extrêmement mouvant sur l’avenir du véhicule autonome ? Régulièrement, les constructeurs automobiles, un GAFAM ou un BATX annoncent le déploiement prochain d’une flotte de véhicules autonomes ou d’une nouvelle avancée de l’Intelligence Artificielle (IA) qui alimente la conduite autonome, annonce aussitôt commentée par un expert qui affirme que ce n’est pas pour demain. La réglementation française sur le sujet évolue pour s’adapter aux évolutions technologiques tout en mettant la priorité sur la sécurité routière. Le véhicule autonome s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une mobilité du futur qui sera polymorphe, à la fois connectée, partagée, électrique et autonome. Les nouveaux services de mobilité (VTC, covoiturage, autopartage) sont foisonnants et pourraient converger à terme avec le véhicule autonome. La place de la voiture individuelle diminue en ville et dans les têtes de la génération Y, ceux nés après 1980. Une course effrénée se joue entre les acteurs privés (Waymo loin devant, VTC, entreprises technologiques, constructeurs automobiles, équipementiers, gestionnaires de flottes, énergéticiens, start-up de services de mobilité et d’applications mobiles) qui sont nombreux, entreprenants et demandeurs de soutien de la puissance publique. Des partenariats de toutes sortes se nouent en permanence. Le contexte s’avère darwinien et au final sans doute un certain nombre d’acteurs n’y survivront pas. Quant aux citoyens, ils s’interrogent, notamment sur les questions de coûts d’achat, de sécurité et sur le côté « orwellien » de la technologie capable de suivre en temps réel tous nos déplacements en véhicule autonome. Il est important de noter que l’étude se limite à la phase amont d’expérimentation et de déploiement du véhicule autonome, phase qui précède celle de la régulation du véhicule autonome. Sous le terme de régulation, nous entendons la manière des pouvoirs publics d’organiser les différentes flottes de véhicules autonomes et partagés (par exemple par attribution de licences), de contrôler et reprendre en main à distance un VA, de limiter l’autosolisme en véhicule autonome (par exemple par un péage), de favoriser le partage des VA (par exemple avec des aménagements routiers réservés), d’assurer la sécurité des personnes dans les véhicules partagés (par exemple la nuit), de veiller à la complémentarité entre véhicules autonomes et transports collectifs, etc. Des pistes sont proposées dans le projet de la loi Lom. La régulation du
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