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The Educational System of China As Recently Reconstructed UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, 1911, NO. 15 WHOLE NUMBER 462 THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF CHINA AS RECENTLY RECONSTRUCTED By HARRY EDWIN KING VICI: PRLSIDENT OF THE PEKING UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 CONTENT Letters of tram:mill:1! Chaptor 1.The growl It of modern111111,1111/11ill1.11111:1 1111 T1 W1,111College ...___. Aoullary 74-11.01, 11 II Istivi) Doan 1,41:1111iSlied 11:1%;11 Ilokik 11 1;o: V11111101111.11.;:1:11.11 coliet I ttqx11111 Io reforms in srion,10:141 uu nrot. N% 1111 111S!8,11 111111:: Illolioptoil:m eXa 1 ions 13 Votig Whig. and the rhito-se rorooission 11 Niilitary medical ,o1leri.111 T1111111t111 15 T11`111,1111 1:111VIS11 N1111 1.:1111: 11'1,0011 11:11.11i111: 1111.1111' I. 1114"1-111elah Educational itillitee 1:_nang Ilse I Thanter 11.--- Education (roll! 1,.nto his imperial1.111versily ordered 10 he wslalili,110,1 %Vett Chang aholishod_ Scholars seek western learning Emperor repro\ es his minisirts for delay Ittirattelf askrictillttre established -.1gricollovals,hoo) Pro% ision for11:111011111 schools 11r. Nlartin appoleitol presidentof the 21 -Traitors in camp.-warm,' 27, Goortilnela transit' Ion bureau. t:hlticse schools to he st.ddished ttir.mi Training school for translators. 21; Coup (Mat 'ollater refcrols of Elopros$ Chapter 111. 1 /vvvlopliwIlt of modt.rn education from litoo to Pm all IinnlinAl.:1(14411y to pursue1111W,ourt steely an ititltiCcinents..mq441returned Stolle:Its al Provishat for modern education system Error?of limier trobbles colleges ite1;101 2.. 33 Plans for abolishing old system of oxtoolito Ions 'file 11W (4111tIollad system m111111141_ . :15 gdlet regarding ('Illnese slutleids slinlyit!g ahroad .MInIslry of &Mention erentell___ :17 Commissioners sent ahroad_.... Tientsin University reimilt._ Midule, primary. aud night schools. 41 3 4 CONTENTS. .4. Chapter IV..-Controlling agencies of 11m 4,111 its:1(11)11111 sySielli 4:: Nlinistry of eduation., departments 4:4 Init les of ministry of education 44 1:n411101d t.,11-.1 of eltnealloti .Mattes lone:shiners 47) E.Iticational commissioners 111 foreign coon ies Sopeviruiry hoards of prim:ise,hols 47 lAsiiie halls I' Chapter V. Primary education e) K inderga rt ens et Lower primary schoolscourses .4 'owl.% 'Higher primary schools Snininary of results of prluiliry schools in ('1111111 Prio lure chapter .1 1. iiItI llr schools. provincial colleges.'01.41 Nliildle school,* where and lam. estaldish..I 1,4 st:iTh.qh, hi chihil 1'ro.lncr (11 Proilncial colleges 1;2 Chihli Colloge est Universities 1;7- College of Chinese classics O.) College of literature .. 7t) College of no4lIcine 7 1 (.11114'gcofougilioeriluz ...nit:ion. Tientsin University and ShansiI .1.1Ner.it.% 72 EN:twin:1110os and li1t isf unkersily 71 Chapter \I'l anal. n..11111.111. and iniscellaneon Normal '%ols and colleges Is colleges 79 NfiseellantNots schools of languages at Nanking. Hopei, and Manchuria . Law schools cI Medical schools Nobles' sclasd's :111111:try and nasal schools (li:touts Schisd of finance '1 " Itsntsll 1:11:111;police high school: itetirti% e schoolrehiriliiit0Q Niodel prIstitis---tmletunity scholarship school cti "Colleges for the preservation of the tilti Learning" Female educa- tion Chapter V111.--Clilnos studeills studying abroad 11?. Stmlents lu Japan. 14r. Effect of the Chlttese exclusion laws (-- Students In the Uniteil Kingdom and Europe Students In the States . Imperial metropolitan examinations for returnN1 students_ Summary._ ._. Bibliography 104 LETTER NsM1'1"I'.\ 1)EI'.\.It FAWN ))1 Till" 1 litU: I ()I l'IoN. 11.d.h;nqt()/i./). ,. //tht r 1911, Sur.I have the honorto'raw-alit herewitit a mono:rt.:11)h on The SYslent as 1Zeeently Reeontrueted. by 1). II"TY King, i"' the inonog,,ritph Ala- originally submitted to the faculty of the thpart-, niefit of literature. science. and the arts of the I'M\ ersitv of gall. and acetiued in partial fulfillment of the requirement, lor.the degree of dyetor of philosophy.1)r. 1ing's inforniation \vas de- rivd litrl_tk 0y from his personal ohsevotion durifig lung r0,..ident III ,lipplenietited by translations of ('hine.e doennients.This Nv(wk" \vas ;61.01111)1.1.6d\\sill'the a.).1,.1 awl) of leacher- allot stItd()111)', some of 11)«in have -ince heeonie assoriared will1). king inAnictor, in the Peking I.viver-irv. 1 recuniniond it- lnihhtea- tion ti number of the bulletin of thelhirran v''''Y r"twetfull` V. P. CI.AVIN1:1', Cniitui;Asimele. The- Sit rit) IN 14.1tlult, ". THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF CHINA AS RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED. INTRODT?CTION. When we think of China, with a history dating. back more than 4,000 years, with a national literature not excelled by that of any other ancient people, a system of government conducted by her ablest, scholars, chosen for more than 12 centuries by competitive examina- tions, we are not surprised to find her characterized by a spirit of .self- confidence.By reason of her early development in culture and in government, she became the teacher of neighboring countries, .and invariably compelled her victor to adopt her language, literature, customs, and 1pws, literally absorbing the conqueror and Making him lose himself among her people. With her 4,217,170 square miles of territory, occupying geograph- ically one of the most favored portions of the globe, having such a diversity of climate and such fertile soil, sheThas been able to provide not only the necessities but also many of the luxuries of life,and has made content her 400 millions of people. Secluded by sea. mountain, and desert from contact with outside nations, she has been left alone to develop her own social, moral, intellectual, and governmental institutions.To quote Capt. Brink- ley: " No other tuition has preserved its type so unaltered; no other nation has developed a civilization so completely independent of any extraneous influences; no other natioit has elaboratedits own ideas in such absolute segregation from alien thoughts; no other nation has preserved the long stream of its literature so entirelyfree from foreign affluents; no other nation has ever reached a moral and national elevation comparatively so high above the headsof con-r: temporary States: "' China has a right to glory in her ancientcivilization, which has produced some of the most learned sages theworld has ever known. Her longevity has been due largely to the teachingsof her ancient sages, her reverence, for the past,her educational system, with its one object to provide able men for the State, andher civil- service ex- aminations, which determined who were-worthy toTule. lOrlental Berle.: Japan and China.Vol. X, p. J. 7 8 THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF CHINA. Confucius warned his disciples to " walk ih trodden paths," and theses loyal disciples have proclaimed, " What Confuciusteaches is true; what is contrary to his teaching is false; what, he doesnot teach is unnecessary; " and Kang Hsi (1662 -1723) also urged his people to " discard strange doctrines in order to glorify the orthodox teaching." The comRetitive-examination system has done'more than anything else to make the officials and literati oppose the introduction of "western learning."Under the old educational regime China can not be said to have possessed any Government schools.All educa- tion was left to private effort, but literary attainmentwas decided by the Government through its system of competitive examinations, and rewarded by official recognition.Corning into forced contact with European powers, China has slowly discovered the fact that in order to preserve her national existence she must modify her educational, system, and instead of devoting all her attention, as formerly, to the study of the classics, she now seeks also to understand the literature, sciences, arts, laws, and governments of western nations. It is not the province of this thesis to enter into a discussion of the old system of education nor to attempt to treat the excellent educa- tional work done in the mission schools and universitiesa work that has up to date been the most efficient of all educational-work done in the Empire.It has been zi great object lesson and a great factor i4 hastening on the new education in China. To it is duemore than to any other cause the establishment of Government schools for girls. It has furnished many native teachers for the Government schools, and many of the presidents of the first Government cOleges and universities have been men who had been engaged in missionary education. Among them are the well-known names of Drs. Martin, Tenney, Ferguson, Hayes; and Richards, and Messrs. Duncan and Soothill. We purpose first to trace the growth of_the first national educa- tional institutions and the struggle over the introduction of modern education into China before the formation of the ministry of edu- cation. Second, to treat of the present educational systemas outlined by the ministry of education. CHAPTER I. THE GROWTH OF MODERN EDUCATION IN CHINA UP TO 1898. China's contact with foreign nations, the misunderstandings and conflicts she encountered, ending often in unsuccessful wars, con- vinced her finally that she.hadHri need to learn from the western world. Dr. Martin tells us that "44-1i.inPss than a year from the close of hostilities in 1860 lafge bodies of Chinese troops might have been seen learning foreign tactics under foreign drillmasters on the very battle grounds where they had been defeated.Arsenals, well sup-. plied with machinery from foreign countries, were put in operation at four inf)ortalt points, and navy yards were established
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