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Giana Targanski Steffen LEGENDS in LIQUID MODERNITY: a CRITICAL

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Giana Targanski Steffen LEGENDS in LIQUID MODERNITY: a CRITICAL Giana Targanski Steffen LEGENDS IN LIQUID MODERNITY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN LEGENDS Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Inglês da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Inglês: Estudos da Linguagem. Orientadora: Dr.ª Viviane Maria Heberle (UFSC) Florianópolis 2013 Giana Targanski Steffen LEGENDS IN LIQUID MODERNITY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN LEGENDS Esta Tese foi julgada adequada para obtenção do Título de “Doutor em Inglês: Estudos da Linguagem”, e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês. Florianópolis, 17 de Dezembro de 2013. ________________________ Drª. Viviane Maria Heberle Coordenadora do Curso, Orientadora e Presidente Banca Examinadora: ________________________ Dr.ª Alice Cunha de Freitas Universidade Federal de Uberlândia ________________________ Dr.ª Luciani Salcedo de Oliveira Universidade Federal do Rio Grande ________________________ Dr. Maria Lúcia Barbosa de Vasconcellos Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Dr.ª Adriana de Carvalho Kuerten Dellagnelo Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Dr.ª Maria Ester Wollstein Moritz Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following for their deeply appreciated contributions to this research: Dr Viviane Heberle, my supervisor at UFSC, for always believing in my potential, for her academic and professional expertise, and for her never ending calm and patience. Professor José Luiz Meurer (in memoriam), for having invited me to join NUPDiscurso and introduced me to the concept of language as social semiotics. Vanúbia Araújo, Martha Julia Martins de Souza, Andreana Marchi, Fábio Bezerra, Sidnea Nunes Ferreira, Jair João Gonzaga and Maria Elisabete Villela Santiago, my dear friends and colleagues at UFSC, for the thought-provoking conversations, the experience sharing and the personal and academic support. All my Professors at Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês (UFSC), for having always encouraged me and believed in my Project. My school teachers Tais Nicolao, Nadia Irajá Pereira and Romeu Halmenschlager, who incentivated and supported my choice of following a career in Languages. My undergrad Professors from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Dr. Ana Maria Tramunt Ibaños, Maria Zita Englert, Vera Müller and Maria Tasca, for introducing to research in languages. My family, for all the incentive to pursue an academic career. CNPq, for providing me with the financial support to carry out this research. All those who, intentionally or not, ever shared an Urban Legend with me. I did not like to speak at that moment. For a long time had elapsed, and I had forgotten too much; I thought that I must first of all run over the narrative in my own mind, and then I would speak. And so I readily assented to your request yesterday, considering that in all such cases the chief difficulty is to find a tale suitable to our purpose, and that with such a tale we should be fairly well provided. (The Dialogues of Plato: Timaeus) ABSTRACT Since the 1980’s, Urban Legends (ULs) have been extensively studied by folklore studies (Brunvand, 1981, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2002), focusing on the role of these texts in society. Following the early focus on orally transmitted legends, more recent research has addressed the written format of ULs on the Internet (Genge, 2000; Noymer, 2001; Brednich, 2002; Dale, 2005; Lopes, 2007, 2008; DiFonzo & Bordia, 2007). In this context, the present research investigates textual and contextual features of contemporary ULs following the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 1989, 1992, 1995, 2003, 2004), a multidisciplinary field to the study of texts that stresses the bidirectional relation between texts and contexts. The texts in this study are analyzed as a type of discourse and genre, examined in relation to specific lexicogrammatical features viz. TRANSITIVITY, MOOD and exponents of Modality (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004), and discussed both in terms of their immediate context of situation and of the broader context of culture. Besides, aspects of the representation of social practices, social actors and legitimation are explored applying van Leeuwen’s (1996, 2008) sociosemantic categories. In order to discuss the sociological component of language in the data, I propose to look at these texts as social semiotic activities in a globalized context that Bauman has called Liquid Modernity (2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2007a, 2007b, 2011a, 2011b). Results show that though relying on the narrative structure, contemporary Urban legends can be considered a type of hortatory discourse; the textual and contextual parameters allow the readers to identify with the victims’ position, creating a virtual group of ‘us’ (possible victims) versus ‘them’ (deceivers), and the mundane, daily contemporary environments and social actions are represented as unsafe and fearful. Results also show that the writers/senders establish a degree of intimacy with the readers, rely on a series of legitimation techniques to manipulate belief in fabulous events and entice the re- transmission of the texts. Furthermore these stories can be seen as a social practice that represents and propagates the fears and insecurities which are characteristic of liquid modernity. Keywords: Urban Legends; Discourse and Culture; Fear; Liquid Modernity; RESUMO Desde a década de 1980, as Lendas Urbanas (LUs) tem sido bastante estudadas pelos estudos de folclore (Brunvand, 1981, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2002), que focalizam o papel desses textos na sociedade. Seguindo o foco inicial em lendas transmitidas oralmente, pesquisas mais recentes têm abordado a forma escrita das LUs na Internet (Genge, 2000; Noymer, 2001; Brednich, 2002; Dale, 2005; Lopes, 2007, 2008; DiFonzo & Bordia, 2007). Nesse contexto, a pesquisa aqui apresentada investiga características textuais e contextuais de LUs contemporâneas seguindo a perspective da Análise Crítica do Discurso (Fairclough, 1989, 1992, 1995, 2003, 2004), uma área multidisciplinar para o estudo de textos que destaca a relação bidirecional entre textos e contextos. Os textos nesse estudo são analisados como um tipo de discurso e gênero, examinados em relação a características lexicogramaticais especificas viz. TRANSITIVIDADE, MODO e exponentes de Modalidade (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004), e discutidos tanto em relação ao contexto de situação imediato quanto ao contexto de cultura mais amplo. Além disso, aspectos da representação de práticas sociais, atores sociais e legitimação são explorados com a aplicação das categorias sociosemânticas de van Leeuwen (1996, 2008). Para a investigação do componente sociológico da linguagem nos dados, proponho que olhemos para estes textos como atividades socio-semióticas em um contexto globalizado a que Bauman se refere como Modernidade Líquida (2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2007a, 2007b, 2011a, 2011b). Os resultados mostram que, apesar de ter como base a estrutura narrativa, as Lendas Urbanas contemporâneas podem ser consideradas um tipo de discurso exortativo; os parâmetros textuais e contextuais permitem ao leitor identificar-se com a posição de vítima, criando um grupo virtual de ‘nós’ (possíveis vítimas) versus ‘eles’ (enganadores) os ambientes e ações sociais mundanos, diários e contemporâneos são representados como inseguros e passíveis de medo. Os resultados também mostram que os autores/retransmissores estabelecem um grau de intimidade com os leitores, utilizam uma série de estratégias de legitimação para manipular a crença em eventos fabulosos e incitar a retransmissão dos textos. Além disso, essas estórias podem ser vistas como uma prática social que representa e propaga o medo e a insegurança que são característicos da modernidade líquida. Palavras-chave: Lendas Urbanas; Discurso e Cultura; Medo; Modernidade Líquida. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………….…1 1.1 CONTEXT OF INVESTIGATION ………………………....2 1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH ………………….....4 1.3 OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ………..….5 1.4 METHOD ………………………………………….………...5 1.4.1 DATA …………………………………...…….…….8 1.5 OUTLINE OF THE DISSERTATION ……………………...9 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS ………………………11 2.1 CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS …………..…………11 2.2 GENRES AND RETHORICAL MODE ……………………14 2.3 SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS AS A TOOL FOR CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ……………..…. 16 2.3.1 THE SYSTEM OF TRANSITIVITY ……………….21 2.3.2 MOOD AND MODALITY ………………………....24 2.3.3 SOCIOSEMANTIC CATEGORIES ………………..25 2.2.3.1 REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL ACTORS ………25 2.2.3.2 REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL ACTION …….…26 2.2.3.3 REPRESENTATION OF LEGITIMATION ………..27 2.4 THE SOCIOLOGICAL COMPONENT OF LANGUAGE ....30 2.4.1 LIQUID MODERNITY ………………………….…31 3 URBAN LEGENDS ………………………….……………. 35 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO URBAN LEGENDS ……………..….35 3.2 URBAN LEGENDS AS FOLKLORE ……………….……...39 3.3 THE CONTEXT OF SITUATION OF URBAN LEGENDS …………...……………………………………………………43 3.3.1 FIELD ………………………………………….……43 3.3.1.1 LEGENDS ABOUT AUTOMOBILES……………..44 3.3.1.2 LEGENDS ABOUT ANIMALS ………………..…..45 3.3.1.3 HORROR LEGENDS……...…………………….….47 3.3.1.4 ACCIDENT LEGENDS ………………………..…..49 3.3.1.5 SEX AND SCANDAL LEGENDS …………….…..50 3.3.1.6 CRIME LEGENDS ……………………………...….51 3.3.1.7 BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL LEGENDS…...52 3.3.1.8 LEGENDS ABOUT GOVERNMENTS ……………53 3.3.1.9 CELEBRITY LEGENDS …………………………...54 3.3.1.10ACADEMIC LEGENDS …………………………....56 3.3.2 TENOR ………………………………………….….56 3.3.3 MODE ……………………………………………....58
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