Ekspertgruppen Mobilitet for Fremtiden

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Ekspertgruppen Mobilitet for Fremtiden Transport-, Bygnings- og Boligministeriet Frederiksholms Kanal 27 1220 København K Telefon 41 71 27 00 ISBN trykt udgave: 978-87-93292-35-2 [email protected] ISBN netudgave: 978-87-93292-36-9 www.trm.dk Afrapportering Marts 2018 Udgivet af: Transport-, Bygnings- og Boligministeriet Frederiksholms Kanal 27F 1220 København K Marts 2018 ISBN trykt udgave: 978-87-93292-35-2 ISBN netudgave: 978-87-93292-36-9 Grønne fotomontager: Montagebureauet aps – på baggrund af Ulrik Jantzens fotos Tryk: Rosendahls a/s Oplag: 500 Samlet rapportindhold Indledning ..................................................................................................................... 7 Ekspertgruppens opgave ............................................................................................. 7 Ekspertgruppens medlemmer ..................................................................................... 8 Ekspertgruppens arbejde ............................................................................................ 8 Rapportens indhold ..................................................................................................... 9 1 Sammenfatning af hovedindsigter ....................................................................... 11 Fremtidsperspektiver for transportsystemet i lyset af automatisering og nye forretningskoncepter ........................................................................................... 11 Mellem byerne............................................................................................................. 14 De største byer ............................................................................................................ 16 Ringbyerne omkring de største byer ......................................................................... 18 Øvrige byer og landområder ...................................................................................... 19 Mere effektiv udnyttelse af transportsystemet ....................................................... 20 Distribution og e-handel ............................................................................................. 21 Klimaudfordringens konsekvenser i transportsektoren ........................................... 22 Trafiksikkerhed ............................................................................................................23 2 Forståelsesramme ............................................................................................... 25 2.1 Transportpolitikken ........................................................................................... 25 2.2 Mobilitet for fremtiden – centrale udfordringer ............................................. 29 2.3 Analyseramme og effektvurdering .................................................................. 30 2.4 Nye transportteknologier og forretningsmodeller i samspil med generelle samfundstendenser ................................................................................... 35 3 Samfundstendenser ............................................................................................. 39 3.1 Økonomisk vækst – Vi rejser mere og køber flere ting, når vi bliver rigere ........................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Demografi – befolkningen vokser og bliver ældre ........................................... 41 3.3 Urbanisering – fra land til by og fra mindre til større byer .............................. 43 3.4 Globalisering – øget international arbejdsdeling ............................................ 47 3.5 Transportsystemet – stigende hastigheder, men måske ikke fremover ........ 48 3.6 Livsstil- og holdningsændringer påvirker transportadfærden ........................ 49 3.7 Trafikomfang og trængsel i fremtiden .............................................................. 51 3.8 Klimaudfordringens konsekvenser for transportsektoren ............................. 59 Appendix 3.A De unges kørekorthold, bilejerskab og bilkørsel ............................... 63 Appendix 3.B Udvikling i rejsehastigheden 2015-2030 ............................................. 64 4 Digitalisering ....................................................................................................... 67 4.1 Signalregulering og trafikledelse ...................................................................... 67 4.2 Forbundne køretøjer ......................................................................................... 76 4.3 Dataadgang ....................................................................................................... 83 5 Nye forretningsmodeller ...................................................................................... 91 5.1 Indledning ........................................................................................................... 91 5.2 Delebiler ............................................................................................................. 93 5.3 Samkørsel .......................................................................................................... 97 5.4 Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) .......................................................................... 102 5.5 E-handel ............................................................................................................ 105 6 Automatisering .................................................................................................. 111 6.1 Tre udviklingsspor for automatisering af persontransport på vejnettet ....... 111 6.2 Grader af automatisering ................................................................................. 114 6.3 Selvstyrende biler– automatisering af private biler på niveau 3 .................... 116 6.4 Førerløse biler – automatisering af private biler på niveau 4/5 ..................... 125 6.5 Førerløs taxa - automatisering af delebiler på niveau 4/5 .............................. 132 6.6 Førerløse minibusser ........................................................................................ 136 6.7 Automatiserede BRT-løsninger ....................................................................... 139 6.8 Fremtidens togdrift .......................................................................................... 141 6.9 Fly ...................................................................................................................... 144 6.10 Færger............................................................................................................... 145 7 Mobilitet for fremtiden ...................................................................................... 149 7.1 Mellem byerne ................................................................................................. 150 7.2 De fire største byer .......................................................................................... 153 7.3 Ringbyerne omkring de fire største byer ........................................................ 157 7.4 Øvrige byer og landområder ........................................................................... 159 7.5 Godstransport ..................................................................................................160 7.6 Analyse på tværs af transportformer og geografier ......................................166 7.7 Betydning for transportpolitikkens beslutningsgrundlag.............................. 170 Litteratur ................................................................................................................... 171 Slutnoter ................................................................................................................... 177 Jeg tror også, at vi blev enige om at jeg skulle sige lidt om klima også. Derudover har jeg umiddelbart én overvejelse: Som jeg talte med Otto vej hjem i mandags om, er det er lidt misvisende at slå F og G sammen i tabellerne, når man går fra de syv kategorier til de fire i kapitel 7, og som bruges til inddeling af jeres oplæg. "Mellem byerne" fokuserer jo på det overordnede vejnet (motorvejene). Men G indeholder formentlig også en masse lokaltrafik fra små byer og landet til mellemstore og store byer, og denne trafik foregår vel ikke fortrinsvist på motorvejene. Den minder snarere om trafikken i Øvrige byer og landområder. Så derfor tænkte jeg at man kunne ændre lagkagediagrammet (Slide 13) med andele af personbiltrafikarbejdet som illustreret nedenfor, altså med en graduering af "Mellem byerne". Indledning Transport-, bygnings- og boligministeren nedsatte i juni 2017 ekspertgruppen Mobilitet for fremtiden. Ekspertgruppens opgave Ekspertgruppen fik tildelt følgende kommissorium: ”Det danske samfund har gennem årtier oplevet en støt og markant stigning i mobi- liteten gennem den løbende udvikling af transportsystemet. Bedre mobilitet har na- tionalt såvel som globalt fået afgørende betydning for den økonomiske vækst og velstand. Overordnet set har udviklingen været drevet af en kombination af omfat- tende investeringer i infrastruktur, teknologiudvikling og en række langsigtede glo- bale samfundstendenser af økonomisk, demografisk og kulturel karakter. Digitalisering og automatisering har revolutioneret verden de sidste 10-20 år, ikke mindst gennem udbredelsen af intelligent kommunikationsteknologi. Det driver i disse år udviklingen af nye innovative løsninger inden for transportsektoren med en dynamik, som forventes at være særligt kraftig i det kommende årti. I takt med, at nye idéer og koncepter materialiseres og modnes,
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