DOCSLIB.ORG

Generation Koreans in Japan a Dissertation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Rhetoricity of History and Narrativity of Life: A Life History Approach to the First- Generation Koreans in Japan A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Min Wha Han June 2009 © 2009 Min Wha Han. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled Rhetoricity of History and Narrativity of Life: A Life History Approach to the First- Generation Koreans in Japan by MIN WHA HAN has been approved for the School of Communication Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by Raymie McKerrow Professor of Communication Studies Gregory J. Shepherd Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii ABSTRACT HAN, MIN WHA, Ph.D., June 2009, Communication Studies Rhetoricity of History and Narrativity of Life: A Life History Approach to the First- Generation Koreans in Japan (272 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Raymie McKerrow The purpose of this dissertation is to explore, record, and analyze the traces of colonial and postcolonial conditions through various standpoints of Korean diasporic communities in Japan. My approach is to reveal life course narratives of the first- generation Koreans in Japan. As a third-generation Zainichi Korean whose familial history witnesses, yet has overlooked, the colonial root as an origin of displacement, I employ a self-reflexive stance and an insider’s (yet only in a partial form) perspective to history writing. Specifically, in this dissertation, I ask: 1) what would be some shared life course experiences of first generation Koreans in Japan as the population whose lives are conditioned by the colonial displacement, and how are they narrated by them?; and 2) how would the first generation Koreans’ stories of their displacement explain their material and sociopolitical circumstances that were uniquely conditioned by the colonial history and diasporic experiences? Chapters approach these research questions in multiple ways—with my autobiographical reflections, with a historical literature review, with a discussion of rhetorical history, narrative as well as postcolonial theories, and with actual stories collected through field work. The stories of the interviewed first generation Zainichi Koreans are divided, yet acknowledging the interconnectedness, into two versions—‘Big’ and ‘Small’— based on the intensity and duration of life story iii interviews. The Big stories, about which I aim to narrate the participants’ holistic life history, have revealed the three ‘relationships’: 1) the past relationship between colonial rulers and subjects; 2) the present relationship between postcolonial subjects and the society; and 3) the power relation between popularly acknowledged memory and oppressed ones. The ‘Small’ stories, which are context-based and conversational narrations of the participants’ life experiences, have emotionally spoken to what I call the six ‘then and now’ problems. The challenges they have faced in daily lives in Japan have been expressed in such thematic terms as: name, education, work, poverty, illiteracy, and kurou, or hardship. The Big and Small stories, collectively speak to the continuity of the colonial experiences among the first generation Koreans in Japan: Experienced migration to Japan, witnessed the transition from the old Korea to the divided one, and transformed (or resisted doing so) their positionality/s from the “Japanese subjects” to the permanent “foreigners” cum “citizens” in Japan. Through the lenses of rhetorical history perspective, I argue for an importance of a critical perspective on the part of a researcher in the process of text-making in history writing. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Raymie McKerrow Professor of Communication Studies iv To my father v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have waited and waited to write this section of my dissertation hoping that I would finally find the ‘right words’ to write. But, as has always been the case for me in my years of studying in the United States, this time again, I could not reach the point where I know what the ‘right words’ would be to thank every person I owe for this work. What I do at this time, again, is to try to express my desire to thank enough and appreciate enough those people, without whom I could not get here, with careful words, and with sincere heart. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my academic advisor, Dr. Raymie E. McKerrow. Ever since I came to Ohio, with the hope to learn from him, I have been constantly amazed to learn how humble, thoughtful, and humorous person he is. I am honored to be able to have him as my academic advisor, and am grateful for our frequent conversations in his office, on the phone, at a coffee shop, over lunch and dinner. After the tremendous help and support I gained from him, I find myself repeating what many people have already said, “Without his help and guidance this dissertation could not be completed.” I really mean it. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members, Dr. William Rawlins, Dr. Devika Chawla, and Dr. Julie White. They are three brilliant professors whose classes I enjoyed taking, insights and mentorship I always appreciated. I am grateful for many learning opportunities with Dr. Rawlins, whose personality and way of living I admire so much. I am thoroughly thankful for my “unexpected” encounter with the worlds of narrative, friendship, and dialogue. They happened to me, thanks to him. vi Dr. Devika Chawla not only provided me with academic opportunities, but also gave me personal help on many occasions. She is a kind of person whose emotional and academic support co-helped the struggling student. Dr. Julie White was one of the most brilliant and smartest persons that I have ever met. Just listening to her talk, I was constantly pulled into the world of learning and growing. I truly appreciate each of the committee members for reading and guiding my work. My sincere appreciation and respect goes to all the grandmothers and grandfathers I met for the purpose of this project, and those who kindly agreed to tell me their life stories. I will never forget their songs, tears and smiles, on top of the stories and wisdom they shared with me. Gomapsumnida (Thank you). I am thankful for all the academic opportunities and financial help the School of Communication Studies provided with me. Teaching was one of the great things that happened to me in my life, giving me hope and joy to keep learning. Thank you to all the students I met at Ohio University for making me who I am as a little teacher/scholar today. You were always my teachers and scholars that I learned from. I even thank chilly winters and the frequent rains in Athens, Ohio, because the former made me appreciate the warm apartment as a cozy space for me to think, read, write, and grow, whereas the latter a cup of cappuccino inside a coffee shop. I also thank all the wonderful people, professors and friends I could meet here in the School of Communication Studies at Ohio University. In particular, I thank my cohort members for helping each other, learning, and growing together, and my friendship with vii them. Thank you for your warm support and kind words during the hard time I had to go through. Finally, I would like to express my deepest ‘thank you’ and love to my family. With their unconditional love, support, and encouragement, I could earn the courage to continue my doctoral path. My father, mother, and sister have never lost faith in me, even those moments I myself thought it impossible to finish. And, there is one ‘connector’ for my family’s bond—our lovely cat Hyang. I felt blessed in every moment I could spend with her, especially upon finishing this dissertation. Just being there with me, she kept me at home to write, relax, and be encouraged. Her presence, and illness, taught me how I should bless each moment with my family. My sincere appreciation goes to my husband Dr. Jong Hwa Lee. Both as a mentor and partner, he encouraged me in every moment. I am grateful for the transformation from the former to the latter that happened to us. I am also excited about our new journey—as husband and wife, and as co-writers for our projects. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Autobiographic Reflection as an Entry Point ................................................................. 1 Summary, Research Questions, and Preview ............................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2: FRAMING THE OREGIN OF ZAINICHI KOREANS ............................ 13 Framing Modernity and Colonialism from the Perspective of Japanese Annexation of Korea ............................................................................................................................. 14 Roles of Emperor in Imperial Japan and Colonial Korea ......................................... 18 The Ways of Naturalization .....................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Japan Between the Wars

    Japan Between the Wars

    JAPAN BETWEEN THE WARS The Meiji era was not followed by as neat and logical a periodi- zation. The Emperor Meiji (his era name was conflated with his person posthumously) symbolized the changes of his period so perfectly that at his death in July 1912 there was a clear sense that an era had come to an end. His successor, who was assigned the era name Taisho¯ (Great Righteousness), was never well, and demonstrated such embarrassing indications of mental illness that his son Hirohito succeeded him as regent in 1922 and re- mained in that office until his father’s death in 1926, when the era name was changed to Sho¯wa. The 1920s are often referred to as the “Taisho¯ period,” but the Taisho¯ emperor was in nominal charge only until 1922; he was unimportant in life and his death was irrelevant. Far better, then, to consider the quarter century between the Russo-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident of 1931 as the next era of modern Japanese history. There is overlap at both ends, with Meiji and with the resur- gence of the military, but the years in question mark important developments in every aspect of Japanese life. They are also years of irony and paradox. Japan achieved success in joining the Great Powers and reached imperial status just as the territo- rial grabs that distinguished nineteenth-century imperialism came to an end, and its image changed with dramatic swiftness from that of newly founded empire to stubborn advocate of imperial privilege. Its military and naval might approached world standards just as those standards were about to change, and not long before the disaster of World War I produced revul- sion from armament and substituted enthusiasm for arms limi- tations.
  • Item 3D. LBR-2019-20-008 Mums

    Item 3D. LBR-2019-20-008 Mums

    CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO LONDON N. BREED, MAYOR OFFICE OF SMALL BUSINESS REGINA DICK-ENDRIZZI, DIRECTOR Legacy Business Registry Staff Report HEARING DATE DECEMBER 9, 2019 MUMS – HOME OF SHABU SHABU Application No.: LBR-2019-20-008 Business Name: Mums - Home of Shabu Shabu Business Address: 1800 Sutter Street District: District 5 Applicant: Isidore Tam, Owner Nomination Date: August 5, 2019 Nominated By: Supervisor Vallie Brown Staff Contact: Richard Kurylo [email protected] BUSINESS DESCRIPTION Mums - Home of Shabu Shabu (“Mums”) is a family-owned Japanese American restaurant located on the first floor of the Kimpton Buchanan Hotel in Japantown. The restaurant was founded in 1979 as part of a project to bring Japanese culture to San Francisco by Kintetsu Enterprises Company of Osaka, Japan. It is currently owned by former employee Isidore Tam. Over the 40 years it has been in business, Mums has remained committed to bridging Japanese and American culture through its dining space and cuisine, becoming a vital gathering place for the surrounding Japantown community. Kintetsu Enterprises Company of America was founded in San Francisco in 1961 by Kintetsu Group Holdings of Osaka, Japan. The company sought to bridge Japanese and American cultures. They began in San Francisco, which had been Osaka’s Sister City since 1957. At the time, Japantown had recently undergone redevelopment so Kintetsu brought new life to Japantown by encouraging the proliferation of Japanese businesses in the area. They opened the Kyoto Inn in 1975 and, realizing that guests needed a place to enjoy Japanese food, opened what was then called Café Mums just four years later.
  • Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas

    Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas

    Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas Darnell 17 April 2020 The diminutive suffixes -ngaji and -ngsengi are unique in contemporary Korean in ​ ​ ​ ​ that they both begin with the velar nasal consonant (/ŋ/) and seem to be of Korean origin. Surprisingly, they seem to share no direct genetic affiliation. But by reverse-engineering sound change involving the morpheme-initial velar nasal in the Ulsan dialect, I prove that the historical form of -aengi was actually ​ ​ maximally -ng; thus the suffixes -ngaji and -ngsaengi are related if we consider ​ ​ ​ ​ them to be concatenations of this diminutive suffix -ng and the suffixes -aji and ​ ​ ​ ​ -sengi. This is supported by the existence of words with the -aji suffix in which the ​ ​ ​ initial velar nasal -ㅇ is absent and which have no semantic meaning of ​ ​ diminutiveness. 1. Introduction Korean is a language of contested linguistic origin spoken primarily on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. There are approximately 77 million Korean speakers globally, though about 72 million of these speakers reside on the Korean peninsula (Eberhard et al.). Old Korean is the name given to the first attested stage of the Koreanic family, referring to the language spoken in the Silla kingdom, a small polity at the southeast end of the Korean peninsula. It is attested (at first quite sparsely) from the fifth century until the overthrow of the Silla state in the year 935 (Lee & Ramsey 2011: 48, 50, 55). Soon after that year, the geographic center of written Korean then moved to the capital of this conquering state, the Goryeo kingdom, located near present-day Seoul; this marks the beginning of Early Middle Korean (Lee & Ramsey: 50, 77).
  • PARK JIN HYOK, Also Known As ("Aka") "Jin Hyok Park," Aka "Pak Jin Hek," Case Fl·J 18 - 1 4 79

    PARK JIN HYOK, Also Known As ("Aka") "Jin Hyok Park," Aka "Pak Jin Hek," Case Fl·J 18 - 1 4 79

    AO 91 (Rev. 11/11) Criminal Complaint UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT for the RLED Central District of California CLERK U.S. DIS RICT United States ofAmerica JUN - 8 ?018 [ --- .. ~- ·~".... ~-~,..,. v. CENT\:y'\ l i\:,: ffl1G1 OF__ CAUFORN! BY .·-. ....-~- - ____D=E--..... PARK JIN HYOK, also known as ("aka") "Jin Hyok Park," aka "Pak Jin Hek," Case fl·J 18 - 1 4 79 Defendant. CRIMINAL COMPLAINT I, the complainant in this case, state that the following is true to the best ofmy knowledge and belief. Beginning no later than September 2, 2014 and continuing through at least August 3, 2017, in the county ofLos Angeles in the Central District of California, the defendant violated: Code Section Offense Description 18 U.S.C. § 371 Conspiracy 18 u.s.c. § 1349 Conspiracy to Commit Wire Fraud This criminal complaint is based on these facts: Please see attached affidavit. IBJ Continued on the attached sheet. Isl Complainant's signature Nathan P. Shields, Special Agent, FBI Printed name and title Sworn to before ~e and signed in my presence. Date: ROZELLA A OLIVER Judge's signature City and state: Los Angeles, California Hon. Rozella A. Oliver, U.S. Magistrate Judge Printed name and title -:"'~~ ,4G'L--- A-SA AUSAs: Stephanie S. Christensen, x3756; Anthony J. Lewis, x1786; & Anil J. Antony, x6579 REC: Detention Contents I. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................1 II. PURPOSE OF AFFIDAVIT ......................................................................1 III. SUMMARY................................................................................................3
  • Explaining Party Adaptation to Electoral Reform: the Discreet Charm of the LDP?

    Explaining Party Adaptation to Electoral Reform: the Discreet Charm of the LDP?

    01-J2906 1/9/04 6:27 AM Page 1 ellis s. krauss and robert pekkanen Explaining Party Adaptation to Electoral Reform: The Discreet Charm of the LDP? Abstract: This article traces the effects of Japan’s 1994 electoral reform on Japan’s governing party, the LDP. Factions have lost their central role in nomi- nating candidates and deciding the party presidency but remain important in al- locating party and Diet posts. Unexpectedly, ko¯enkai have grown stronger be- cause they perform new functions. PARC remains important but diminished by the enhanced policymaking role of party leaders in the coalition government. A central theme is unpredicted organizational adaptation—“embedded choice”— since 1994. We speculate on how this flexibility of the LDP, adapting old orga- nizational forms to new incentives, its “discreet charm,” may affect Japanese politics and the LDP’s potential longevity in power. The decade that has passed since Japan fundamentally reformed the elec- toral system that had been in place since 1947, one that also had been used for part of the prewar period, is enough time to begin to assess the conse- quences of that system for the way the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) mobilizes votes, and for its internal personnel and policymaking organization. It is perhaps most surprising that the LDP continues in power We are grateful to Gerry Curtis and Yoso Furumoto, for their interview introductions and other suggestions, and to Matt Shugart, for his insights on electoral reform consequences. We thank Len Schoppa, Ofer Feldman, and Komako Tanaka for interview suggestions; Meg McKean and Masahiko Tatebayashi for sharing their ongoing research; and Pablo Pinto, Verena Blechinger, John Campbell, Mikitaka Masuyama, Aurelia George Mulgan, Satoshi Machidori, Steve Reed, and Yutaka Tsujinaka for feedback on our research and earlier versions of this ar- ticle.
  • Nationalism in Japan's Contemporary Foreign Policy

    Nationalism in Japan's Contemporary Foreign Policy

    The London School of Economics and Political Science Nationalism in Japan’s Contemporary Foreign Policy: A Consideration of the Cases of China, North Korea, and India Maiko Kuroki A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, February 2013 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of <88,7630> words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Josh Collins and Greg Demmons. 2 of 3 Abstract Under the Koizumi and Abe administrations, the deterioration of the Japan-China relationship and growing tension between Japan and North Korea were often interpreted as being caused by the rise of nationalism. This thesis aims to explore this question by looking at Japan’s foreign policy in the region and uncovering how political actors manipulated the concept of nationalism in foreign policy discourse.
  • Landscapes of Korean and Korean American Biblical Interpretation

    Landscapes of Korean and Korean American Biblical Interpretation

    BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION AMERICAN AND KOREAN LANDSCAPES OF KOREAN International Voices in Biblical Studies In this first of its kind collection of Korean and Korean American Landscapes of Korean biblical interpretation, essays by established and emerging scholars reflect a range of historical, textual, feminist, sociological, theological, and postcolonial readings. Contributors draw upon ancient contexts and Korean American and even recent events in South Korea to shed light on familiar passages such as King Manasseh read through the Sewol Ferry Tragedy, David and Bathsheba’s narrative as the backdrop to the prohibition against Biblical Interpretation adultery, rereading the virtuous women in Proverbs 31:10–31 through a Korean woman’s experience, visualizing the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and demarcations in Galatians, and introducing the extrabiblical story of Eve and Norea, her daughter, through story (re)telling. This volume of essays introduces Korean and Korean American biblical interpretation to scholars and students interested in both traditional and contemporary contextual interpretations. Exile as Forced Migration JOHN AHN is AssociateThe Prophets Professor Speak of Hebrew on Forced Bible Migration at Howard University ThusSchool Says of Divinity.the LORD: He Essays is the on author the Former of and Latter Prophets in (2010) Honor ofand Robert coeditor R. Wilson of (2015) and (2009). Ahn Electronic open access edition (ISBN 978-0-88414-379-6) available at http://ivbs.sbl-site.org/home.aspx Edited by John Ahn LANDSCAPES OF KOREAN AND KOREAN AMERICAN BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION INTERNATIONAL VOICES IN BIBLICAL STUDIES Jione Havea Jin Young Choi Musa W. Dube David Joy Nasili Vaka’uta Gerald O. West Number 10 LANDSCAPES OF KOREAN AND KOREAN AMERICAN BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION Edited by John Ahn Atlanta Copyright © 2019 by SBL Press All rights reserved.
  • International Post Adoption Services | Korea Service Descriptions

    International Post Adoption Services | Korea Service Descriptions

    1605 Eustis Street 80 0 -952-9302 Saint Paul, MN 55108 651-646-7771 chlss.org/post-adoption International Post Adoption Services | Korea Service Descriptions Important: CH/LSS and our Korean partnership agencies receive heightened service requests over the summer months, and you may experience a longer wait time for your case to be assigned. Thank you for your understanding. A $35 Registration Fee is due at time of service request Additional forms specific to your Korean agency will be required. Your post adoption worker will provide them to you. Birth Family Search - Korean and U.S. File Review are included *See age restrictions below If you are unsure about proceeding with a search, consider starting with a file review. An adopted adult, age 19+ or parents of adopted minors (13+) can initiate a search for birth parents. Prior to starting your search, your post adoption worker will speak with you in detail about your motivations to search, the range of possible outcomes, and access to support systems during the search and outreach journey. Correspondence (through email) will be exchanged at no extra cost up to 1 year from the time of first contact with birth mother or father (translation available through volunteer translators). Correspondence fees (page 2) apply after 1st year of letter exchange. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................………..$350 Use “Domestic” Search Service Request when all parties live in US and Korean agency is not involved..….…..….Domestic Service fees apply US and/or Korean file review and other special requests *See age restrictions below An adopted adult, age 19+ or parents of adopted minors (age 13+) can request that their US and/or Korean agency adoption file be checked for updates.
  • Identity Under Japanese Occupation

    Identity Under Japanese Occupation

    1 “BECOMING JAPANESE:” IDENTITY UNDER JAPANESE OCCUPATION GRADES: 9-12 AUTHOR: Katherine Murphy TOPIC/THEME: Japanese Occupation, World War II, Korean Culture, Identity TIME REQUIRED: Two 60-minute periods BACKGROUND: The lesson is based on the impact of the Japanese occupation of Korea during World War II on Korean culture and identity. In particular, the lesson focuses on the Japanese campaign in 1940 to encourage Koreans to abandon their Korean names and adopt Japanese names. This campaign was known as “sōshi-kaimei." The purpose of this campaign, along with campaigns requiring Koreans to recite an oath to the Japanese Emperor and bow at Shinto shrines, were to make the Korean people “Japanese” and hopefully, loyal subjects of the Japanese Empire by abandoning their Korean identity and loyalties. These cultural policies and campaigns were key to the Japanese war effort during World War II. The lesson draws from the students’ lives as well as two books: Lost Names: Scenes from a Korean Boyhood by Richard E. Kim and Under the Black Umbrella: Voices from Colonial Korea 1910-1945 by Hildi Kang. CURRICULUM CONNECTION: The lesson is intended to use the major themes from the summer reading book Lost Names: Scenes from a Korean Boyhood to introduce students to one of the five essential questions of the World History II course: How is identity constructed? How does identity impact human experience? In first investigating the origin of their own names and the meaning of Korean names, students can begin to explore the question “How is identity constructed?’ In examining how and why the Japanese sought to change the Korean people’s names, religion, etc during World War II, students will understand how global events such as World War II can impact an individual.
  • Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR 1 General Information

    Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR 1 General Information

    (internal doc. #: klgp220_101f_proposal_korean_lgr-25jan18-en_v103.doc) Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 1.0 Date: 2018-01-25 Document version: 1.03 Authors: Korean Script Generation Panel 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Korean Script LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document below: • proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document below: • korean-test-labels-25jan18-en.txt In Section 3, we will see the background on Korean script (Hangul + Hanja) and principal language using it, i.e., Korean language. The overall development process and methodology will be reviewed in Section 4. The repertoire and variant groups in K-LGR will be discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. In Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE) will be described and then contributors for K-LGR are shown in Section 8. Several appendices are included with separate files. proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en 1 / 73 1/17 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Kore ISO 15924 Key Number: 287 (= 286 + 500) ISO 15924 English Name: Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) Native name of the script: 한글 + 한자 Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 [241] Note.
  • 1. Introduction 2. Studies on Jeju and Efforts to Preserve It

    1. Introduction 2. Studies on Jeju and Efforts to Preserve It

    An Endangered Language: Jeju Language Yeong-bong Kang Jeju National University 1. Introduction It has been a well-known fact that language is closely connected with both speaker's mind and its local culture. Cultural trait, one of the core properties of language, means that language reflects culture of the society at large. Even though Jeju language samchun 'uncle' is a variation of its standard Korean samchon, it is hard to say that samchun has the same dictionary definition of samchon, the brother of father, especially unmarried. In Jeju, if he/she is older than the speaker, everyone, regardless of his/her sex, can be samchun whether or not he/she is the speaker's relative. It means that Jeju language well reflects local culture and social aspects of Jeju. In other words, Jeju language reflects Jeju culture and society, and it reveals Jeju people's soul. This paper aims to investigate efforts to preserve Jeju language which reflect Jeju people's soul and cultures, processes which Jeju was included in the Atlas of languages in danger by UNESCO, and substantive approaches for preserving Jeju. 2. Studies on Jeju and efforts to preserve it There have been lots of studies on Jeju and efforts to preserve it by individuals, institutions, media, and etc. 2.1 Individual studies on Jeju language and efforts to preserve it Individual studies on Jeju language started with Japanese linguist Ogura Shinpei's Jeju Dialect in 1913. He also presented The Value of Jeju Dialect and Jeju Dialect: Cheong-gu Journal in 1924 and 1931 each.
  • The Languages of Japan and Korea Old Korean

    The Languages of Japan and Korea Old Korean

    This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 02 Oct 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK The Languages of Japan and Korea Nicolas Tranter Old Korean Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203124741.ch3 Nam Pung-hyun () Published online on: 16 May 2012 How to cite :- Nam Pung-hyun (). 16 May 2012, Old Korean from: The Languages of Japan and Korea Routledge Accessed on: 02 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203124741.ch3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. PART II KOREAN Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:21 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203124741, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203124741.ch3 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:21 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203124741, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203124741.ch3 OLD KOREAN 41 CHAPTER THREE OLD KOREAN Nam Pung-hyun (南豊鉉) 3.1 PERIODIZATION We divide Old Korean (OK) into Early, Mid and Late Old Korean (EOK, MOK, LOK).