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Chamaemelum Nobile) - a Review Vol 6|Issue 2| 2016 |89-95. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology e-ISSN: 2248 – 9185 www.ajpst.com Print ISSN: 2248 – 9177 MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF ANTHEMIS NOBILIS (CHAMAEMELUM NOBILE) - A REVIEW Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq. ABSTRACT Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile), the so-called Roman chamomile, is a perennial herb of the Asteraceae family. It possessed antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, hypotensive, anti- platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, nervous, cytotoxic, brochodilatory, endocrine and many other effects. This review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Anthemis nobilis. Key words: Chemical constituents, Pharmacology, Anthemis nobilis. INTRODUCTION Since the dawn of civilization, man utilized plants de jardín, manzanilla fina, manzanilla romana, Swedish: for their medicinal and edible value. Recent reviews showed romersk kamomill [43]. that plants produce many secondary metabolites which are Distribution: It was widely distributed in Asia, bio-synthetically derived from primary metabolites and Europe, Africa and Northern America. The plant cultivated constitute an important source of many drugs [1-42]. in Africa: Algeria, Morocco; Europe: Ireland, United Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile), the so-called Kingdom, France, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Belarus, Roman chamomile, is a perennial herb of the Asteraceae Moldova, Ukraine, Bulgaria; Italy; Serbia, Belgium; Czech family. It possessed antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, Republic; Germany; Slovakia; Switzerland; Australasia: hypotensive, anti- platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory, Australia, New Zealand; Northern America: United states hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, nervous, cytotoxic, [44]. brochodilatory, endocrine and many other effects. This Traditional use : The cold infusion was used in review will highlight the chemical constituents and gastric debility, with flatus; the hot infusion was used as pharmacological effects of Anthemis nobilis. diaphoretic, emetic, to relieve colds due to sudden Synonyms : Chamaemelum nobile (L.) cutaneous chilling, in dysmenorrhea to decrease pain and facilitate the flow, as antiemetic, antispasmodic, and TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION sedative. The oil was used as carminative, and for intestinal Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae, cramps and colic due to flatulency [45-47]. Infrakingdom: Streptophyta, Division: Tracheophyta, Sub division: Spermatophytina, Infradivision: Angios DESCRIPTION permae, Class: Magnoliopsida, Superorder: Asteranae, Anthemis nobilis is a low-growing plant, creeping Order: Asterales, Family: Asteraceae, Genus: or trailing, its tufts of leaves and flowers a foot high. The Chamaemelum, Species: Chamaemelum nobile [43,44]. root is perennial, jointed and fibrous, the stems, hairy and freely branching are covered with leaves which are divided COMMON NAMES into thread-like segments, the fineness of which gives the Arabic: babonaj Romani, babanq Romani, babanaq whole plant a feathery appearance. The blooms appear in Itri, babanaq shareef; English: chamomile, common the later days of summer, from the end of July to chamomile, corn chamomile, English chamomile, garden September, and are borne solitary on long, erect stalks, chamomile, noble chamomile, Roman chamomile, drooping when in bud. With their outer fringe of white ray- Russian chamomile, sweet chamomile; French: camomille florets and yellow centers, they are remarkably like the romaine; German: römische Kamille; Spanish: camomila daisy. There are some eighteen white rays arranged round a Corresponding Author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi E-mail: [email protected] 89 | P a g e Vol 6|Issue 2| 2016 |89-95. conical center, botanically known as the receptacle, on and essential oil constituents such as α-bisabolol and its which the yellow, tubular florets are placed- the centre of oxides and azulenes [59]. the daisy is, however, considerably flatter than that of the Chamomile. All the Chamomiles have a tiny, chaffy scale Antimicrobial effect between each two florets, which is very minute and has to The extract and essential oil of Roman chamomile be carefully looked for but which all the same is a vital flower head showed antibacterial activity against P. characteristic of the genus Anthemis. The distinction gingivalis. The antimicrobial effects were evaluated by disk between A. nobilis and other species of Anthemis is the diffusion method. The results indicated that the means of shape of these scales, which in A. nobilis are short and inhibition zone for chamomile extract and essential oil were blunt. The fruit is small and dry, and as it forms, the hill of 13.33±3.4 and 20.5±0.5 respectively [60]. the receptacle gets more and more conical. The whole plant Azulenes and bisabolol were anti-inflammatory is downy and grayish green in colour. It prefers dry and antispasmodic, reducing histamine-induced reactions, commons and sandy soil [48,49]. including hay fever and asthma. Flavonoids, especially anthemidin, were also antispasmodic. Valerianic acid and CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS cyanogenic glycosides were sedative [61]. Two A. nobilis contained 80% water , 6-7% mineral hydroperoxides compounds isolated from Anthemis nobilis materials , volatile oil, sesquiterpenes, hydroperoxides, showed a medium antibacterial activity. In a clinical study , flavonoids, catechins, coumarins, polyacetylenes, phenolic Anthemis nobelis showed a good result in the treatment of acids, triterpenes and steroids and polysaccharides [46, 50]. recurrent aphthous stomatitis as estimated by the time of However, many authors [47, 51, 52] mentioned that pain elimination and the duration of the healing [62]. different parts of the plant contained: The antimicrobial activity of an essential oils of the Volatile oils (0.4-1.75%): angeiic and tiglic acid flower of Anthemis nobilis from the Provence (France) was esters (85%) and 1,8 cineole, l-trans-pinocarveol, l-trans- tested against various strains of Gram-positive bacteria pinocarvone, chamazulene, farnesol, and nerolidol. (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Flavonoids: apigenin,luteolin, quercetin and their glycosides Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas (apiin, luteolin-7-glucoside and rutin); Coumarins: aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella scopoletin-7-glucoside; Germacranolide-type sesquiterpene pneumoniae and Salmonella sp.) as well as against the lactones(0.6%): nobilin, 3-epinobilin, 1,10-epoxynobilin, yeast Candida albicans using a modified agar dilution and and 3-dehydronobilin; Various alcohols: amyl and isobutyl agar diffusion method. In addition, some pure main and alcohols. minor compounds (chemical composition obtained by It also contained: angelic and tiglic acid esters, means of GC and GC/MS measurements), such as isobutyl anthemic acid, choline, phenolic, phytosterols, inositol and angelate (32.1%), 2-methylbutyl angelate (16.2%), isobutyl fatty acids. The essential oil of A. nobilis is a light blue isobutyrate (5.3%), methyl 2-methylbutyrate (1.9%), prenyl color due to the terpenoid chamazulene [53]. The amount of acetate (1.4%), 2-methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate (1.2%) and the constituents isolated were differ according to the origin 2-methylbutyl acetate (1.2%), were also studied for their and the age of the flowers . The essential oils of the aerial antimicrobial effects. The Roman chamomile sample parts of the plants were included: isobutyl isobutanoate showed high antimicrobial activity against all strains of (4.4%), 2-methylbutyl isobutanoate (4.3%), isobutyl tested microbes. A similar result was found for 2- angelate (24.5%), 2-butenyl angelate (7.3%), 2- methylbutyl methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate, 2-methylbutyl acetate and angelate (17.4%), trans-pinocarveol (4.5%), isoamyl prenyl acetate [63]. The volatile oil of Anthemis nobilis angelate (7.6%) and estragol (5.0%) [53-55]. showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria, especially C. nobile proved to be an equilibrated valuable Bacillus subtilis, B. anthracis, Micrococcus glutamicus, B. herb rich in carbohydrates and proteins, and poor in fat, sacchrolyticus, B. thuringiensis, Sarcina lutea, B. providing tocopherols, carotenoids and essential fatty acids. stearothermophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Moreover, the herb and its infusion are a source of phenolic Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus sp. and L. casei, and organic acids (oxalic, quinic, malic, citric and fumaric whereas the oil showed no activity against Gram-negative acids) [56]. Six octulosonic acid derivatives were isolated bacteria species including Salmonella group B, Citrobacter from the flower heads of Roman chamomile sp., Enterobacter sp., Esheria. coli, Pseudomonas sp., (Chamaemelum nobile) [57]. Six new hydroperoxides were Salmonella saintpaul and Salmonella weltevreden. The isolated from the ethanol extract of the blossoms of volatile oil also inhibited the growth of dermatophytons, Anthemis nobilis L., besides the known 1 beta- Alternaria sp., Aspergillus fumigatus and A. parasiticus. hydroperoxyisonobilin [58]. Volatile oil was inactive against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum and PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Aspergillus niger. Hydroperoxides [Z-2-methyl-2-butyric The biological activity of chamomile was mainly acid-(2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-3-butenyl) ester, and Z-2- due to the flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, patuletin methyl-2-butyric acid-(3-hydroperoxy-2-methylidenebutyl)
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