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Západočeská Univerzita V Plzni Fakulta Filozofická Disertační Práce Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Disertační práce 2018 Mgr. Kateřina Dobrovolná Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Disertační práce TEMATICKÉ A MOTIVICKÉ TRANSFORMACE AKTÉRŮ ČESKÝCH DÉMONOLOGICKÝCH POVĚSTÍ Mgr. Kateřina Dobrovolná Plzeň 2018 Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra antropologie Studijní program Historické vědy Studijní obor Etnologie Disertační práce TEMATICKÉ A MOTIVICKÉ TRANSFORMACE AKTÉRŮ ČESKÝCH DÉMONOLOGICKÝCH POVĚSTÍ Mgr. Kateřina Dobrovolná Školitel: PhDr. Petr Janeček, Ph.D. (Ústav etnologie, Filozofická fakulta, Univerzita Karlova) Plzeň 2018 Tuto disertační práci jsem zpracovala samostatně a vyznačila jsem pouţité prameny tak, jak je to ve vědecké práci obvyklé. __________________________ datum a podpis studenta Poděkování Tímto chci poděkovat všem, kteří se podíleli na vzniku této disertační práce, zejména informátorům, bez jejichţ rozhovorů se mnou by tato práce nemohla vzniknout. Dále děkuji Mgr. Janu Lufferovi, Ph.D., jenţ byl ochoten poradit mi ohledně katalogizace dokumentovaných pověstí, a Mgr. Zuzaně Budačové za vlídné posouzení mých pokusů o interpretaci narativů z psychologického hlediska. Největší dík patří samozřejmě mému školiteli PhDr. Petru Janečkovi, Ph.D., který vţdy obratem reagoval na mé dotazy a ochotně mi pomáhal po celou dobu studia. OBSAH 1 ÚVOD ....................................................................................................... 1 2 VÝZKUMNÉ METODY ............................................................................. 6 2.1 Shrnutí metodiky rozhovorů a dotazníkového šetření ........................ 9 3 KLÍČOVÉ POJMY ................................................................................... 10 3.1 Tradiční a současná pověst .............................................................. 10 3.2 Dělení pověstí ................................................................................... 13 3.3 Démonická bytost ............................................................................. 14 3.4 Tematika a motivika .......................................................................... 16 3.5 Lokalita, místo a prostor ................................................................... 16 4 TEORIE A STAV (NEJEN) SOUČASNÉHO BÁDÁNÍ ............................ 18 5 LOKALITY, V NICHŢ FIGURUJÍ DÉMONICKÉ BYTOSTI ..................... 22 6 AKTÉŘI VYSTUPUJÍCÍ V DÉMONOLOGICKÝCH POVĚSTECH ......... 28 6.1 Fluidum ............................................................................................. 35 6.1.1 Uncanny ..................................................................................... 43 6.1.2 Ukázky z rozhovorů .................................................................... 45 6.2 Tzv. „skrytá hrozba“ a realističnost a agresivita postav .................... 47 6.3 Pedagogická funkce ......................................................................... 49 6.3.1 Výběr informátorů, kteří by nestrašili své děti, a jejich důvody .. 51 6.3.2 Výběr informátorů, kteří by strašili své děti, a jejich důvody ...... 53 6.3.3 Ukázky z rozhovorů .................................................................... 54 6.4 Čert jako současná pedagogická postava ........................................ 57 6.4.1 Ukázky z rozhovorů .................................................................... 59 6.5 Specifikace fenoménu „Krvavé koleno“ v rámci dětského folkloru ... 61 6.5.1 Ukázky z rozhovorů .................................................................... 64 7 ZASTÍRANÁ VÍRA V NADPŘIROZENO ................................................. 66 7.1 Ukázky z rozhovorů .......................................................................... 67 8 KATALOGIZACE DÉMONOLOGICKÝCH POVĚSTÍ A JEJICH INTERPRETACE .......................................................................................... 69 8.1 Katalogizace a interpretace vybraných narativů ............................... 75 8.2 Podzemí ........................................................................................... 76 8.3 Vodní plochy a mosty ....................................................................... 77 8.4 Lesy .................................................................................................. 84 8.5 Louky, pole, mýtiny, aleje, parky ...................................................... 87 8.6 Hřbitovy ............................................................................................ 94 8.7 Hrady a zámky .................................................................................. 97 8.8 Silnice, cesty ................................................................................... 103 8.9 Náměstí a okolí ............................................................................... 116 8.10 Domy, v nichţ straší ....................................................................... 121 8.11 Vysokoškolské koleje a internáty .................................................... 137 8.12 Obchodní domy .............................................................................. 145 8.13 Ostatní ............................................................................................ 148 8.14 Narativy, u nichţ jsou informátoři přesvědčeni, ţe se udály přímo jim …………………………………………………………………………...167 9 ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................. 176 10 LITERATURA .................................................................................... 180 10.1 Seznam pramenů ........................................................................... 189 11 RESUMÉ ........................................................................................... 193 12 SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 195 13 RESÜMEE ......................................................................................... 197 14 PŘÍLOHA ........................................................................................... 199 14.1 Seznam informátorů a datum provedení rozhovoru (rozhovor naţivo) …………………………………………………………………………...199 14.2 Seznam informátorů a datum provedení rozhovoru (rozhovor na dálku) ....................................................................................................... 200 14.3 Seznam démonických postav a jevů spontánně zmíněných informátory ............................................................................................... 200 14.4 Seznam lokalit zmíněných informátory ........................................... 206 14.5 Osnova rozhovoru .......................................................................... 213 15 SEZNAM PUBLIKOVANÝCH PRACÍ STUDENTA ............................ 214 1 1 ÚVOD Nejrozšířenějším ţánrem ústně šířeného prozaického folkloru v dnešní (nejen) české společnosti jsou, společně s anekdotami, fámami a memoráty současné pověsti (Janeček 2006: 13). Tyto příběhy je moţné v rozličných verzích a variantách nalézt téměř po celém světě a napříč snad všemi sociálními i věkovými kategoriemi. Současné pověsti tematicky i motivicky mnohdy vycházejí z pověstí tradičních a oba tyto ţánry společně mohou tvořit poetiku určitého místa v krajině, ve městě apod. Hranice mezi tradičními a současnými narativy tohoto typu není tedy tak ostrá, jak by se na první pohled mohlo zdát, zejména u démonologických pověstí, s nimiţ se v textu pracuje. To samé platí o konkrétních aktérech těchto narativů – démonických bytostech, mezi nimiţ nelze jednoduše vytvořit pomyslnou dělicí čáru a prohlásit například, ţe vodník patří do tradičního folkloru a duch do moderního. Nic nelze paušalizovat, neboť i v současnosti můţe být v různých kontextech šířena pověst, jeţ hovoří o vodníkovi či čertovi vyskytujícímu se na určitém místě. V některých případech můţe tradiční pověst (tj. starší pověst, neodehrávající se v nedávné minulosti vypravěče) slouţit jako potvrzení věrohodnosti vyprávění recentního (Pohunek 2015b: 63). Předkládaná disertační práce tedy na teoretické a metodologické úrovni nepracuje s ţádnou ostrou konceptuální dělicí čárou mezi tradiční a současnou pověstí ani mezi tradičními a současnými démonickými bytostmi. Ač jsou tato označení („tradiční“/„současný“) v textu hojně uţívána, je potřebné chápat je spíše jako pracovní označení s předpokladem specifičnosti kaţdého jednotlivého dokumentovaného vyprávění, jeho sociálního a kulturního kontextu a časového horizontu daného příběhu. Můţeme tak v tomto smyslu pouze sledovat jistý pomyslný vývoj povahy 2 samotných démonických bytostí ze staršího časového období aţ do dnešních dnů, provést komparaci archivních a literárních pramenů s výpověďmi dnešních informátorů1 a zjistit, v jakých rámcích o této problematice společnost uvaţovala a uvaţuje, jak si představuje konkrétní démonické bytosti vystupující v pověstech a dalších folklorních narativech a jak se v souvislosti s těmito příběhy lidé chovají na určitých místech, jeţ jsou s takovými příběhy spojena. Ve své disertační práci se zabývám jak fenoménem postupné přeměny démonických bytostí, které vystupují v tradičních a současných pověstech v západních Čechách, tak jejich komparací, a dále nastiňuji transformaci lokalit, v nichţ se dle folkloru tyto bytosti zdrţují. V neposlední řadě se zaměřuji téţ na vnímání pedagogické funkce těchto postav ze strany obyvatel tohoto regionu. Z metodologického hlediska byla vyuţita primárně metoda polostrukturovaných rozhovorů společně s analýzou literatury.2 V textu dále nastiňuji vnímání případné
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