DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter Vii Industrial Enterprises of United States Citizens in Hispanic America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter Vii Industrial Enterprises of United States Citizens in Hispanic America CHAPTER VII INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES OF UNITED STATES CITIZENS IN HISPANIC AMERICA William wheel right and steam na'.igation in the Pae,fic—Unitcd States steamship lines to Hispanic-American ports—wheelwright as a railway promoter in South Amer- ca—Henry Meiggs as a railway contractor in Chile and Peru—The Madeira and Mamoi-é Railroad—The railroad from Guayaquil to Quito—The Panama Railroad Company—Yankee railway enterprise in, Mexico—Americau international telegraph companies—United States mining companies in Mexico, Central America, Peru, Chile. and Bolivia—Asphalt and petroleum companies in northern South Amenca—The banking facilities of the United States in Hispanic America—The American Interna- tional Corporation—Grace and Cornpany—United States investments In Hispanic. American countries—The construction of the Panama Canal The story of the industrial enterprise of United States citi- zens in Hispanic America is interwoven with the commercial relations between the United States and that vast region. At various points that story is connected with attempts of citizens of the United States to establish steamship lines between Hispanic-American states and other countries. Some notable achievements of Yankees have been the construction of rail- roads in different sections of Hispanic America. United States citizens have attempted to bind North and South Amer- ica closer together by laying submarine cables. In recent years they have established colossal mining plants in Mexico and South America. They have also planted in South America branches of United States banks—banks which seem destined to perform most valuable functions by promoting relations be- tween United States investors and the peoples of Hispanic America. Such manifestations of the industrial enterprise of citizens of the United States in Hispanic America this chapter will consider in some detail. Those citizens evidently helped to make known to the peoples of Hispanic America certain inventions and appliances that had 233 234 HISPANIC–AMERICAN RELATIONS promoted commerce and industry in the United States. The independence of Mexico had scarcely been established when a citizen of the United States named James S. Wilcox was ac- corded the exclusive privilege of introducing steam pumps for use in the mines of that country.' According to the Venezuelan historian, Manuel Landaeta Rosales, the first steamship that navigated the waters of South America was used by Samuel Glover, a citizen of the United States, upon Lake Maracaibo in 1826.' An account of steam navigation in South America—as well as the history of railroad transportation—is inextricably linked with the name of William Wheelwright, a native of Newbury- port, Massachusetts. Wthen a mere lad Wheelwright became a sailor; and in 1828, while acting as captain of a merchant vessel, he was wrecked upon the coast of South America near Buenos Aires. During his sojourn in that city he became inspired with the ideas of Bernardino Rivadavia, who wished to establish a port at Ensenada, to encourage European immigration, and to promote communications between the Argentine seacoast and theAndes.3 On June 16, 1824, Wheelwright was commissioned consul of the United States at the port of Guayaquil, Great Colombia'; his appointment was confirmed by the Senate on January 10, 1825,' and he served in that capacity for several years. He afterwards settled in Valparaiso and engaged in the coasting trade on the Pacific shores of South America. It was during this epoch of his life that Wheelwright conceived the idea of navigating the Pacific Ocean by steam vessels. To republics upon the Pacific this enterprising Yankee directed appeals for concessions which might enable him to carry out his plan. In 1885 Wheelwright said: By the experience which I have acquired during many years of resi- dence in Spanish-American countries I am intimately convinced of the I Cokcci6n de loo, decrcs p ardenta quo he' txpedido to sohna,,a junla provisional gubernalita del vnperio montana, p. 120, Garcia imperial do Moire, November 10, 182: 'Laudneta Rosales, "Contribucióc, del pueblo norte-americano Lila libertad y pro- greso de Venezuela," in Diana do Caracas, Caracas, July 2, 1896 Alberdi. La 'ida p los trabo,jos istdustridcs do William Wheelwright en In AmErica del Sur, pp 88-45. State Department MSS. Dispatches to Consuls, vol. se Senate Exenot.rc Journal, vol. in, pp. 399. *04. INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES 235 immense profit which commerce and agriculture will receive through a continuous, rapid, and secure communication among neighboring states and by the establishment of a route of transit for Europe by way of Panama. Among the maritime countries which are most jealous of the progress of their coasting trade are England and the United States where steamship communication has had such protection that new lines of commerce and industry have been opened and great and beneficial results have been produced. To initiate the projected operations I propose to run two steam vessels touching at all the principal ports upon the Pacific coast from Valparaiso to Panama For the encouragement of his project Wheelwright sought the monopoly of steam navigation upon the Pacific coast of the South American republics for ten years, his steamers to enjoy the privileges of their respective merchant vessels. It appears that as early as 1835 lie presented his project to the Government of New Granada. 8 Certain it is that by a law of August 25, 1835, Chile granted him the desired concession in those ports which were open to her own merchant vesscls.° Soon after- wards General Santa Cruz granted him the same concession in ports of Bolivia and Peru.'° With those pledges from South American states Wheelwright proceeded to England. In 1838 he published in London a booklet entitled Statcnwnts and Documents relative to the Establishment of Steam Navigation in the Pacific. The Times discussed the projected Pacific Steam Navi- gation Company and published excerpts from Wheelwright's booklet." This booklet included statistical tables and docu- ments as well as reports of meetings of British residents and merchants in Lima and Callao. Wheelwright thus demon- strated that the establishment of a steamship line between England and South America would reduce the period required for communication between England and the coasts of Peru and Chile from four months to thirty or forty days—an improvement in transportation which would greatly stimulate commerce with South America." • Alberdi, Whed wright, pp 91-93. 'Ibid., p 85 • Ibid. p 83 'Anguita, I..cyes tie Chile, vol. i. p 232; sec furthe, ibid. pp 267,303,304, 336 IC (\Vbeelvrightl. Statements and Doeunie,its relaiwe to the Establishment of Steam Nar(gatton tn the Pacific, pp 39-42. • The Times, February 0, 1838, • twheelwrigltI, lip. 5.6 HISPANIC—AMERICAN RELATIONS Largely because of the interest which the project of Wheel- wright created in London a royal charter was soon granted to the Pacific Steam Navigation Company. Under the direction of the projector two steamships, the Glide and the Peru, were built in Bristol. With those vessels Wheelwright proceeded through Magellan's Strait. On October 15, 1840, he anchored at Valparaiso where he was received with much enthusiasm. His Argentine biographer, the publicist Juan Bautista Alberdi, enthusiastically declared that this achievement of "the noble soldier of industry" deserved as much applause as Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean. In November, 1840, the Peru anchored in the port of Callao where she was visited by Agustin Gamarra, the Peruvian president, who hailed Wheelwright's achievement as the precursor of other agencies of civilization." The first steamships were thus brought to the Pacific shores of South America through the enterprise and perseverance of a citizen of the United States. Some time afterwards, by virtue of a decree of the congress of New Granada, Wheelwright ex- tended the steamship service to Panama." As the voyages of the steamships were much delayed by lack of coal, Wheelwright sought for coal deposits and found them in southern Chile." Today the Pacific Steam Navigation Company is the best monument to the memory of its first manager upon the Pacific coast of South America. Many years passed after Wheelwright brought steamships to Panama before there was a line of steamers plying directly be- tween the United States and South American ports. The only steamships under the flag of the United States which have plied regularly between New York City and Venezuelan ports were established by the "Red D" Steamship Company. That company sent its first steamship, the Feliciana, from New York to Venezuela in November, 1859. Its earliest ships were chartered German vessels which within ten years were replaced by steamers built in the United States for use in the trade with U Alberdi. Wheelwright, pp 118-27 " lEnd., pp 162-434; Rivas, Rdae,ones intanafionale g entre Co!o,ntna p j, E,tados Unidas. p. 96 Alberdi, JVhecl wright. pp 188, 181 INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES 237 South America. in 1888 the vessels of the "Red D" Company were making about thirty voyages per year. At that time the company received from the United States Government a little over six thousand dollars annually for the transportation of the mail, besides a nominal allowance for similar service by the Government of Curaçao. By 1890 this company had nine steamships in the South American service, its main line ran from New York to the Dutch island of Curaçao, thence to Puerto Cabello in Venezuela, and thence to La Guaira, the port of Caracas. The vessels returned over the same route. A branch line was established between Maracaibo and Curaçao making regular connections at that island with the main line for New York.' The first steamships flying the flag of the United States in the ports of Brazil were dispatched by John Roach, in 1877 that shipbuilder had secured a ten year contract with the Brazilian Government for the transportation of mail from Brazil to the United States at the rate of about six thousand dollars per voyage.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chinese Bondage in Peru
    CHINESE BONDAGE IN PERU Stewart UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES COLLEGE LIBRARV DUKE UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CHINESE BONDAGE IN PERU Chinese Bondage IN PERU A History of the Chinese Coolie in Peru, 1849-1874 BY WATT STEWART DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1951 Copyright, 195 i, by the Duke University Press PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE SEEMAN PRINTERY, INC., DURHAM, N. C. ij To JORGE BASADRE Historian Scholar Friend Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/chinesebondageinOOstew FOREWORD THE CENTURY just passed has witnessed a great movement of the sons of China from their huge country to other portions of the globe. Hundreds of thousands have fanned out southwestward, southward, and southeastward into various parts of the Pacific world. Many thousands have moved eastward to Hawaii and be- yond to the mainland of North and South America. Other thousands have been borne to Panama and to Cuba. The movement was in part forced, or at least semi-forced. This movement was the consequence of, and it like- wise entailed, many problems of a social and economic nature, with added political aspects and implications. It was a movement of human beings which, while it has had superficial notice in various works, has not yet been ade- quately investigated. It is important enough to merit a full historical record, particularly as we are now in an era when international understanding is of such extreme mo- ment. The peoples of the world will better understand one another if the antecedents of present conditions are thoroughly and widely known.
    [Show full text]
  • Precursores De La Cooperación Norteamericana Con Ecuador
    Precursores de la Cooperación Norteamericana con Ecuador Inicio de la Cooperación para el Desarrollo: Una Historia No Muy Conocida John A. Sanbrailo* Dentro del desenvolvimiento de las relaciones entre los Estados Unidos y Ecuador, su historia de cooperación no es muy bien comprendida y existen varios mitos, estereotipos y malentendidos que distorsionan una realidad rica en logros y realizaciones. Más aún, algunos comentaristas la han malinterpretado, enfatizando solamente aspectos negativos --desconociendo lo positivo y los éxitos obtenidos-- y creando así desconfianza entre estos dos países históricamente amigos. Asimismo, muchos autores creen que la cooperación comenzó únicamente después de la segunda guerra mundial con la ayuda prestada por varias instituciones del gobierno norteamericano, actualmente representada por la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID) y sus entidades predecesoras tales como Punto Cuarto y los Servicios Cooperativos Interamericanos. Sin embargo, esta colaboración tiene raíces aún más profundas que muestran la larga solidaridad que ha prevalecido entre las dos naciones desde la época de la independencia. Varios ejemplos enseñan que existen semillas plantadas muy tempranamente en la historia del país, las cuales simbolizan la ayuda entre norteamericanos y ecuatorianos. Este proceso se inició a lo largo de las décadas de l820 y l830 con prominentes figuras tales como José de Villamil de Luisiana; William e Isaac Wheelwright de Massachusetts y Alexander Ruden de Nueva York, quienes fueron los verdaderos pioneros de dicha cooperación. Sus fascinantes relatos revelan cómo se originó la ayuda mutua entre los habitantes de estos países, hecho relevante que debería ser mejor reconocido y divulgado hoy en día.
    [Show full text]
  • Patricio Fontana1 Universidad De Buenos Aires [email protected]
    B Un empresario extranjero en el desierto argentino: Juan Bautista Alberdi y su Vida de William Wheelwright Patricio Fontana1 Universidad de Buenos Aires [email protected] Resumen: En este artículo se analiza la biografía del empresario William Wheelwright escrita y publicada por Juan Bautista Alberdi, en París, en 1876. En él, se hace especial hincapié en el interés de Alberdi por sacar del silencio a los que denomina “héroes de la paz”, y así corregir la predilección por la guerra y los guerreros que advertía en la producción histórica y biográfica sudamericana del período. Así, mediante esta biografía, Alberdi busca un cambio de paradigma historiográfico. También se interroga el modo en que esta biografía se inscribe en la disputa, ostensiva o velada, que desde comienzos de la década de 1850 venían manteniendo Alberdi y Domingo Faustino Sarmiento y, finalmente, algunos aspectos de la recepción de este texto en Francia, primero, y en los Estados unidos, después. Palabras clave: biografía – héroes de la paz – Alberdi – Wheelwright Abstract: In this work, there is a critical analysis of William Wheelwright’s biography, written and published by Juan Bautista Alberdi, in Paris, in 1876. Special emphasis is placed on Alberdi’s interest in bringing into light what he calls “heroes of peace” and in correcting the preference towards war and warriors that he noticed in South American historical and biographical texts. So, with this biography, Alberdi intends to change the historiographical paradigm. In this work, we examine how this biography falls within the dispute, ostensive or veiled, between Alberdi and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (since 1850).
    [Show full text]
  • 75 High Street Ebenezer Stocker- Ric Nse Wi11i4m L,Lheelw.Ig
    Area I Fo:m no. FORMB - BUILDING Al13 MASSACHUSETTSHISTORICAT COMMTSSION 294 Washinglon Street, Boston, l'tA 02108 Newburyport 75 High Street Ebenezer Stocker- ric Nse Wi11i4m l,lheelw.ig . Original Residence Present Home for Aqed WoIBen hip:I Private individual Private organi eation werlrburyport eA biomen Public 0riginal owner Ebenezer Stqcker IPTION: cross streets and other buildings Date c. L797 or geographical features. gsunss Historic American B1dg. Survey Indicate north. Style Federal t f- Architect $ {J tJ U $r !/ Exterior wa11 fabric Clapboards ry ,/)-h. 0utbuildirlgs hntt.o, L J Rarn r lrrtm' gnE'lotl t 5 q house 'lJ doorway ,u ,\J Major alterations (with dates) altered and front porch added (c.1850) Hto* srAeef addition at rear (c.1886). TI Moved Date Approx. acreage 1.09 acres RecordedbY uary .rane sti- Setting onNewb@ Organizatto" ''ffice of Community architecture Date B-4-80 examples of domestic dating from the Colonial peri-od through the early 20th centurY. (Staple additional sheets here) -, -..-..-- Area I Fo:m no. FORMB . BUILDING Al13 MASSACHUSETTSHISTORICAT COMMISSION 294 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108 Newburyport 75 High Street Ebenezer Stocker- ric Nme William I']heelw.ig . Original Residence Present Home for Aqed Wo$et " hip:I Private individual Private organi eation uerfburyport. eA Iaiomen Public Original owner Ebenezer Stocker IPTION: cross streets and other buildings Date c. L797 or geographical features. Histolic Amerj-can Bldg;flgrvey Indicate north. Source Style Federal L f- Architect I {J U U $l t/ Exterior wa11 fabric Clapboards ry \t)"h. 0utbuildiilgs hnt't.o, L J Rarn r lrrrmlr gnE.lon t 6 q house {, ! .\, (with dates; doorway ,v \ Major alterations altered and front porch added (c.1850) H tO* rear (c.1886).
    [Show full text]
  • The Diary of Heinrich Witt
    The Diary of Heinrich Witt Volume 10 Edited by Ulrich Mücke LEIDEN | BOSTON Ulrich Muecke - 9789004307247 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 10:27:42PM via free access [Volume X] [. .] [22] Hamburg of 22nd September. The former tells me he has been obliged to exchange the beautiful Hanover for the ugly Dortmund, nevertheless in the former place, or rather in Leinhausen, he was but second in command, in Dortmund he is chief of the Royal Locomotive Department. Limpricht’s letter as usual contains much news of interest. He tells me that he is agent for von Soden, at present Governor of Kamerun on the West Coast of Africa, for whom he has many purchases to make, upon which he charges a small commission. Von Soden, it will be remembered, was German Minister in Perú, and rented some apartments in our house at the time Limpricht also resided in Lima. He further tells me that he has been present at the wedding of his niece Martha with Mr. Moeller, Private Teacher of Botany at the University of Greifswald; not less than fifty persons had sat down to the banquet. He also speaks of the abund[_] of money; Hamburg had contracted a loan of 18 million marks without difficulty at 3 per cent annual interest, and the interest on Prussian Consuls had been reduced from 4% to 3 1/2%, in which I much fear I am also interested. He says, finally, a few words regarding the will of the late Daniel Schutte, but, as he only speaks from hearsay, I prefer giving the details which we have learned from Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diary of Heinrich Witt
    The Diary of Heinrich Witt Volume 9 Edited by Ulrich Mücke LEIDEN | BOSTON Ulrich Muecke - 9789004307247 Downloaded from Brill.com10/10/2021 05:09:24AM via free access [1] Volume IX. [2] Commenced in Lima, on the 26th April 1880, by Mr. Neat Ladd Residence in Lima. Thursday, 13th of March 1879. A few days back I lent Alejandro, of my own funds, S15,000, at 1% monthly, upon some ground in Miraflores, measuring 54,000 square varas, which some time ago he had bought from Domingo Porta. At 2 o’clock I went by the Oroya train to Callao; when there, accompanied by Mr. Higginson, to the store of Grace Brothers & Co., to purchase some duck, “lona”, which I required for the curtains, or “velas”, in my Chorrillos rancho, those which I had bought several years back, at the same time as the rancho itself, having become torn and useless; various samples were shewn me, however I made no purchase, because, as the salesman told me, of the quality best adapted, they had several bales aboard a vessel in the bay, from which they could not be landed for eight or ten days. Enriqueta was again ill with migraine, and kept her bed; neither did I go in the evening to the salita, where Garland played rocambor with his friends. Friday, 14th of March 1879. Ricardo read me an article from the Cologne Gazette which said that the plague which had committed great ravages mostly in the vicinity of Astrakhan, owed its origin to the clothes and other articles, which, torn off on the field of battle from half putrefied corpses, had been carried by the Cossacks to their homes on their return from the late Turco- Russian war.
    [Show full text]
  • The Identity of the British Immigrants in Valparaíso in the Star of Chile
    THE IDENTITY OF THE BRITISH IMMIGRANTS IN VALPARAÍSO 1 Universidad de Chile Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades Departamento de Lingüística The Identity of the British immigrants in Valparaíso in The Star of Chile (1904-1906) Informe final de Seminario de Grado para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesas Autores Cristian Andres Arancibia Lagos Lucia Paz Araya Machuca Jenisse Carolina Cárdenas Soto Constanza Antonia Escaida Solis Saggia Alessandra Failla Cubillos Luz María Ignacia Martínez Altamirano Michela del Pilar Rojas Madrid Malva Soto Blamey Profesora guía Ana María Burdach R. Santiago, Chile Diciembre, 2017 THE IDENTITY OF THE BRITISH IMMIGRANTS IN VALPARAÍSO 2 Abstract The study of identity has been widely examined within several fields of linguistics and also among the social sciences. However discourse analysis applied to newspapers is a relatively recent field. Thus, the present study based on the framework of evaluation in language developed by Martin and Rose (2008) focuses on the means by which editorials of the newspaper The Star of Chile convey a sense of identity of the British community in Valparaíso at the turn of the 20th century. To develop this study, five editorials of the The Star of Chile from the years 1904, 1905 and 1906 were selected for the analysis. Each of them representing relevant aspects of the British immigrants’ culture, religious and political beliefs, and significant historical events of that time. The analysis included the tracking of the participants and the options used by the author for their appraisal with the aim of unveiling their identity. The results elucidate how the British immigrants perceived themselves and how they depicted those outside their immediate community at the beginning of the twentieth-century in Valparaiso.
    [Show full text]
  • J.A. Hobson, Lmpuialism, a Study (1980: 56)
    HISTORICA Vol. VII. NQ 2. Diciembre de 1983 LAS ACTIVIDADES COMERCIALES Y FINANCIERAS DE LA CASA GRACE Y LA GUERRA DEL PACIFICO. 1879~1890* Alfonso W. Quiroz Norris En gran medida la mayoría de los inversionistas cons~ tituye, tanto en el comercio como en la política, solamen~ te un instrumento de las grandes casas financieras, las cuales utilizan las acciones y valores no tanto como in~ versiones que les brindarán intereses, sino como materia de especulación en el mercado de capitales. J.A. Hobson, lmpuialism, A Study (1980: 56) Las grandes transacciones finanCieras canalizadas por grandes casas financieras dominaban el mercado de capitales internaciona~ les cuando se desataba la Guena del Pacífico. Las palabras de Hobson arriba citadas describen la situación de c'oncentración fi~ nanciera que aparecía cada vez más evidente hacia 1900 pero que se había ido forjando por décadas antes. La economía pe·ruana su~ frió todo el peso de las consecuencias de una gestión económic'a y política que no supo actuar acorde con esa realidad. En un in~ tento por contribuir a la polémica sobre la Guerra del Pacífico, el presente artículo sostiene que la guerra se perdió también en el extranjero, en Washington, Nueva York y Londres, y no solamen~ te en Angamos, Aric'a o Miraflores. Es más, la guerra se siguió perdiendo, económicamente hablando, después de la firma del tra~ tado de paz de Ancón y del contrato Grace. Descubrimos en los archivos de W. R. Gra:e & Co. red en~ temente donados a la biblioteca de la Universidad de Columbia, * El presente artículo se basa en la tesis de Masters of Arts del autor ti­ tulada Trade and Financia! Aspects of the War of the the Pacific, 1879· 1890, Co'umbia University, 1981.
    [Show full text]
  • The War of the Pacific: the Empire Crushes Peru's American System
    EIR History THE WAR OF THE PACIFIC The Empire Crushes Peru’s American System Project by Cynthia R. Rush La Verdad Detrás de la Guerra del Pacífico: el imperio británico contra el sistema Americano de economía en Sudamérica by Luis E. Vásquez Medina Lima, Peru: Arquitas EIRL, June 20121 Jan. 16—In his groundbreaking book (in English, The Truth Behind the War of the Pacific: the British Empire Against the American System of Economics in South America), historian Luis Vásquez Medina, the founder in Peru of statesman Lyndon LaRouche’s political movement, has already rattled his country’s academic and political establishment. In this seminal work, the result of years of exhaus- tive research, Vásquez polemically debunks the pre- dominant reductionist anglophile historiography, and its Marxist “anti-imperialist” variant, which have por- trayed the 1879-81 War of the Pacific as merely a re- gional raw materials grab by competing British and Using original sources, often-ignored, if not delib- U.S. commercial and financial interests, through which erately suppressed by many so-called historians, Peru lost its nitrate-rich province of Tarapacá, and Bo- Vásquez demonstrates that, far from being a regional livia lost Antofagasta, which also left it a land-locked conflict, the War of the Pacific, like the 1861-65 U.S. nation. Civil War before it, was part of the global strategic con- frontation between the British Empire’s oligarchical 1. Available in pdf form at larouchepub.com (click on “Buy Publica- system, based on free trade and economic plundering
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 03:19:07AM Via Free Access [1] Volume VIII
    The Diary of Heinrich Witt Volume 8 Edited by Ulrich Mücke LEIDEN | BOSTON Ulrich Muecke - 9789004307247 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 03:19:07AM via free access [1] Volume VIII Commenced in Lima on the 22nd February 1879 by Mr. James Bryson. [2] [_]ence in Lima. Friday, 21st of January 1876. I was up at an early hour, and in the water by half past seven. My wife was so well that she called her sudden improvement a real miracle. Before I left by the 9 train Garland and Enriqueta had arrived. By 3 O’clock I was at the meeting of the Directors of the Insurance Company “Lima”. Moscoso Melgar presided. The gerente Elizalde asked what was to be done with pagarées of various people which would shortly fall due. Peña said, “Get the money”; I replied, “That is more easily said than done, and after some talking we came to the natural conclusion to authorize the gerente to do the best he could in conjunction with the Director de Turno. Moscoso Melgar was chosen President, Michael Carrol Vice. Before we had risen I was called to the Banco de Lima. Lembcke presented himself, and laid before us the closing entries in the books, which could not be made without the authorization of the Directory. Several decidedly bad debts were written off to Profit and Loss account, to the debit of which account were likewise carried heavy sums for premiums paid and commissions charged by the London Bankers, and for charges – in Spanish “Gastos Generales” – not less a sum than S/59,000 of which more than S/10,000 for patente and stamp duty, and S/9600 to the two gerentes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile Y Perú 1994
    Código de barras Chile y Perú 1994 - 2009: Realismo en la frontera MAGÍSTER en POLÍTICA EXTERIOR Este libro sintetiza una investigación en torno a una de las situaciones EDGARD ECKHOLT ITHURRALDE Edgard Eckholt Ithurralde El programa es impartido por el Instituto de más complejas que ha debido enfrentar la política exterior chilena D iplomático, miembro del Servicio Estudios Avanzados y el Departamento de durante los últimos años: las relaciones entre Chile y Perú. En este Exterior de Chile desde 1994. Médico Historia de la Facultad de Humanidades de sentido, su contenido alude básicamente a la necesidad de contar con graduado en la Universidad de Chile y la USACH y busca preparar especialistas una interpretación metodológica actualizada que permita explicar el Magister en Política Exterior del Instituto con enfoque interdisciplinario en el área conjunto creciente de interacciones, muchas de ellas conflictivas, que de Estudios Avanzados de la Universidad de relaciones internacionales con la idea de han caracterizado los vínculos estatales y no estatales de ambos países, de Santiago de Chile. formular propuestas concretas en materia aportándose diversos elementos para comprender la aparente paradoja que afectaría a esta relación: el deterioro bilateral en un período en que Ingresó al Servicio Exterior de Chile a de política exterior. Con los años, este la frontera en alismo través de la Academia Diplomática “Andrés programa se ha constituido en un referente ambos países cuentan con gobiernos democráticos, experimentando e hurralde R Bello” en 1994. Se ha desempeñado una clara ampliación en sus contactos y colaboraciones. t de excelencia en la investigación y posgrado I como Cónsul y diplomático en las A partir de un enfoque realista, la exposición considera diferentes en Ciencias Sociales y, en particular, en los Embajadas de Chile en Filipinas (1998- niveles analíticos incorporando actores no estatales y fenómenos de estudios internacionales.
    [Show full text]
  • Yet Another Tale of Two Cities: Buenos Aires and Chicago
    Lat Am Econ Rev (2018) 27:2 DOI 10.1007/s40503-017-0052-7 Yet another tale of two cities: Buenos Aires and Chicago 1 1 Filipe Campante • Edward L. Glaeser Received: 25 July 2017 / Revised: 15 September 2017 / Accepted: 24 October 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Buenos Aires and Chicago grew during the nineteenth century for remarkably similar reasons. Both cities were conduits for moving meat and grain from fertile hinterlands to eastern markets. However, despite their initial similari- ties, Chicago was vastly more prosperous for most of the twentieth century. Can the differences between the cities after 1930 be explained by differences in the cities before that date? We highlight four major differences between Buenos Aires and Chicago in 1914. Chicago was slightly richer, and significantly better educated. Chicago was more industrially developed, with about 2.25 times more capital per worker. Finally, Chicago’s political situation was far more stable and it was not a political capital. Human capital seems to explain the lion’s share of the divergent path of the two cities and their countries, both because of its direct effect and because of the connection between education and political instability. Keywords Argentine exceptionalism Á Comparative development Á Industrial development Á Education Á Political instability JEL Classification N10 Á I25 Á L15 Á D74 Both authors thank the John S. and Cynthia Reed foundation for financial support. Conversations with John Reed helped start this project. We also thank the Taubman Center for State and Local Government for financial assistance.
    [Show full text]