Spatial Patterns of Humus Forms, Soil Organisms and Soil Biological Activity at High Mountain Forest Sites in the Italian Alps

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Spatial Patterns of Humus Forms, Soil Organisms and Soil Biological Activity at High Mountain Forest Sites in the Italian Alps Spatial patterns of humus forms, soil organisms and soil biological activity at high mountain forest sites in the Italian Alps Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) am Fachbereich Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Osnabrück Niels Hellwig Institute of Geography School of Cultural Studies and Social Sciences Osnabrück University Osnabrück, 2018 Cover photos: Niels Hellwig, 2014-2015 Background: Humus profile under branches at a north-facing slope near Rabbi Fonti (1620 m a.s.l., Val di Rabbi, Trentino, Italian Alps). Front cover: 1) Treeline of the European larch (Larix decidua) next to Lago di Soprasasso at 2200 m a.s.l., in the upper part of the Valle di Valorz above the Valorz waterfalls near San Bernardo (Val di Rabbi, Trentino, Italian Alps); 2) View from the Valle di Valorz on the Val di Rabbi and San Bernardo (Trentino, Italian Alps). Back cover: 1) View from Malga Polinar on investigated south-facing slope near San Bernardo (Val di Rabbi, Trentino, Italian Alps); 2) View from the Passo di Morbigai on the lower part of the Val di Rabbi and Malè in the Val di Sole (Trentino, Italian Alps). Abstract The objective of the thesis is the model-based analysis of spatial patterns of decomposition properties on the forested slopes of the montane level (ca. 1200-2200 m a.s.l.) in a study area in the Italian Alps (Val di Sole / Val di Rabbi, Autonomous Province of Trento). The analysis includes humus forms and enchytraeid assemblages as well as pH values, activities of extra- cellular enzymes and C/N ratios of the topsoil. The first aim is to develop, test and apply data- based techniques for spatial modelling of soil ecological parameters. This methodological approach is based on the concept of digital soil mapping. The second aim is to reveal the relationships between humus forms, soil organisms and soil microbiological parameters in the study area. The third aim is to analyze if the spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition differ between the landscape scale and the slope scale. At the landscape scale, sample data from six sites are used, covering three elevation levels at both north- and south-facing slopes. A knowledge-based approach that combines a decision tree analysis with the construction of fuzzy membership functions is introduced for spatial modelling. According to the sampling design, elevation and slope exposure are the explanatory variables. The investigations at the slope scale refer to one north-facing and one south-facing slope, with 30 sites occurring on each slope. These sites have been derived using conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling, and thus reasonably represent the environmental conditions within the study area. Predictive maps have been produced in a purely data-based approach with random forests. At both scales, the models indicate a high variability of spatial decomposition patterns depend- ing on the elevation and the slope exposure. In general, sites at high elevation on north-facing slopes almost exclusively exhibit the humus forms Moder and Mor. Sites on south-facing slopes and at low elevation exhibit also Mull and Amphimull. The predictions of those enchytraeid species characterized as Mull and Moder indicators match the occurrence of the corresponding humus forms well. Furthermore, referencing the mineral topsoil, the predictive models show in- creasing pH values, an increasing leucine-aminopeptidase activity, an increasing ratio alkaline/ acid phosphomonoesterase activity and a decreasing C/N ratio from north-facing to south- facing slopes and from high to low elevation. The predicted spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition are basically similar at both scales. However, the patterns are predicted in more detail at the slope scale because of a larger data basis and a higher spatial precision of the environmental covariates. These factors enable the observation of additional correlations between the spatial patterns of indicators of decomposi- tion and environmental influences, for example slope angle and curvature. Both the corre- sponding results and broad model evaluations have shown that the applied methods are gen- erally suitable for modelling spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition in a heterogeneous high mountain environment. The overall results suggest that the humus form can be used as indicator of organic matter decomposition processes in the investigated high mountain area. i ii Zusammenfassung Ziel der Dissertation ist die modellbasierte Analyse räumlicher Muster von Dekompositions- charakteristika in den bewaldeten Hangbereichen der montanen Stufe (ca. 1200-2200 m ü. NN) in einem Untersuchungsgebiet in den italienischen Alpen (Val di Sole / Val di Rabbi, Autonome Provinz Trient). Als Indikatoren für Dekompositionsprozesse werden Humusformen, Enchy- träengemeinschaften sowie pH-Werte, Aktivitäten extrazellulärer Enzyme und C/N-Verhält- nisse im Oberboden untersucht. Aufbauend auf dem Konzept des Digital Soil Mapping sollen datenbasierte Verfahren zur räumlichen Modellierung bodenökologischer Parameter entwi- ckelt, getestet und angewendet werden. Die Modelle sollen zeigen, welche Zusammenhänge zwischen Humusformen, Bodenorganismen und bodenmikrobiologischen Parametern im Un- tersuchungsgebiet bestehen. Außerdem soll analysiert werden, inwiefern sich die räumlichen Dekompositionsmuster zwischen der Landschaftsebene und der Hangebene unterscheiden. Auf Landschaftsebene werden Daten von sechs Standorten genutzt, die jeweils drei Höhen- stufen an nord- und südexponierten Hängen abdecken. Für die räumliche Modellierung wird ein wissensbasierter Ansatz bestehend aus einer Entscheidungsbaumanalyse und der Konstruk- tion von Fuzzy-Zugehörigkeitsfunktionen vorgestellt. Entsprechend dem Sampling-Design die- nen die Höhe und die Hangexposition als erklärende Variablen. Die Untersuchungen auf Hangebene beziehen sich auf einen nord- und einen südexponierten Hang. Die Datenbasis umfasst jeweils 30 mittels Conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling abge- leitete Standorte, die die Standortbedingungen im Untersuchungsgebiet möglichst gut reprä- sentieren. Zur Erstellung von Vorhersagekarten wird mit Random Forests ein rein datenbasier- ter Ansatz genutzt. Die Modelle zeigen auf beiden Skalenebenen eine deutliche Variabilität der Dekompositions- muster, die mit der Höhe und der Hangexposition zusammenhängt. Generell sind höher- gelegene nordexponierte Standorte fast ausschließlich durch die Humusformen Moder und Rohhumus charakterisiert. An südexponierten sowie an tiefergelegenen Standorten sind ebenso Mull und Amphimull zu finden. Die Vorhersagen für die Muster von als Mull- und Moder- Indikatoren gekennzeichneten Enchyträenarten stimmen mit dem Auftreten der jeweiligen Humusformen weitgehend überein. Außerdem zeigen die Vorhersagemodelle von nord- exponierten Hängen zu südexponierten Hängen und mit abnehmender Höhe für den Ober- boden jeweils steigende pH-Werte, eine steigende Aktivität von Leucin-Aminopeptidase, ein steigendes Verhältnis der Aktivität alkalischer/saurer Phosphomonoesterase und ein abneh- mendes C/N-Verhältnis. Auf beiden Skalenebenen haben die Modelle prinzipiell ähnliche räumliche Muster ergeben. Aufgrund der größeren Datengrundlage und der besseren räumlichen Genauigkeit der Um- weltvariablen sind die Vorhersagen der Dekompositionsmuster auf Hangebene jedoch detail- lierter und ermöglichen die Erfassung weiterer Korrelationen dieser Muster z. B. mit der Hang- neigung und der Hangkrümmung. Die miteinander korrespondierenden Ergebnisse sowie umfassende Modellevaluationen haben gezeigt, dass die angewendeten Methoden generell zur Modellierung räumlicher Dekompositionsmuster in einer heterogenen Hochgebirgslandschaft geeignet sind. Insgesamt legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass die Humusform als universeller Indikator für Zersetzungsprozesse organischer Substanz an den untersuchten Hochgebirgs- standorten genutzt werden kann. iii iv Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Soil ecological mechanisms .................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Indicators of decomposition ................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Digital soil mapping .............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 DecAlp project ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Objective .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.6 Structure of the thesis ............................................................................................................ 6 2 Study area ....................................................................................................................................... 8 3 Methodological overview ........................................................................................................... 14 4 References ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2: A fuzzy logic
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