Speaking Truth: the Play of Politics and Australian Satire
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School of Media, Culture and Creative Arts Department of Communication and Cultural Studies Speaking Truth: The Play of Politics and Australian Satire Rebecca Louise Higgie This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University October 2013 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: …………………………………………. Date: ………………………... Abstract This thesis examines the contemporary interplay between satire and politics, focusing on texts that envisage and engage with politics in unconventional and often mischievous ways. There is a long tradition of scholarship concerned with issues such as satire’s ability to promote subversion, awareness, apathy or even cynicism; the potential, or lack thereof, of satire to influence any change in political or journalistic discourse; and the relationship between satire and “truth,” particularly in satire’s capacity to “speak truth to power.” My research expands on this tradition, asking, how does televisual and online political satire contribute to shifting political discourses? Focusing primarily on the under-researched relationship between satire and Australian politics, this question is considered through textual and discursive analysis. Firstly, I examine the difference between cynicism and its ancient counterpart kynicism in order to illustrate how different types of satire approach the idea of truth and truth-telling. I then explore how the larrikin, the carnivalesque and a cultural “distaste for taste” play an important role in the way satirists are given legitimacy to speak on political issues in Australia. My research observes that in the current media landscape, satirists and politicians are encroaching on each other’s spaces. The satirist is given a licence to speak both satirically and seriously about politics, and the politician attempts to gain cultural capital through playing with the satirist in good humour, sometimes actively satirising themselves. This direct interplay between satire and politics has contributed to three significant shifts within political discourse: certain satires are now being used as trusted, legitimate sources of political information and truth; politicians increasingly engage with satirists or use satire in ways that suggest a political attempt at co-option; and those who I define as “citizen satirists” are engaging in practices of consumption and production resulting in online satirical texts that have, due to the global flow of information, started to contribute to political debates in more traditional mainstream media. Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Limitations, Methods and Ethics ..................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................. 17 Performing News: Background on Current Scholarship ..................................... 17 Satire and the Growing Prevalence of “Journalisms” ...................................................................... 20 Satire and Televised Political Culture ............................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................. 31 Kynical Dogs and Cynical Masters ......................................................................... 31 Not Being Taken for Suckers: The Cynicism vs. Kynicism Debate ................................................ 31 Diogenes and the Dogs of Kynical Philosophy ............................................................................... 35 Parrhesia: Kynicism and Truth-Telling .......................................................................................... 38 The Evolution of Kynicism and Modern Cynicism ......................................................................... 42 Contemporary Kynicism: The Chaser ............................................................................................. 48 The Kynical/Cynical Spectrum: The Thick of It .............................................................................. 52 Snarling at Master Modern Cynics .................................................................................................. 55 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................. 58 The Larrikin Carnivalesque ................................................................................... 58 The Larrikin: Australian Parrhesia and National Identity .............................................................. 58 The Carnivalesque: Allow’d Fools, Symbolic Rebellion or Both? ................................................. 63 The Larrikin Carnivalesque: An Australian Satiric Tradition ......................................................... 69 The Australian Distaste for Taste: Privileging the Lowbrow and the Larrikin................................ 77 The Two-Faced Larrikin: Tension between Larrikin Apathy and Kynical Engagement ................. 81 The Chaser: Today’s Kynical Carnival Fools ................................................................................. 84 1 Kynical Larrikin vs. Cynical Larrikin ............................................................................................. 89 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................. 95 Interplay, Licence and Containment ...................................................................... 95 The Larrikin’s Comic Licence ......................................................................................................... 95 Breaching Containment: The Fool Becoming King in Non-Carnival Spaces ................................. 99 Breaching Containment: The King Seeks The Fool’s Endorsement in Carnival Spaces ............... 105 The Dynamic Interplay between Satire and Politics ...................................................................... 112 Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................ 115 Mischief 2.0: Global Flows, Online Politics and Citizen Satirists ..................... 115 Introduction: The Interplay Within Global Flows ......................................................................... 115 TV Satire Online: “Living On” Beyond the Broadcast ................................................................. 119 Politicians “Feeling Mischievous” Online..................................................................................... 128 User-Generated Content: Defining “Citizen Satire” ...................................................................... 134 Citizen Satire Remixing TV Satire: Malcolm Tucker Grills Gordon Brown ................................ 144 Original Citizen Satire: Rap News ................................................................................................ 147 Citizen Satire on Twitter ............................................................................................................... 154 Playing with Habitus: 1984 is not an “instruction manual” ........................................................... 158 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 162 Appendix: Research Guidelines for Online Material ......................................... 171 Works Cited ............................................................................................................ 175 2 Acknowledgements This thesis is the product of three and a half years work, a life-long passion for politics, an equally as enduring love and enchantment with humour, and countless acts of encouragement, support and advice. It is with the upmost sincerity and humility that I thank the following remarkable people: First, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Deborah Hunn and Ron Blaber. You have both brought such different, valuable perspectives to my research. Deb, I have always appreciated your ability to help me brainstorm and to translate my awkward thoughts into something meaningful. Your dedication to providing thoughtful feedback on my work, often with your hallmark wit, has always been of tremendous value to me. Ron, thank you for steering me towards challenging and enriching texts and people, namely Sloterdijk, Diogenes, Appadurai, and countless others that never made it into the thesis but enhanced my knowledge as a person and scholar. My research is indebted to our lengthy discussions and your wealth of knowledge. Secondly, I would like to thank other academics who have offered their support over the years: Rob Briggs, who generously read my chapter on kynicism and directed me to Derrida, whose work I have not used here