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Notes and Comment Notes on the Early Telephone Companies of Latin America

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Notes and Comment Notes on the Early Telephone Companies of Latin America NOTES AND COMMENT NOTES ON THE EARLY TELEPHONE COMPANIES OF LATIN AMERICA Yankee inventors and financiers of the original telephones were a farseeing and energetic group. Men like Alexander Graham Bell, Fred­ eric Allen Gower, Gardiner G. Hubbard and his nephew Charles Eustis Hubbard, William H. Forbes (son-in-law of Ralph Waldo Emerson), Thomas A. Edison, Jr., Henry S. Russell, and Theodore Newton Vail made vigorous efforts to send their new means of communication speedily to all parts of the world. These men and their allies were the telephone pioneers in most of Europe and Latin America. In the late 1870’s they introduced their telephones into England, France, and Switzerland; before the middle of the next decade they carried them to Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Russia, and Portugal. Their chief agency of pro­ motion in Europe was the International Bell Telephone Company, organized in 1880. The parent organization for promotion in Latin America was the Continental Telephone Company, but its efforts were soon superseded by the Tropical American Telephone Company. In collaboration with subsidiary and associated companies, these two cor­ porations installed the first public telephone exchanges in practically every country in Latin America. The Continental Telephone Company, a Massachusetts corporation, received its charter on January 7, 1880. It was organized by William H. Forbes, Henry S. Russell, George L. Bradley, Theodore N. Vail, Charles Eustis Hubbard, and Charles Emerson. Its main office was in Boston. The Tropical American Telephone Company, a New Jersey corporation chartered on November 1, 1881, also had its principal office in Boston; and it was organized by approximately the same group. Henry S. Russell was its president; its vice president was J. H. Howard and its secretary-treasurer was Charles W. Jones. After obtaining from Bell and his various associates control of their various patents for export and use in Latin America, the Continental Telephone Company established a few companies in Latin America and then ceded its rights to Tropical American, which promptly continued the task of introducing telephones into the neighboring countries. The following is a list of the principal telephone companies existing in Latin Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-pdf/26/1/116/748630/0260116.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 America in 1885, ten years after Bell received his first patent in the United States. The approximate date of the organization of each is given in parentheses. 1. The Electrical Company of Cuba (1883)1 2. The Mexican Telephone Company (1882) 3. The West India Telegraph and Telephone Company (1883?)2 4. The Colombia and Panama Telegraph and Telephone Company (1883?) 5. The National Electricity Company (1883)3 6. The West Coast Telephone Company (1884)4 7. The United Telephone Company of the River Plate (1883) 8. The River Plate Telephone and Electric Light Company (1882)5 9. The Uruguayan Telephone Company (1884) 10. The Union Telephone Company of Brazil (1884) 11. The Inter-Continental Telephone Company (1883)6 12. The Guatemalan Telephone Company (1885) In a few cases the companies included in this list were not the first organizations to set up public exchanges in the countries where they were operating in 1885. The two located in Brazil had been preceded by the Telephone Company of Brazil, organized by the Continental Telephone Company in 1880, and the Urban Telegraph Company, which, under the management of Morris N. Kohn, installed a few telephones in 1882. Three small exchanges had been established in Buenos Aires in 1881, at least two of them by citizens of the United States, before the two Argen­ tine companies in the list, Numbers 7 and 8, began operations. The Chilean Edison Telephone Company, organized by citizens of the United States, had been operating, though rather inefficiently, for four years before the West Coast Telephone Company opened its first exchange. Most of the twelve companies in the list were owned and operated by citizens of the United States. The British participated in the owner­ ship and management of those established in Argentina and Uruguay. Guatemalans had small investments in the Guatemalan company, and a few Uruguayans may have invested in the Uruguayan company. The list has been taken from a two-page sheet published in 1885 by 1 This may represent a reorganization of another company set up in 1881, the Cuba Telephone Company. 2 This company held rights in Puerto Rico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. 3 This organization, operating in Brazil, seems to have consolidated with Number 10 in 1885 or shortly thereafter. 4 Principal operations in Chile, but the company established an exchange in Guayaquil in 1885 and another in Lima in 1888. 6 Operating in Montevideo. 6 Operating in Venezuela. Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-pdf/26/1/116/748630/0260116.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 the Tropical American Telephone Company. Another list7 published by the same corporation in 1890 or shortly afterward adds three8 more tele­ phone companies, namely: 1. The Venezuela Telephone and Electrical Appliance Company, Ltd. 2. The Domingo Electric Company 3. The United River Plate Telephone Company, Ltd. The first and third of these were British companies, organized in 1890 and 1886, respectively. The second probably was established by citizens of the United States. For the most part, the history of the telephone in Latin America remains to be written. Between 1921 and 1925 Victor M. Berthold published five pamphlets (New York: American Telephone and Tele­ graph Company) sketching briefly the history of both the telegraph and the telephone in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Colombia; but little else of much significance has appeared. The correspondence of the diplomats and consuls of the United States gives surprisingly little sys­ tematic attention to the subject. Annual reports of Latin-American ministers or secretaries of communications contain useful data, but those for the earlier period are not readily available. Publications of the various telephone companies operating in Latin America, their pro­ spectuses, annual reports, and such like, are among the best sources; but they are difficult to locate. Any information regarding files of these company publications will be greatly appreciated by the writer. J. Fred Rippy. The University of Chicago. NOTES ON AN EARLY ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH CABLE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA The completion of the trans-Atlantic cable in 1866-1868 was the inspiration for various attempts to establish such means of communica­ tion elsewhere. Several South American countries were concerned with such attempts. The late 1860’s and early 1870’s witnessed in Peru much discussion of a cable that should connect that country with Panama and with other pos­ sible cables from that point.1 Lima’s El nacional, on June 21,1868, made ’ The two lists, neither of which is dated, were obtained through the courtesy of Arthur H. Cole of the Baker Library, Harvard University. • Really four, including the Guatemalan Telephone Company; but I have placed it on the other list because this company was in existence in 1885. 1 The International Ocean Telegraph Company, under concession from Florida and Spain, laid a cable in 1867 from Punta Rassa, in Florida, to Habana. In 1870 connections Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-pdf/26/1/116/748630/0260116.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 mention of a projected cable that was to run from New York to Aspin­ wall on the Isthmus of Panama, via Habana and Jamaica. The same newspaper, on August 6 of the following year, referred to the proposal of a certain Mr. Ross to lay a submarine cable from Callao to Panama. The editor stated that various others had made similar proposals. Again, on November 6,1869, El nacional reported that Don Mariano Felipe Paz- Soldan (of a very prominent Peruvian family) had just returned from Europe with a plan for the Callao-Panama telegraph line almost finished; half the capital was to be supplied by the London India Rubber Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company. Another Lima periodical, La patria, on November 8, 1872, reported that Messrs. Dartnell and Mac- bean had solicited support from the national congress in constructing a cable line from Callao to San Francisco in the United States. Various newspapers, El comercio and others, together with the two mentioned above, in issues of March, 1874, and later, contain references to the subject of such a cable. Some years ago in Peru, the writer, while investigating the activities of Henry Meiggs, came across a series of letters that relate to a proposed telegraph-cable line to connect New York City with Callao, Peru. Though the line failed of being realized at the time, the work then done seems to have been a prelude to the line later constructed. The letters afford some interesting insights into the methods at that time in vogue for the carrying through of such international projects.2* 1 Henry Meiggs, who was to have been a prime mover in the operation, was a North American who had been in South America since the mid- ’fifties and had achieved a resounding reputation as a contractor and railroad builder prior to 1873.3 After twelve years in Chile, where he had dramatically completed the Valparaiso-Santiago Railway and, pre­ sumably, amassed a fortune, he had gone up to Peru early in 1868. There he devoted the remaining ten years of his life to encouraging and assist­ ing in the grandiose scheme of public works that was projected and were made with Jamaica and Panama. Puerto Rico and Trinidad were soon brought in. By 1873 Western Union had secured control of the International Ocean Telegraph Com­ pany, William Orton becoming president under the reorganization made at that time (Alvin F.
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