Land Use Policy 65 (2017) 287–293

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Land Use Policy

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Changes in coastal city ecosystem service values based on land use—A case study of Yingkou, China MARK ⁎ Ying Lia,b, Yu Fenga, Xiaorong Guoa, Fei Pengb, a College of Urban and Environmental Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City, Shahekou District, Huanghe Road, No. 850, Liaoning Province, China b Center for Studies of Marine Economy and Sustainable Development, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City, Shahekou District, Huanghe Road, No. 850, Liaoning Province, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The valuation of ecosystem services is intended to facilitate the rational and sustainable utilization of natural Ecosystem services resources. However, calculating the values of natural resources is complex, and research is underway in this Resource valuation regard. The change of land use types can reflect the changes in the area of each ecosystem; therefore, in this Coastal city study, land use changes in Yingkou (located in the south of Liaoning Province and an important port city) over a Yingkou 10-year period (2004–2014) are assessed using a geographic information systems platform and the 2004, 2009 China and 2014 Thematic Mapper remotely sensed images of the area. The Costanza calculation method and classification system are used to estimate changes in the total values of ecosystem services in the Yingkou area from 2004 to 2014 and to investigate the causes of these changes. The “change tendency” of particular ecological communities is calculated using the Variable coefficient, the Gini coefficient, and the Theil index. The results reveal the following: (i) The total value of ecosystem services in the Yingkou area decreased drastically (i.e., from $2567.60 million to $2127.26 million, representing a 17.2% decline) between 2004 and 2014. (ii) Aquatic ecosystem services are valued greater than terrestrial services. In Yingkou, a decline in the value of aquatic ecosystem services accounts for 88.6% of the total decrease in ecosystem service value. (iii) Land reclamation in the Yingkou urban area emerges as the primary factor influencing ecosystem service values for the various ecological communities in the region. The ecosystem service value of each ecological community is different, and the differences between the contributions made by the various communities to the total ecosystem services value are increasing over time. (iv) The decline in ecosystem service values in Yingkou is linked to urban development. Following widespread land reclamation, an increase in land area intended for urban construction is associated with a decrease in water area.

1. Introduction in the frequency of coastal disasters worldwide (Shih and Chiau, 2009). The degree of systematic preservation and protection of coastal zone “Ecosystem services” refers to the set of environmental conditions ecosystems in China is not commensurate with their importance. and products − important for human survival and development − that Coastal nature reserves account for a mere 0.59% of the total Chinese an ecosystem can provide while maintaining the integrity of its own national nature reserve area (Guo et al., 2001). The estimation of a ecological processes (Burnett et al., 2006), and humans can gain benefit monetary value for coastal zone ecosystem services stands to provide directly or indirectly from it. Therefore, ecosystem services are the environmental managers with a realistic indication of the ability of the foundation conditions for human survival and development, and are the coastal ecosystem to support current land use practices, and represents key natural capital for human production and living. The “coastal zone” a foundation for the rational and sustainable utilization of environ- refers to the special ecosystem at the transition between ocean, land mental resources (Clark 1992). Any research that contributes to a and atmosphere which, with its abundance of resources and biomass, prevention of coastal zone ecosystem damage is important, and the supports the economic development of coastal areas (Gao and Chen, healthy development of the world’s coastal zones depends on it (Craft 2012). However, injudicious development practices and overutilization et al., 2009). of coastal resources has led to the destruction of many coastal zone The study of coastal zone ecosystem functions and services began in ecosystems, an increase in the fragility of these systems, and an increase the 1900s and has gradually developed as a research focus over

⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: pfl[email protected] (F. Peng). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.021 Received 10 August 2016; Received in revised form 21 March 2017; Accepted 14 April 2017 0264-8377/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Y. Li et al. Land Use Policy 65 (2017) 287–293

Fig. 1. Location map of research area. approximately 70 years. Costanza was one of the earliest and most systems (GIS) to calculate the areal extents of discrete ecological influential pioneers of research around the importance of ecosystems, communities, this study systematically investigates changes to ecosys- the classification of ecosystem services and functions, and appropriate tem service values in Yingkou between 2004 and 2014. The aim of the principles and methods of global ecosystem assessment. This early work research is to calculate ecosystem service values and evaluate the remains a vital reference in the field of ecological research (Gill 2005; impacts of urban sprawl on ecosystem services; the significance is that Kremen et al., 2007). Up to now, most coastal zone ecosystem research the ecosystem can provide better services for humans. studies began with an analysis of the ecological characteristics and services of the system in question, and an assessment of its health and 2. Materials and methods vulnerability statuses using appropriate indices (Balick and Mendelsohn, 1992; Costanza et al., 2014; Hein et al., 2006; Wilkins 2.1. Overview of the study area 1998). Such assessments then inform discussions regarding the sustain- able development of the system, appropriate ecosystem-economic Yingkou City (39°55′–40°56′ N, 121°56′–123°02′ E) is located in the coupling, and the diagnosis of existing coastal ecosystem degradation south of Liaoning Province, The city’s east-west span is approximately (Granek et al., 2010; Martínez et al., 2008; Pomeroy 1995; Silow and 50 km, with a north-south length of approximately 112 km, and its total Mokry, 2010). land area is more than 5000 km2. Yingkou is an important port city in In recent years, land use activities such as large-scale land reclama- Liaoning province. It lies on the east side of the Bohai, which is China’s fi fi tion projects have intensi ed signi cantly in the Circum Bohai Sea inland sea and is surrounded by the Liaodong peninsula, Shandong region. This can be attributed to growing economic development needs peninsula and the North China plain. The Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea are and the enhancement of technology, the latter speeding the pace of interlinked, and the Bohai Sea is the main seaport serving Northeast change in ecosystems. Land reclamation may result in certain economic China, North China, Northwest and parts of East China. It has three fi and social bene ts but also endangers the health of the coastal zone bays, with Liaodong bay located in the north. In a narrow sense, the ecosystem (Naser 2011). At present, domestic scholars only study the Circum Bohai Sea region refers to the Liaodong peninsula, Shandong ecosystem service value of the Bohai sea area, and there is little peninsula, coastal economic belt of Circum Bohai Sea, meanwhile research on the change of ecosystem service value in Yingkou. extending to Shanxi province, Liaoning province, Shandong province Compared with previous studies, this paper not only calculates the and the mid-east of Inner Mongolia (Fig. 1). value of ecosystem services in Yingkou but also analyzes the reasons Yingkou city is located in Liaodong Bay (Steeneveld et al., 2011). ff and the di erences for the changes. In addition, Yingkou is an The elevation of Yingkou is relatively low, mostly between 0 and important port city in Northeast China, and its ecological environment 1000 m (Fig. 2). Yingkou falls within a maritime temperate monsoon has a direct impact on Northeast China. Therefore, the purpose of this climate zone. Yingkou has a resident population of approximately 2.4 study is to analyze the change of ecosystem services values in Yingkou million people. In recent years, rapid economic development in the area ff and to explore the main factors a ecting the value of ecosystem has led to the designation of the Bohai Sea region as one of the three services. most economically developed regions in China (Roso 2007), along with Yingkou is a city located alongside the Liaodong Bay in the Bohai the Pearl River and Yangtze River deltas (Dai et al., 2014). Between Sea. The establishment of a new coastal district in Yingkou led to a large 2004 and 2014, the total GDP for the Bohai Sea region increased by area of land being reclaimed from the sea, alleviating the shortage of $4493.3 million to $22460.8 million-representing an increase of land in this coastal area (Yim et al., 2005). However, at the same time, approximately 400%. As one of the main urban areas near the Bohai ’ the area s ecosystem was damaged, because land reclamation destroyed Sea, Yingkou is an important port city that connects other industrial the original marine ecosystem or wetland ecosystem, and then the towns, such as Shenyang and Anshan. With the rapid development of ff underlying surface properties and biodiversity were a ected, so the Yingkou and the establishment of new coastal developments, various value of its services changed as a result. land-use types have changed significantly over the past decade. Based on the results of previous research, this paper divides the ecosystem in Yingkou into seven ecological communities and nine 2.2. Data sources ecological service types, all of which are considered in the context of the study area. Using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information The land use data used in this study were obtained from remote

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existing statistical data, the error is less than 2% and the data are within the available range.

2.3. Model for the estimation of coastal zone ecosystem service values

This paper primarily follows the research results of scholars such as Costanza and Xie Gaodi to calculate the value of the ecosystem services in Yingkou, and analyze the changes of ecosystem service value of Yingkou. From a global perspective, Costanza and partner estimated the value of ecosystem services, but with certain deviation for China’s ecosystem characteristics. Therefore, in order to reduce the error in the course of use, Xie Gaodi established the unit area ecosystem service value equivalent suitable for China, on the basis of the classification system and calculation model of Costanza. Based on the land-use characteristics of the study area, Yingkou can be divided into seven “ecological community types”, namely, cultivated land, forestland, grassland, desert, water, mud flats and construction area. Furthermore, based on the findings of previous studies, this study considers nine types of ecological services (Zhang et al., 2015). Using the existing research results, the relationships between ecosystem service types and unit values of the various ecological communities are determined (Barbier et al., 2008; Beaumont et al., 2007)(Table 1). In this study, coastal city ecosystem service values are determined based on the Costanza’s method (Barbier et al., 2011; Kreuter et al., 2001), with reference to both the ecosystem services classification system defined in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Reid et al., 2005) and the results of relevant previous research (Kreuter et al., 2001): n m

V =(∑∑AUVec, i ×()j ) i=1 j=1 (1)

where V is the total value of an ecosystem’s services, n is the number of

ecological communities, Aec,i is the aerial extent of an ecological Fig. 2. The Digital Elevation Model map of YingKou City. community, UVj is the unit value of each ecosystem service, and m is the number of ecosystem service types. sensing (Landsat) images of Yingkou for 2004, 2009 and 2014 (http:// www.gscloud.cn, track number: 119/32). These three remote sensing 2.4. Method used to calculate the differences between the ecosystem service images have the same basic information, such as resolution and filming values of different ecological communities period. To ensure the images’ clarity, cloud cover in every remote sensing image is less than 5%. Steps are as follows: data input and The coefficient of variation, the Gini coefficient, and the Theil index output, multiband synthesis, radiation correction for remote sensing can all be used to express the differences between ecological commu- images, image geometric correction, remote sensing image mosaic, nity services values, and are combined to calculate the differences in remote sensing image cutting, image enhancement, supervised classi- service value among the nine different ecological communities identi- fication, and processing of remote sensing image classification. fied in the Yingkou. This is accomplished using the following formula Different land use regions in Yingkou were delineated using Envi4.7 (Borrell and Talih, 2011; Lerman and Yitzhaki, 1984; Reed et al., 2002): software, and the aerial extents of particular ecological communities n n 1 1 were calculated in ArcGIS. The area data in this paper is obtained from V =/=SY ∑∑(−)/(YY2 Y ) jjj n ij j n ij the remote sensing interpretation and supervised classification based on −1 i=1 i=1 (2) human visual system, but in comparing the acquired data with the where Vj is the coefficient of variation, Sj is the standard deviation, Yj is

Table 1 The division of ecological community, ecological services types and unit value.

Ecosystem service type unit value/($ hm−2 a−1)

Mud flat Cultivated land Water Desert Grass Construction area Forest land land

Gas regulation 505.44 151.00 106.96 12.59 314.60 12.59 906.03 Climate regulation 2841.84 203.43 432.05 27.26 327.18 27.26 856.14 Water conservation 2818.76 161.49 3936.62 14.26 318.79 0 857.79 Soil formation and protection 417.35 308.30 85.98 35.66 469.80 0 843.11 Waste disposal 3020.10 291.52 31144.9 54.53 276.84 0 360.73 Food production 75.51 209.73 111.15 4.19 90.18 0 69.21 Raw material 50.34 81.79 73.41 8.39 75.51 0 624.99 Biodiversity protection 773.90 213.92 719.36 83.89 392.20 0 945.88 Entertainment 983.62 356.58 931.20 50.34 182.47 436.23 436.24

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the average of ecological communities services values, Yij is the j-th Yingkou. Its value was $917.6 million in 2004, and this value dropped index value of the i-th object, and n is the index number. to $687.5 million in 2009 and to $569.0 million by 2014. The next n largest proportion was in water conservation, with a value of $312.7

Gj =1−∑ (XXij −(−1) i j )( YY ij + (−1) i j) million in 2004 which dropped to $264.3 million in 2014, with a i=1 (3) corresponding change rate of 15.5%. The lowest value of ecosystem services was food production. The proportion is relatively small, in formula: Gj is the Gini coefficient, Xij is the cumulative percentage of the j-th index, Y is the total cumulative percentage, and n is the index approximately 2% or so. By comparison, only the value of soil ij – number. formation and protection was increased in 2004 2009, which had a significant relationship with the unit service value and the increased n ⎛ E ⎞ ⎛ EE/ ⎞ T =ln⎜ ii⎟ ⎜ ⎟ area of grassland and woodland; at that time, the value of other service ∑ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ i=1 E XXi/ (4) types was reduced (Table 3). Using Eq. (1), along with the data pertaining to the seven identified in formula: T is the Theil index, E is the index amount, X is the variable, ecological communities in Yingkou, and the unit values for the nine and n is the index value. main ecological service types, values for the various coastal ecosystem The so-called entropy method can be used to derive the relative services were estimated. The area of each ecological community was weight of each evaluative parameter in the formula, and the evaluative multiplied by the unit value of its corresponding ecosystem services. parameter can then be appropriately weighted. Using this method, The values of the various ecological communities were then added to when the calculated entropy value is small, the differences between obtain the total ecosystem services value for the study area (Table 4). various indicators are large, its specific gravity is higher, and the weight The total value of ecosystem services for the study area was is bigger; the opposite is smaller (Boer et al., 2014; Livesey and $2567.60 million in 2004. This value dropped to $2293.89 million Brochon, 1987). The formula is as follows: (10.7% decrease) in 2009 and to $2127.26 million (a further 7.3% Xij decrease) by 2014 (Table 4). This represents a total decrease in value of Y = ij m $440.34 million over 10 years. It should be noted that the degree of ∑ Xij value decline was greater between 2004 and 2009 than it was between i=1 (5) 2009 and 2014. m The unit service values of the terrestrial ecosystems represented in ekYY j =−∑ (ij ×ln ij) the study area (i.e., cultivated land, grassland, forestland, desert, and i=1 (6) construction area) are much lower than those of the aquatic ecosystems n in the area (i.e., water and mud flats), but because the absolute area W =1−ee (1− ) jj∑ j occupied by terrestrial ecosystems in Yingkou is much larger than that j=1 (7) occupied by aquatic ecosystems, the total value attached to the in formula: Xij is the standardized data, Yij is the proportion of the index terrestrial ecosystems in the area exceeds that attached to aquatic ones. value, ej is the index information entropy, Wj is the index weight, The degree of variation in the total ecosystem services values of k =1/lnm, m represents the years, n represents the index number. Yingkou’s terrestrial ecosystems between 2004 and 2014 was relatively small. The total value of the services obtained from these systems was 3. Results estimated at $1589.09 million in 2004 and at $1569.74 million in 2014, which represents a decrease in value of only 1.2% over 10 years. 3.1. Determination of the aerial extents of ecological communities Conversely, the degree of variation in the value of aquatic system services over the same period was far more pronounced. The value of Remotely sensed images of Yingkou taken at three different points the ecosystem services provided by aquatic ecosystems in Yingkou in time (2004. 2009 and 2014) were processed separately using Envi4.7 decreased from $978.51 million in 2004 to $557.52 million in 2014. software. Supervised classification was undertaken to interpret the This represents a decline in value of $420.99 million. Thus, the decline various land-use types for Yingkou and create a thematic map depicting in aquatic services values accounts for 88.6% of the total decline in the these (Fig. 3). Using ArcGIS, the aerial extent of each land type was value of Yingkou’s ecosystem services. calculated, and changes in land-use type over time were analyzed. In this way, the aerial extent of each ecological community was deter- 3.3. Impact of land reclamation activities on ecosystem service values mined (Table 2). Land-use patterns across Yingkou changed significantly from 2004 The spatial variation with respect to both aquatic and terrestrial to 2014 (Fig. 3, Table 2). The total land area of Yingkou is approxi- ecological communities in Yingkou from 2004 to 2014 is obvious mately 5400 km2. As a consequence of the rapid development of the (Fig. 4), as is the spatial effect of land reclamation activities. Land city, the total area of so-called “construction land” is constantly reclamation in the study area over time has resulted in changes to the expanding, as is the area classified as “occupied”. The total area of aerial distribution of local ecological communities. This, in turn, has construction land expanded from 899 km2 in 2004–1209 km2 in 2014. interfered with these communities’ capacities to provide their various However, land reclamation activities in the area have resulted in a ecosystem services, which has affected the overall coastal zone decrease in Yingkou’s water area from 253 km2 in 2004–143 km2 in ecosystem services value for the study area. To illustrate the influence 2014 (representing a 43.5% reduction). The total area of cultivated of land reclamation activities on this value, three remote sensing land shows a trend of decreasing year by year, and other land use types images of Yingkou urban area (2004, 2009 and 2014) were also have also changed by varying degrees over time. selected, and the various land-use types for Yingkou urban area were interpreted. Owing to the relative absence of forestland in the urban 3.2. Estimation of ecosystem service values area, the assessment of the effect of land reclamation on the value of ecosystem services saw the urban land zone divided into six types, The ecosystem service value of each ecosystem service type in 2004, namely, cultivated land, grassland, water, mud flats, unused land, and 2009 and 2014 is calculated using the unit value of the ecosystem construction land. The areas occupied by the various ecological service type in Tables 1 and 2 with the results as follows (Table 3): communities across these land use types was subsequently determined During 2004–2014, waste disposal accounted for the largest propor- (Fig. 4, Table 5). tion from the perspective of the total value of ecosystem services in With rapid economic development in the Yingkou region, the urban

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Fig. 3. The map of land use types of YingKou in 2004, 2009, and 2014.

Table 2 population density in the study area has increased quickly over time. The area of various ecological communities in Yingkou during 2004–2014 (km2). This has led to a change in the land use type of a significant portion of the coastal water and tidal flat wetland areas to “construction land”. Type of land use Ecological community 2004 2009 2014 This, together with the establishment of the Yingkou urban coastal Farmland Cultivated land 1338 1253 1194 industrial base (the so-called Coastal New Area) between 2004 and Grassland 247 286 329 2014, has resulted in significant changes to the balance between Forestland 2052 2061 2013 aquatic and terrestrial ecological communities in the area. The terres- Unused land Desert 378 311 286 2 2 Water area Water 253 180 143 trial area increased (between 2004 and 2014) from 273 km to 373 km 2 2 Mud flat 25 21 18 and, conversely, the aquatic area decreased from 237 km to 137 km , Construction land Construction area 899 1085 1209 implying that a total of 100 km2 of land was reclaimed over the 10-year study period. The construction area has increased by 136 km2, while the water area has decreased by 95 km2. The total estimated value of all Table 3 Yingkou urban area ecosystem services decreased (from 2004 to 2014) Ecosystem service type total value in 2004–2014 ($). by $360.52 million, representing a staggering 40.8% decline (Table 6). ff Ecosystem service type 2004 2009 2014 change rate (negative) Terrestrial and aquatic systems not only have very di erent structures and functions, but they also play notably different roles with Gas regulation 219.5 219.4 215.1 2.00% respect to climate regulation, water conservation and maintenance of Climate regulation 232.0 228.3 222.3 4.19% biological diversity. Thus, while land reclamation expands the spatial Water conservation 312.7 283.4 264.3 15.5% Soil formation and protection 229.2 229.4 225.0 1.82% extent of terrestrial ecosystems, it also compromises the functions of Waste disposal 917.6 687.5 569.0 38.0% aquatic ones. This has a serious impact on the overall coastal zone Food production 47.66 45.42 43.80 0.81% ecosystem, and negatively impacts the total ecosystem services value Raw material 143.4 142.9 139.5 2.73% for the region. In addition, injudicious development practices, pollu- Biodiversity protection 255.7 250.2 232.5 9.07% Entertainment 208.9 207. 6 205.7 1.53% tion, and other anthropogenic fallout further hinder the delivery of multiple other ecosystem functions and services by the natural envir- onment. Table 4 The total value of ecosystem services in Yingkou. 3.4. Linking ecosystem service value changes with ecological community − − Ecological community Unit value ($ hm 2 a 1) Total value(million $) changes

2004 2009 2014 The decline in the composite ecosystem services value for Yingkou Cultivated land 1977.78 264.63 247.82 236.14 from 2004 to 2014 implies changes to the value of each ecological Grassland 2447.56 60.46 70.00 80.52 community. The latter are tracked using an index that combines the Desert 291.53 11.03 9.063 8.34 Coefficient of Variation (Eq. (2)), the Gini coefficient (Eq. (3)), and the Water 37541.58 949.80 675.74 536.84 fl Theil index formula (Eq. (4)) (see Table 7). The relative index weights Mud at 11486.87 28.71 24.13 20.68 – Forestland 5897.58 1210.18 1215.49 1187.19 are calculated using the entropy weight method (Eqs. (5) (7))(Fig. 5). Construction area 476.08 42.80 51.65 57.55 The different coefficients reflect ecological community change in 2004, Total – 2567.60 2293.89 2127.26 2009, and 2014 are 0.629, 0.630, and 0.638, respectively, reflecting an increasing trend. This indicates that the contributions by individual ecological communities to the total ecosystem services value are in

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Fig. 4. The map of land use types of Yingkou urban area in 2004, 2009, and 2014.

Table 5 The area of various ecological communities in Yingkou urban area during 2004–2014 (km2).

Ecological community 2004 2009 2014

Cultivated land 104 96 89 Grassland 69 63 58 Desert 21 15 11 Mud flat 18 16 13 Water 219 152 124 Construction area 79 168 215

Fig. 5. The change between the values of the various ecological communities.

Table 6 The ecosystem services value of Yingkou urban area. land and forestland is larger, and the performance for the terrestrial ecosystem service value is increasing, but the variation is relatively Ecological community Total value (million $) small; the aquatic ecosystem service value is decreasing, and the change 2004 2009 2014 range is obvious, which has a great impact on the total value of ecosystem services in Yingkou. This phenomenon indicates that the Cultivated land 19.16 18.99 17.60 advantage of aquatic ecosystem service value decreases gradually, both Grassland 16.88 15.42 14.20 in water conservation and biodiversity, and has a certain degree of Desert 0.163 0.438 0.320 Water 822.16 570.63 465.52 damage. The ecological environment of the study area is a kind of Mud flat 20.68 18.38 14.94 invisible pressure, so in the long run, this puts increased pressure on the Construction area 3.75 7.24 10.23 total coastal zone ecosystem. Total 883.24 631.09 522.72

4. Conclusions and discussion Table 7 The differences between the values of the various ecological communities. 4.1. Conclusions

2004 2009 2014 In this paper, GIS technology and statistics have been used to assess Variation coefficient 1.3637 1.3940 1.4120 land-use change in Yingkou from 2004 to 2014 and to estimate the Theil index 0.3216 associated changes in the value of ecosystem services in this area over Gini coefficient −0.2270 that time period. The main conclusions that emerge from this research can be summarized as follows: fi constant flux. If the differences between the service values of the Land-use types in Yingkou have changed signi cantly from 2004 to various ecological communities gradually increase, this indicates that 2014. The most noteworthy of these types is an increase in construction 2 2 the service values of these communities are not balanced. land area (from 899 km to 1209 km ) and an associated decrease in 2 2 Moreover, considering changes in the differences of ecological water area (from 253 km to 143 km ) as a result of land reclamation ff system of Yingkou City, the contribution rate of water, construction activities. This has markedly a ected the aerial distribution of the ecological communities in the area.

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