COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND LAND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN UGANDA A CASE STUDY OF BUSOLWE SUB-COUNTY, BUTALEJA DISTRICT

BY

ABEDI MUSUSWA

1153-06044-01539

A RESEARCI-I DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF FIIJMUN1TIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF A DEGREE ~N DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

OCTOBER, 2018 DECLARATION

I, Abedi Mususwa declare that this research dissertation on “Community participation and land conflict management in Uganda: A case study of Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District” is my original work and to the best of my knowledge. has not been submitted for any award at any academic institution.

Student’s Name: Abedi Mususwa

Reg. No: 1153-06044-01539

Signed i~..... Date: ..)~ 1.~ ~ APPROVAL

This research dissertation on “Community participation and land conflict management in Uganda: A case study of Busolwe Sub-County, Butaleja District” has been done under my guidance and Supervision as an academic Supervisor and is due for submission to Kampala International University in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a Bachelor’s Degree in Development Studies.

Signature ~ Date ~

Supervisor: Ms. Barongo Eleanor DEDICATION

I dedicate this piece of work to the Almighty Allah who has enabled me to carry out research successfully and my dear dad Hibita Shafik and my lovely mum Nakate N4asitulah for their endless support both financially and morally without forgetting my dear siblings and lastly my dear girlfriend Namulema Shamirah. May the Almighty Allah bless you all.

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly am greatly indebted to the Almighty Allah for enabling me complete my academic career.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Madam Barongo Eleanor for the patience, guidance to ensure that this work is perfect. Thank you very much if it wasn’t for you I don’t think I would have achieved this.

I would like to acknowledge my family members and friends. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to the top authorities of Busolwe Sub-County as well and all the other respondents who participated in the interviews and those that helped in filling the questionnaires.

My sincere thanks go to my lecturers who have transformed me into a better and knowledgeable person through the three years of academic struggle at Kampala International University.

I would like also to thank my friends especially Ecidu Emmanuel, Tayebwa Bruno and Haluga Ali and the rest of my family.

May the Almighty Allah Bless you all

V TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION H APPROVAL DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS •. LIST OF TABLES ix ABSTRACT CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1 .0 introduction 1 1 .1 Background of the Study 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1 .3 Objectives of Study 3 1.3.0 General Objective 1.3.1 Specific Objectives 3 1 .4 Research questions 4 1.5 Scope of Study 1.5.1 Content scope 4 1 .5.2 Geographical Scope 4 1.5.3 Time scope 4 1.5.4 Theoretical scope 4 1.6 Significance of the study 5

1 .7. Conceptual Framework showing community participation and Land Conflict management . .6 CHAPTER TWO 7 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Indicators of cornrriunity participation in Busolwe Sub-County, Butaleja District 7 2.2 Forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja l)istrict 9

vi 2.3 Effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District 10 CHAPTER THREE 13 METHODOLOGY 13 3.0 Introduction 13 3.1 Research design 13 3.2 Study population 13 3.3 Sample size using sloven’s formula 1 3 3.4 Sampling methods 14 3.4.1 Purposive sampling 14 3.4.2 Simple Random sampling 15 3.5 Data Sources 15 3.6 Data collection instruments 15 3.6.1 Questionnaire 15 3.6.2 Interviews 16 3.7 Data analysis 16 3.8 Data Processing 17 3.9 Ethical Consideration 17 CHAPTER FOUR 18 PRESENTATIONS, INTEPRETATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 18 4.0 Introduction 18 4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 1 8 4.2 Descriptions of Responses to Items of the Questionnaire 20 4.2.1 Indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub—County, Butaleju District 20 4.2.2 The forms of land conflict management in Busolwe Sub-County, Butaleja District 23 4.2.3 Effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District 26 CHAPTER FIVE 31 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 31 5.0 Introduction 31 5.1 Discussion of findings 3 1

VII 5.1 . 1 Demographic characteristics of respondents .3 1 5.1.2 Indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District 32 5.1.3 The forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District 33 5.1.4 Effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County. Butaleja District 34 5.2 Conclusions 35 5.2.1 Indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District 35 5.2.2 Forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District 35 5.2.3 Effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County. Butaleja District 36 5.3 Recommendations 5.4 Areas of further research 37 REFERENCES 38 APPENDICES 42 APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE 42 APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE 45

VIII LIST OF TABLES

Table 3. 1: Target population and Sample size 14 Table 4. 1: Gender of respondents 1 8 Table 4. 2: Education of the respondents 19 Table 4. 3: Age of the respondents 19 Table 4. 4: Through participation ordinary people are given opportunity to have a say in how their land conflict can be solved 20 Table 4. 5: The local people have been innovative enough mobilize to solve most land conflicts in their community 2 1 Table 4. 6: The local people usually set agenda to perform land conflict management activities within the community 2 1 Table 4. 7: Most community members are obedient to the authorities of land conflict management committee within their community 22 Table 4. 8: Community dialogues and meetings play a vital role in solving land conflicts within the community 22 Table 4. 9: Moderation involves different stakeholders or parties coming together to clarify and settle minor differences, the parties still being able to solve the land conflicts by themselves 23 Table 4. 1 0: Conciliation concerns helping the conflicting parties to negotiate with the objective of reducing prejudices and hostility in the community 24 Table 4. 11: Mediation in land conflict requires that the conflicting parties are willing to face each other and to find a compromise 24 Table 4. 12: Arbitration is used (only) at higher stages of conflict escalation when land con Ii jet parties no longer talk to each other 25 Table 4. 13: Forcible intervention is required in land conflict management when escalation is at its peak 26 Table 4. 14: Incorporation of local people in land conflict management is an important principle on matters of the community 27 Table 4. 15 The government usually asks for local opinions and decides on the course of action appropriately in land conflict management process 27 Table 4. 16: Public talks and consultation of the government with in the local people yield positivity on matters of solving land conflict 28

ix Table 4. ~7: Most people feel isolated since some government officials connive with community leaders and grab their land 29

Table 4. 18: The government needs to review its land laws in order to grant the community members a fair hearing 29

x ABSTRACT

The study sought to examine community participation and land conflict management in Uganda: A case study of Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District. The study objectives were: to identify the indicators of comniunity participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butalej a District, to establish forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District and to examine the effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busolwe Sub-County. Butaleja District. The study followed a cross sectional research design. The qualitative and quantithtive approaches were employed based the study topic. The quantitative technique was used to collect and analyze data on the community participation and land conflict management. The qualitative approach was used to community participation and land conflict management. This design was used because it brought out clearly the relationship between community participation and land conflict management. The target population of 240 was selected and it comprised of (6) resident district commissioners. (25) police officers. (94) local I~easants and (25) community leaders. The rational was that all the above respondents were stake holders. The sample size of the study consists of 150 respondents of~he target population. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and interviews. A tIer collecting data, the researcher organized well-answered questionnaire, data was edited and sorted for the next stage. The data was presented in tabular form, pie charts and bar graphs with frequencies and percentages. The study findings revealed that 72% of the respondents were the majority who were male and the remaining 28% of the respondents were female. This implies that most of the

respondents were men due to societal beliefs that men are majorly the owners of land and thus usually engaged in land conflict management with other community members. The study concludes that through participation ordinary people are given opportunity to have a say in how their environment should be planned and developed in future. and that people are able to influence the final outcome of planned action. The study recommends that there is need for enforcement of by law by the local council to safe guard the land of the community. It is necessary to conduct reporting of land issues to the police to ensure and grant security of land of the real owner.

xi CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the background to the study, statement of the problem. the purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions and assumptions, scope of the study. significance of the study, the justification of the study and the operational definitions of terms and concepts as applied to suit the context of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Over the past decade, a well-documented global rise in demand for farmlands, pastures and forest resources has led to increased investments in agriculture by private sector actors and by international development and finance agencies. While some investments and donor-backed projects have created new economic opportunities for local communities. others have imposed significant costs: local people have lost control over and access to land. suffered violations of human rights and experienced environmental and other social harms (Cotula, Vermeulen. Leonard, & Keeley. 2009; IFC. 2012; Global Witness, 2013; Iff&Joras. 2015; FAQ, 2015: Cordes, Johnson, &Szoke-Burke, 2016; Thoumi. 2016). To avoid or mitigate harms. responsible investors need to understand the complex land tenure and resource rights environment where they operate.

In Africa, land related disputes, especially those within households, are perceived to be a major issue among community members and local officials, alike, which is not surprising given the number of those reporting direct experiences with land disputes. In the baseline survey conducted with female community members, 89% report that they think land disputes are “a big problem in this country.” In Nigeria. 15% of women in the sample had personally been involved in a land conflict within the past two years. with two of the top three most frequent disputes being with children and spouses. Similarly, 95% of local authorities surveyed in the baseline also believe that land disputes are a major issue in the country. The majority of local authorities who participated in the qualitative interviews estimate that they comprise at least fifty percent of all cases they receive from their constituents, with some reporting upwards of eighty and even ninety percent. Local authorities also reported that many land disputes occur within households. From the baseline survey, 71% of local authorities report that land disputes between husband and wife happen “often/very often”; 65% report that these disputes “severely/very severely” affect their community, and 56% report that they are “difficult/very difficult” to resolve. These results corroborate findings from the Land Dispute Assessment, which revealed that three of the four most common types of disputes reported are ones that occur within households or with extended family

The increasingly widespread incidence of land conflicts in Uganda is well documented in the literature. It has been shown that even limited land conflicts can erupt into large-scale civil strife and violence (Andre and 2 Platteau 1998), especially if “political entrepreneurs” capitalize on the underlying grievances to further their cause (Fred-Mensah 1999, Daudelin 2002). At the same time, there are few detailed studies of conflicts relating to land rather than general conflicts or efforts aiming to separate the impact of changes in the legal framework governing land relations as compared with the myriad of other factors that can have an impact on the incidence of conflict. As a result, it is far from undisputed whether land related conflicts are a serious enough issue to warrant attention by policy makers or outside support. To determine whether this is the case, it is necessary to show that over and above the social problems and direct costs that may he caused by land conflicts, these conflicts affect productivity of land use and thus reduce the scope for future growth.

1.2 Problem Statement

Uganda is an interesting case to assess the economic impact of land conflict because of the presence of many of the economic and institutional factors which, according to the literature, provide a basis for the emergence of land conflicts and because of recent efforts to establish a new legal framework to reduce such conflicts. While the country shares with other African countries a relatively high level of population growth of 2.9% in the 1965-I 998 period (World Bank 2002) that has led to increased land scarcity, it is also characterized by considerable regional diversity. Population densities vary from 12 per km2 in the North to 282 per km2 in the West (Mugisha 1998). Land tenure arrangements range from customary in most of the North to freehold in the South. Elimination of many forms of implicit and explicit taxation of the

2 agricultural sector in the early 1990s, together with comparatively high levels of economic growth in recent years that resulted in increased demand for land for non-agricultural uses. made productive use of land more rewarding (Blake et al. 2002) and increased the potential benefits from land transactions. Moreover, even though Uganda is one of the first countries that is believed to have successfully contained the further spread of HIV/AIDS, the disease has brought devastation to innumerable families and left a legacy of widows and widowers. orphans and foster children the impact of which on the social fabric has only started to emerge (Ntozi and Ahimbisibwe 1999)

Although there have been some concerns about this legislation,l the adoption of an ambitious institutional design together with lack of funding implied that little if any. of the infrastructure needed to implement this Act was established (Government of Uganda 1999, Government of Uganda 2003). As a result, institutions that had in principle ceased to exist with the passage of the Act were the only ones available and, at least in some cases, continued to perform their functions due to lack of alternatives, despite their do~ibtfu1 legal authority, providing a possible source of conflict.

1.3 Objectives of Study

1.3.0 General Objective

To examine the effect of commuility participation and land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

1.3.1 Specific Objectives

i. To identify the indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District ii. To establish forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County. Butaleja District iii. To examine the effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busolwe Sub-County, Butalej a District

3 1.4 Research questions

i. What are the indicators of community participation in Busolwe Sub-County. Butalela District? ii. What are forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County. Butalela District? iii. What is the effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butalej a District?

1.5 Scope of Study

1.5.1 Content scope

The study focused on indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County. Butaleja District, forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District and effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busolwe Sub-County. Butaleja District

1.5.2 Geographical Scope

This study took place from Busolwe Sub-County. The sub-county was located in Butaleja District.

1.5.3 Time scope

The research study focused on the current years (201 0-201 6).

1.5.4 Theoretical scope

The study was based on Democratic Theory since it provides a good theoretical framework for this research because it provides theoretical explanations of the service delivery in local government. It further states that the beneficiaries of community participation projects ought to make choices and take decisions on which enterprises they feel will benefit them.

J. Blackburn, (2009) presents the role of democratic theory in service delivery in local government. He notes that participation has emerged in response to global demands for greater individual and social control over the activities of state and private agencies. and especially to

4 the manifest failures of traditional ‘top-down’ management systems in less developed countries (LDCs). He points out that participation can succeed for specific kinds of projects and programs in favorable circumstances especially concerning service delivery, but is unsuitable for many others. It commonly fails in contexts where local conditions make co-operative and collective action very difficult, or where it is manipulated by implementing agencies to justify their own actions or poor performance in service delivery.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study will help the community leaders on the forms of community participation to address land conflicts

The study will be used by researchers as a basis for future reference.

It is also hoped that the research findings of the study will be of great importance to those who intend to do further research on the topic.

This research is a requirement for the award of degree in Development Studies of Kampala International University

5 1.7. Conceptual Framework showing community participation and Land Conflict management

This is a diagrammatic representation of variables. The framework shows the linkage of variables in their measurable units. independent variable Dependent variable

Community participation Land Conflict management

I e Dialogue o Collective action o Public awareness

o Consultation campaigns on land issues o Compliance Pace building o Co-operation

o Government intervention

o International community

Source: Researcher, (2018) ______

The above conceptual framework indicates that the independent variable was community participation and the dependent variable was land conflict management. The independent variable concerns; collective action, consultation, compliance and co-operation and the dependent variable concerns; dialogue, public awareness campaigns on land issues and pace building. However this is intervened by Government intervention and Internal i ona 1 community

6 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The study reviews literature from various scholars on the major variables of the study which included; the indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-Count. Butalej a Di strict. forms of land conflict management in Busolwe Sub-County, Butaleja District and the effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busolwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

2.1 Indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

Victoria and Anirudhha (2006) argue that through participation ordinary people are given opportunity to have a say in how their environment should be planned and developed in future. and that people are able to influence the final outcome of planned action, Most importantly. public participation contributes to overcoming a sense of hopelessness because it increases the public’s senses of efficacy, meaning the belief that the ordinary citizens have the ability and competence to influence municipalities. This means that participation changes dependency into independency.

All these development plans need community participation. IlanKapooi: (2002) doubts that these programmes are really addressing the alleviation of poverty. Alleviation of poverty cannot concentrate on one strategy for an example the maize product. This programme is coming from the government not all the communities were consulted. Other communities are talking of healthy food like growing of vegetables. The IDP must include all these type of inputs from the communities.

J. Blackburn, (2009) argues that the programmes that are imposed by the government tend to be unsustainable because there is no community involvement. He argues further that the government introduced more programmes before it was certain that other programmes were successful or not.

7 Among the key goals of community participation to be assessed through the case studies in this paper are: improving technical efficiency; improving allocative efficiency: and improving mechanisms of accountability. Community participation initiatives are related to technical efficiency through such areas as overcoming information asymmetry. providing communities with information on quality through various forms of Monitoring and Evaluation, and ensuring that resources are spent for necessary technical resources by service providers.

Stoker (1997) notes that improving various dimensions of allocative efficiency includes greater attention to the priorities of communities, increased transparency on budgets and public resources through such mechanisms as public budgeting and Public Expenditures Tracking systems, and a subsequent reduction on ‘rent seeking” by those in positions of power. Finally, improving accountability involves creating increased transparency from community involvement with public sector agencies, community participation in school management. and comm un i Iv participation in public hearings. (Jean 2004)

IlanKapoor, (2002) argues that mobilization of community members to identify problems and plan and manage projects helps strengthen local capacity for collective action. There is arguably inherent value in this and additional benefits are often observed beyond the scope of the original project, e.g. formation of self-help groups and micro enterprise development. However. important questions surround the definition of ‘community’ and the ways in which the demands of sub-groups and individuals are represented, e.g. ethnic minorities, women and children. Community-based approaches typically aim to build ~social capital’ but while this is a useful concept it is often applied uncritically with inadequate understanding of cultural and political context and vested interests in the status quo. Some of the difficulties of exclusion or community power dynamics are illustrated in the West Bengal. Cairo. Bolivia and Uttar Pradesh examples.

Dennis (2005) suggests that there is broad agreement that cornmunit~’-based interventions have the potential to be more responsive to the needs and priorities of beneficiaries (a locative efficiency). There is also some evidence that community-based projects are comparativcl\ cost effective (productive efficiency) because of lower levels of bureaucracy and better knowledge of local costs. While those projects which draw primarily on locally available skills, materials and financing are clearly likely to be more sustainable, some commentators have argued that this

8 simply amounts to shifting the financial burden of service delivery to potential beneficiaries. which means that care needs to be given to the demands on community time and costs to beneficiaries. Different aspects of allocative efficiency can be seen in the decentralization cases from Kerala and Rwanda, as well as the water programs in Malawi and Ethiopia.

2.2 Forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butale,ja District

Facilitation/Moderation

The moderator helps the parties come together to clarify and settle minor dilTerences. the parties still being able to solve the problem by themselves. Moderation can be applied in a pre-conflict situation to defuse the conflict in time and avoid escalation.

Process guidance:

The “tutor” accompanies the process. working on the deeply internalised perceptions, altitudes. intentions and behaviours of the parties in order to calm them. Consultation is yet another approach useful during the stage of pre-conflict to stop the conflict progressing toward becoming a full-blown crisis, it is more appropriate than simple moderation in a case where a latent conflict has manifested itself for a longer time and has already created prejudices and hostility.

Conciliation

This is a mixture of consultation and mediation. The conciliator helps the parties to negotiate while — whenever necessary — addressing internalised perceptions. attitudes, intentions and behaviours with the objective of reducing prejudices and hostility. Conciliation can be applied in pre-confliet and early conflict situations as long as the parties are able to talk to each other.

Mediation

Mediation. too. requires that the parties are willing to face each other and to find a compromise. The mediator follows a strict procedure, giving each party the opportunity to explain its perceptions and to express its feelings, forcing the other party to listen and finally moderating a discussion aimed at finding a solution with which both parties can live. Preferably, the moderator should not propose solutions but may lead the way towards them. At the end, a written contract

9 is signed by all parties and the mediator seals the agreement. Mediation can be done in any situation as long as the parties are willing to find a compromise.

Arbitration and litigation

Different from the previous forms of conflict resolution, the arbitrator has decision-making authority and decides the conflict based on her or his own appraisal. The arbitrator. therefore. is more influential and powerful than moderators, conciliators or mediators. Hence. arbitration should be used (only) at higher stages of conflict escalation when conflict parties no longer talk to each other. What makes it different from litigation is that the arbitrators are appointed by the conflicting parties or are a respected person traditionally responsible for dispute settlement. Litigation is the formal process, generally referred to as court proceedings.

Forcible intervention

This is required when escalation is at its peak. The difference between this and any other lorm of conflict resolution is that forcible intervention can be taken against the will alone or all conflict parties. it requires that the authority that intervened forcibly is able to control the situation in the long term

2.3 Effect of community participation on Land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub County, Butaleja District in most African countries many constitutive and regulative institutions suffer from massive functional deficits: land rights are most often characterised by fragmented or overlapping legislation and legal pluralism, resulting in unclear property rights and land-ownership conflicts. Land-administration authorities deal-ing with land registration, land-information systems. land use planning and land development lack trained staff, technical infrastructure and financial resources. Administrative services are over-centralised and responsibilities are often not clearly assigned or are overlapping, impeding co-operation and co-ordination. As a result. the little available and mostly incomplete or isolated data on land ownership and land use is being gathered by diverse non-co-operating institutions, making its proper use difficult or even impossible. The result is endless procedures and low levels of implementation.

10 Neither institutions constituting nor those regulating the land—market make any substantial contribution to the avoidance of land conflict. Given the low salaries and openness to motivation payments, they rather contribute to them. Legal security is limited by insufficient implementation of rule-of-law principles, while mechanisms for sustainable land development suffer from the fact that ethical principles are not broadly acknowledged. The crucial point for all institutions is lack of implementation. Unclear implementation guidelines and contradicting legislation worsen the situation. Political will is very unsteady. The imperfect constitutional institution of land- markets promotes land-ownership conflict, while poor regulative institutions are responsible for both land-ownership and land-use conflicts.

Functional deficits are not the core reason for land conflicts; they merely facilitate them. Profit maximisation on the part of a multitude of actors is the driving force. either h unjustly grabbing land or by excluding disadvantaged sections of the population from legally using it. Theoretically, these actors include all social gatekeepers, mostly identifiable with principals in principal-agent—relationships. The decisive factor in these irregularities is the ~normality of misbehaviour’: Social and religious values are of little relevance in everyday life: self-interest is paramo~mt to public interest, a scenario that underlines the importance of ethical values and rule- of—law principles in preventing land conflict. If individual profit maximisation under a widespread absence of functioning institutions is the underlying reason for land-ownership conflict, then a capitalistic land-market associated with increasing land prices can he seen as facilitator. As long as land has no monetary value ownership conflicts are rare.

Like any egoistical behaviour, the taking advantage of functional deficits for the sake of reckless individual profit maximisation is based on emotional and material needs. which are a consequence of psychical fears and desires. Such psychical phenomena form the basis of land conflicts. Typical is existential fear (fear for continuing existence), which can result in extreme emotional and material neediness for shelter, or a longing for survival and set f—esteem. This may sometimes result in desire for power and a strong need for independence. often expressed as accumulation of wealth. It is usually a combination of very strong emotional and material needs that allow people either to break (instituted) rules or to profit from institutional shortcomings. Land-conflict resolution should therefore look at the psychical fears and desires of those breaking the law or profiting from loopholes.

11 Institutional changes are conflict-prone and therefore tend to mark phases of increased land conflict. While some forms of land conflict can occur under different. and even stable, institutional framework conditions, others depend upon institutional change. Multiple sales due to legal pluralism are, for instance, typical of those slow institutional changes that lead to the overlapping of two systems. Likewise, illegal sales of state land are quite common in situations of either abrupt institutional change marked by a temporary absence of rules, or longer-term absence of a functioning legitimated institutional frame (i.e. during civil war or dictatorship). Changing framework conditions often provide the basis for land conflicts.

Natural disasters such as droughts and floods lead to rural-urban migration. Natural population growth results in increase d demand for land, and consequently land prices. The introduction of a market economy endows land with monetary value, there by eradicating traditional methods of land allocation. Increasing poverty makes it difficult to acquire land legally. And, last but not least, any institutional change causing a temporary institutional vacuum in the land market creates fears, desires, needs, interests, attitudes and opportunities concerning land use and ownership that are no longer controlled and therefore easily escalate into conflict.

Poverty, institutional change and other changes in society (including war and peace) influence one another, provoking strong psychological desires and fears that result in extreme emotional and material needs. Looking at these froiii an analytical perspective. they can also he attributed to political, economic, socio-economic. socio-cultural, demographic. legal. administrative. technical (concerning land management), ecological and psychical causes.

12 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter consists of the procedures and methods used to conduct research on the study area. The chapter discusses how the respondents were selected, how data was collected and analyzed. The chapter also presents research design, population of study sample size, sampling technique, research instruments data sources. Reliability and validity, data gathering procedures, data analysis and limitations of the study.

3.1 Research design

The study followed a cross sectional research design. The qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed based the study topic. The quantitative technique was used to collect and analyze data on the community participation and land conflict management. The qualitative approach was used to community participation and land conflict management. This design was used because it brought out clearly the relationship between community participation and land conflict management.

3.2 Study population

The target population of 240 was selected and it comprised of (6) resident district commissioners, (25) police officers, (94) local peasants and (25) community leaders. The rational was that all the above respondents were stake holders. Target population refers to the cumulative elements of study from an environment in which information is gathered from.

3.3 Sample size using sloven’s formula

The sample size of the study consists of 150 respondents of the target population.

This is so because the nature of data to be generated required different techniques for better understanding of the research problem under investigation. Besides. the approach was also

13 commonly known for achieving higher degree of validity and reliability as well as eliminating biases as per Amin (2005).

The Sloven’s formula (1978) was used to determine the minimum sample size.

= N = = 240 = 150 respondents 1+Ne2 1+240(0.05)2

n = sample size

N the population size

e = level of significance, fixed at 0.05

Table 3. 1: Target population and Sample size fategory Target Population Sample size

~..esident district commissioner 10 6 *~olice officers 40 25 ~Zommunity leaders 40 25

Local peasants 150 94

Total 240 150

Source: Primary Data (2018)

3.4 Sampling methods

The researcher used varieties of sampling which included: Purposive, random and stratified sampling.

3.4.1 Purposive sampling

Purposive sampling involved selecting a number of Resident District Commissioners and community leaders based on the community participation in relation to land conflict management. These were purposely selected because they headed different sections of people within the community and thus had sufficient knowledge about the community participation and

14 land conflict management. This method was appropriate because the sample selected comprises of informed persons who provided data that was comprehensive enough to gain better insight into the problem.

3.4.2 Simple Random sampling

Random sampling was used in selecting respondents from the population listing by chance. Local peasants were randomly selected so as to get equal representation of the respondents. In that way, every member had an equal chance to be selected.

3.5 Data Sources

Both primary and secondary data collection methods were used to collect rele~ ant data to the study. Data collection methods were considered in such a way so that relevant information was collected as much as possible with little inconvenience to respondents.

Primary data was collected from the respondents through interviews, and self-administered questionnaire.

Secondary data was obtained from recorded documents, earlier studies and some publications on community participation and land conflict management. Other information was obtained from the internet.

3.6 Data collection instruments

The researcher used the following instruments in this study, questionnaire and interview

3.6.1 Questionnaire

The questionnaires were the main primary source of data collection. The identified sample served with the questionnaire directly by the researcher. To obtain quantitative data, one set of questionnaires was used for all respondents. The questionnaires were filled in by Resident District Commissioners, police officers, local peasants and community leaders. The questions involved the feelings of respondent groups regarding the community participation’s impact on land conflict management. The questionnaire also aimed at getting responses from the

15 respondents about their views on community participation leads to land contlict management.

3.6.2 Interviews

Interviews were face to face interaction between the interviewee and the interviewer. The interviews were held with those respondents identified purposely crucial ~o the provision of explanations to the topic under study. The questions for the interview were both open-ended and closed. The open-ended questions gave chance to more discussions, while the closed questions were asked for particular responses. The interviews method helped to collect additional views from respondents on the theme of the study. The questions were filled on spot and the respondents were interviewed from their offices to save time. This method allowed further probing and clarification of questions that tended to be difficult and not clear to the respondents.

3.7 Data analysis

Quantitative data analysis

The quantitative data involved information from the questionnaires only. Data from the field was too raw for proper interpretation, It was therefore vital to put it into order and structure it. so as to drive meaning and information from it. The raw data obtained from questionnaires was cleaned, sorted and coded. The coded data was entered into the Computer. checked and was statistically analyzed using the statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) software package to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis was applied to describe the primary variable and associated indicator items related to the study objectives.

Qualitative data analysis

Qualitative data was collected using interview discussions with other authorized persons respondent category in meetings. Content analysis was used to edit the data and re-organize it into meaningful shorter sentences. The data was analyzed and organized based on patterns. repetitions and commonalities into themes based on the study variables. The data then was used to reinforce information was got from questionnaires to draw conclusion and recommendations.

16 3.8 Data Processing

The data obtained from the questionnaire was double checked to make sure that the information provided is complete, consistent, reliable, and accurate. Data processing involved scrutiny of the responses given on the questionnaires by different respondents. Data was sorted. edited, and interpreted. The coding and tabulation of the data was obtained from the study then followed. To achieve data quality management, the questionnaires was tested on 10 respondents. This was done to test consistency and to ensure that instruments remain consistent over time.

3.9 Ethical Consideration

To ensure ethical considerations of the study and the safety, social and psychological well—being of the person and/or community involved in the study, the researcher would get introductory letter from the Kampala International University. The study also ensured the privacy and confidentiality of the information provided by the respondent which was solely used for academic purpose. On the other hand to ensure the safety of the person and/or community involved in the study the researcher would get the consent of the respondent approval by their signing before the respondents filled the questionnaires.

17 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATIONS, INTEPRETATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0 Introduction

This chapter covers the presentation of the findings according to the themes of the study which were

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Under this section, the researcher was interested in finding out the demographic characteristics of the respondents. They are presented as follows:

Table 4. 1: Gender of respondents

Frequency Percent

Valid male 108 72.0

female 42 28.0 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The table above shows that 72% of the respondents were the majority who were male and the remaining 28% of the respondents were female. This implies that most of the respondents were men due to societal beliefs that men are majorly the owners of land and thus usually engaged in land conflict management with other community members.

18 Table 4. 2: Education of the respondents

Frequency Percent

Valid Primary 29 19.3 Secondary 40 26.7 Certificate 35 23.3 Diploma 26 17.3 Degree 20 13.3 Total 150 100.0

Source; Primary Data (2018)

The results presented in the table above show that 19.3% of the respondents were at primary school level, 26.7% of the respondents were at secondary school level, those with certificate were 23.3% of the respondents, 17.3% were diploma holders and the remaining 13.3% of the respondents were in degree category. This implies that majority of the respondents were no highly educated and thus believed to have had sufficient information about community participation and land conflict management.

Table 4.3: Age of the respondents

Frequency Percent

Valid 19-25 17 11.3

~-~1_ ‘~1~ LO-.)U JO

-,1 ~ j1-_,~ —

36-41 25 16.7 42-46 19 12.7 Above 46 6 4,0 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018) The table above shows that 11.3% of the respondents were between 19-25 years, 37.3% of the respondents were between 26-30 years, 18% of the respondents were 3 1-35 years. 16.7% of the 19 ~respondents were 36-41 years, 12.7% of the respondents were 42-46 years and the remaining 4% bf the respondents were above 46 years. This implies that majority of the respondents were ~relative1y mature and thus fully understood issues regarding community participation and land conflict management.

4.2 Descriptions of Responses to Items of the Questionnaire

4.2.1 Indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

The first objective of the study was on the indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District. The descriptive statistics analyzed herein provide a basis for the hypothesis testing which is done in subsequent sections of this report. The findings about this question are presented in table below.

Table 4. 4: Through participation ordinary people are given opportunity to have a say in how their land conflict can be solved

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 4 2.7

Disagree 20 13.3 Not Sure 31 20.7

Agree 57 38.0 Strongly Agree 38 25.3 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The results presented in the table above show that 2.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 13.3% disagreed, 20.7% were not sure, 38% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 25.3% of the respondents strongly agreed that through participation ordinary people are given opportunity to have a say in how their land conflict can be solved implies that most of the respondents were aware of the role played by community members involvement in land conflict management.

20 Table 4. 5: The local people have been innovative enough mobilize to solve most land conflicts in their community

Frequency Percent Valid Strongly Disagree 2 1.3 Disagree 16 10.7 Not Sure 28 18.7 Agree 67 44.7 Strongly Agree 37 24.7 Total 150 100.0 Source: Primary Data (2018)

The table presented above indicates that 1 .3% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10.7% of the respondents disagreed, 18.7% of the respondents were not sure, 44.7°/s of the respondents agreed and the remaining 24.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that The local people have been innovative enough mobilize to solve most land conflicts in their community. This imp’ies that most of the respondents fully understood the vital indicators of community participation in land conflict management.

Table 4. 6: The local people usually set agenda to perform land conflict management activities within the community

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 4 2.7

~ Disagree 9 6.0 Not Sure 28 18.7 Agree 74 49.3 Strongly Agree 35 23.3 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

According to the table shown above, it was revealed that 2.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 6% disagreed, 18.7% were not sure, 49.3% of the respondents agreed and the

21 remaining 23.3% strongly agreed that the local people usually set agenda to perform land conflict management activities within the community.

Table 4. 7: Most community members are obedient to the authorities of land conflict management committee within their community Frequency Percent Valid Strongly Disagree 4 2.7 Disagree 9 6.0 Not Sure 22 14.7 Agree 63 42.0 Strongly agree 52 34.7 Total 150 100.0 Source: Primary Data (2018)

The results presented in the table above show that 2.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed. .6% disagreed, 14.7% were not sure, 42% agreed and the remaining 34.7% strongly agreed that Most community members are obedient to the authorities of land conflict management committee within their community . This implies that most of the respondents were aware of the instrumental role played by involvement of community members in managing of land conflict.

Table 4. 8: Community dialogues and meetings play a vital role in solving land conflicts within the community

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 16 10.7

Disagree 8 5.3 Not Sure 25 16.7 Agree 64 42.7 Strongly Agree 37 24.7 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The table above also shows that 10.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 5.3% of the respondents disagreed, 16.7% of the respondents were not sure, 42.7% of the respondents agreed

22 and the remaining 24.7% strongly agreed that Community dialogues and meetings play a vital role in solving land conflicts within the community implying that there were very many indicators of community involvement in land conflict management.

4.2.2 The forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

The second objective of the study was on the forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District. The descriptive statistics analyzed herein provide a basis for the hypothesis testing which is done in subsequent sections of this report. The findings about this question are presented in table below.

Table 4. 9: Moderation involves different stakeholders or parties coming together to clarify and settle minor differences, the parties still being able to solve the land conflicts by themselves

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 14 9.3

Disagree 10 6.7 Not Sure 24 16.0 Agree 61 40.7 Strongly Agree 41 27.3 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

According to the table above, 9.3% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 6.7% of the respondents disagreed, 16% were not sure, 40.7% agreed and the remaining 27.3% strongly agreed that moderation involves different stakeholders or parties coming together to clarify and settle minor differences, the parties still being able to solve the land conflicts by themselves. This implies that the majority of the respondents were aware of different forms of land conflict management within the area.

23 Table 4. 10: Conciliation concerns helping the conflicting parties to negotiate with the objective of reducing prejudices and hostility in the community

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 5 3.3 Disagree 16 10.7 Not Sure 22 14.7 Agree 55 36.7 Strongly Agree 52 34.7 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The findings presented in the table above show that 3.3% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 10.7% of the respondents disagreed, 14.7% were not sure, ~36.7% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 34.7% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This implies that most of the respondents fully understood how conciliation concerns helping the conflicting parties to negotiate with the objective of reducing prejudices and hostility in the community

Table 4. 11: Mediation in land conflict requires that the conflicting parties are willing to face each other and to find a compromise

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 5 3.3

Disagree 9 6.0 Not Sure 28 18.7 ~ Agree 70 46.7 Strongly Agree 38 25.3 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

24 Study findings presented in the table above indicate that 3.3% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 6% disagreed, 18.7% were not sure, 46.7% agreed and the remaining 25.3% strongly agreed with the statement. This also implies that majority of the respondents agreed that Mediation in land conflict requires that the conflicting parties are willing to lace each other and to find a compromise.

Table 4. 12: Arbitration is used (only) at higher stages of conflict escalation when land conflict parties no longer talk to each other Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 15 10.0

Disagree 13 8.7

Not Sure 23 15.3 Agree 56 37.3 Strongly Agree 43 28.7 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

According to the table above, it was revealed that 10% strongly disagreed. 8.7% disagreed. 15.3% were not sure, 37.3% agreed and the remaining 28.7% strongly agreed that arbitration is used (only) at higher stages of conflict escalation when land conflict parties no longer talk to each other. This implies majority of the respondents were aware of instrumental role played by arbitration in land conflict management within the area.

25 Table 4. 13: Forcible intervention is required in land conflict management when escalation is at its peak Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 6 4.0 Disagree 6 4.0 Not Sure 26 17.3 Agree 68 45.3 Strongly Agree 44 29.3 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

According to the table above shows that 4% strongly disagreed, 4% disagreed, 17.3% of the respondents were not sure, 45.3% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 29.3% of the respondents agreed that Forcible intervention is required in land conflict management when escalation is at its peak. This implies that forcible intervention is very important in land conflict management.

4.2.3 Effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub County, Butaleja District

The third objective of the study was on the effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District. The descriptive statistics analyzed herein provide a basis for the hypothesis testing which is done in subsequent sections of this report. The findings about this question are presented in table below.

26 Table 4. 14: Incorporation of local people in land conflict management is an important principle on matters of the community

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 7 4.7 Disagree 11 7.3 Not Sure 27 18.0 Agree 64 42.7 Strongly Agree 41 27.3 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

Study findings presented in the table above show that 4.7% strongly disagreed, 7.3% of the respondents disagreed, 18% were not sure, 42.7% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 27.3% of the respondents strongly agreed that incorporation of local people in land conflict management is an important principle on matters of the community. This implies that majority of the respondents were aware of how important it was to involve community members in the management of land conflicts.

Table 4. 15 The government usually asks for local opinions and decides on the course of action appropriately in land conflict management process Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 15 10.0

Disagree 7 4.7

Not Sure 23 15.3 Agree 63 42.0 Strongly Agree 42 28.0 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

27 The table above shows that 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 4.7% disagreed, 15.3% of the respondents were not sure, 42% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 28% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed that the government usually asks for local opinions and decides on the course of action appropriately in land conflict management process.

Table 4. 16: Public talks and consultation of the government with in the local people yield positivity on matters of solving land conflict

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 10 6.7

Disagree 9 6.0 Not Sure 35 23.3 Agree 57 38.0 Strongly Agree 39 26.0 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

According to the table above, it was revealed that 6.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 6% of the respondents disagreed, 23.3% of the respondents were not sure38% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 26% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This implies that the majority of the respondents agreed that public talks and consultation of the government with in the local people yield positivity on matters of solving land conflict

28 Table 4. 17: Most people feel isolated since some government officials connive with community leaders and grab their land

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 7 4.7 Disagree 12 8.0 Not Sure 24 16.0 Agree 59 39.3 Strongly Agree 48 32.0 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

The table above shows that that 4.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 16% of the respondents was not sure, 39.3% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 32% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This implies that the majority of the respondents agreed that most people feel isolated since some government officials connive with community leaders and grab their land.

Table 4. 18: The government needs to review its land laws in order to grant the community members a fair hearing

Frequency Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 9 6.0

Disagree 8 5.3 Not Sure 22 14.7

Agree 68 45.3 Strongly Agree 43 28.7 Total 150 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2018)

29 The results presented in table above show that that 6% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 5.3% of the respondents disagreed, 14.7% of the respondents were not sure. 45.3% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 28.72% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This implies that the majority of the respondents agreed that the government needs to review its land laws in order to grant the community members a fair hearing.

30 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses, concludes and recommends reflecting on the study findings presented in the previous chapter.

5.1 Discussion of findings

5.1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

It was found out that 72% of the respondents were the majority who \vere male and the remaining 28% of the respondents were female. This implies that most of the respondents were men due to societal beliefs that men are majorly the owners of land and thus usually engaged in land conflict management with other community members.

The study results revealed that 19.3% of the respondents were at primary school level, 26.7% of the respondents were at secondary school level, those with certificate were 23.3% of the respondents, 17.3% were diploma holders and the remaining 13.3% of the respondents were in degree category. This implies that majority of the respondents were no highly educated and thus believed to have had sufficient information about community participation and land conflict management.

It was found out that 11.3% of the respondents were between 19-25 years. 37.3% of the respondents were between 26-30 years, 18% of the respondents were 3 1-35 years, 16.7% of the respondents were 36-4 1 years, 12.7% of the respondents were 42-46 years and the remaining 4% of the respondents were above 46 years. This implies that majority of the respondents were relatively mature and thus fully understood issues regarding community participation and land conflict management.

31 5.1.2 Indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

The study found out that 2.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 13.3% disagreed. 20.7% were not sure, 38% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 25.3% of the respondents strongly agreed that through participation ordinary people are given opportunity to have a say in how their land conflict can be solved implies that most of the respondents were aware of the role played by community members involvement in land conflict management.

It was found out that 1.3% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10.7% of the respondents disagreed, 18.7% of the respondents were not sure, 44.7% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 24.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that The local people have been innovative enough mobilize to solve most land conflicts in their community. This implies that most of the respondents fully understood the vital indicators of community participation in land conflict management.

According to the study findings, it was revealed that 2,7% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 6% disagreed, 18.7% were not sure, 49.3% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 23.3% strongly agreed that the local people usually set agenda to perform land conflict management activities within the community.

The study results revealed that 2.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 6°/o disagreed. 14.7% were not sure, 42% agreed and the remaining 34.7% strongly agreed that Most community members are obedient to the authorities of land conflict management committee within their community . This implies that most of the respondents were aware of the instrumental role played by involvement of community members in managing of I and con iii ci

It was also found out that 10.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 5.3% of the respondents disagreed, 16.7% of the respondents were not sure, 42.7% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 24.7% sti’ongly agreed that Community dialogues and meetings play a vital role in solving land conflicts within the community implying that there were very many indicators of community involvement in land conflict management.

32 5.1.3 The forms of land conflict management in Busolwe Sub-County, Butaleja District it was discovered that 9.3% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 6.7% of the respondents disagreed, 16% were not sure, 40.7% agreed and the remaining 27.3% strongly agreed that moderation involves different stakeholders or parties coming together to clariFy and settle minor differences, the parties still being able to solve the land conflicts by themsel~ es. This implies that the majority of the respondents were aware of different forms of land conflict management within the area.

The findings revealed that 3.3% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10.7% of the respondents disagreed. 14.7% were not sure, 36.7% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 34.7% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This implies that most of the respondents fully understood how conciliation concerns helping the conflicting parties to negotiate with the objective of reducing prejudices and hostility in the community

Study findings revealed that 3.3% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 6% disagreed. 18.7% were not sure. 46.7% agreed and the remaining 25.3% strongly agreed with the statement. This also implies that majority of the respondents agreed that Mediation in land conflict requires that the conflicting parties are willing to face each other and to find a compromise.

According to the study findings, it was revealed that 10% strongly disagreed, 8.7% disagreed, 15.3% were not sure, 37.3% agreed and the remaining 28.7% strongly agreed that arbitration is used (only) at higher stages of conflict escalation when land conflict parties no longer talk to each other. This implies majority of the respondents were aware of instrumental role played by arbitration in land conflict management within the area.

It was also furthermore found out that 4% strongly disagreed. 4% disagreed. 17.3% of the respondents were not sure, 45.3% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 29.3% of the respondents agreed that Forcible intervention is required in land conflict management when escalation is at its peak. This implies that forcible intervention is very important in land conflict management.

33 5.1.4 Effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub County, Butaleja District

Study findings revealed that 4.7% strongly disagreed, 7.3% of the respondents disagreed. 1 8% were not sure, 42.7% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 27.3% of the respondents str~ngly agreed that incorporation of local people in land conflict management is an important principle on matters of the community. This implies that majority of the respondents were aware of how important it was to involve community members in the management of land conflicts.

It was discovered that 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 4.7% disagreed. I 5.30/o of the respondents were not sure, 42% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 28% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents agreed that the government usually asks for local opinions and decides on the course of action appropriately in land conflict management process.

According to the study findings, it was revealed that 6.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 6% of the respondents disagreed, 23.3% of the respondents were not sure38% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 26% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This implies that the majority of the respondents agreed that public talks and consultation of the government with in the local people yield positivity on matters of solving land conflict

The study found out that 4.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 8% of the respondents disagreed, 16% of the respondents was not sure, 39.3% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 32% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This implies that the majority of the respondents agreed that most people feel isolated since some government officials connive with community leaders and grab their land.

The study also discovered that 6% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 5.3% of the respondents disagreed, 14.7% of the respondents were not sure, 45.3% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 28.72% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement. This implies that the majority of the respondents agreed that the government needs to review its land laws in order to grant the community members a fair hearing.

34 5.2 Conclusions

5.2.1 Indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

The study concludes that through participation ordinary people are given opportunity to have a say in how their environment should be planned and developed in future, and that people are able to influence the final outcome of planned action.

Most importantly, public participation contributes to overcoming a sense of hopelessness because it increases the public’s senses of efficacy, meaning the belief that the ordinary citizens have the ability and competence to influence municipalities. This means that participation changes dependency into independency.

The study also concludes that among the key goals of community participation to be assessed through the case studies in this paper are: improving technical efficiency; improving allocative efficiency; and improving mechanisms of accountability.

Improving various dimensions of allocative efficiency includes greater attention to the priorities of communities, increased transparency on budgets and public resources through such mechanisms as public budgeting and Public Expenditures Tracking systems, and a subsequent reduction on ‘rent seeking” by those in positions of power.

5.2.2 Forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

The study concludes that moderation helps the parties come together to cladfy and settle minor differences, the parties still being able to solve the problem by themselves. Moderation can be applied in a pre~conflict situation to defuse the conflict in time and avoid escalation.

Under process guidance, the “tutor” accompanies the process, working on the deeply internalised perceptions, attitudes, intentions and behaviours of the parties in order to calm them. Consultation is yet another approach useful during the stage of pre-conflici to stop the conflict progressing toward becoming a full-blown crisis. It is more appropriate than simple moderation in a case where a latent conflict has manifested itself for a longer time and has already created prejudices and hostility.

35 The study also concludes that conciliation helps the parties to negotiate while — whenever necessary — addressing internalised perceptions, attitudes, intentions and behaviours with the objective of reducing prejudices and hostility. Conciliation can be applied in pre-conflict and early conflict situations as long as the parties are able to talk to each other.

Mediation, too, requires that the parties are willing to face each other and to find a compromise. The mediator follows a strict procedure, giving each party the opportunity to explain its perceptions and to express its feelings, forcing the other party to listen and finally moderating a discussion aimed at finding a solution with which both parties can live. Preferably. the moderator should not propose solutions but may lead the way towards them.

5.2.3 Effect of community participation on land conflict management in l3usolwe Sub County, Butaleja District

The study concludes that in most African countries many constitutive and regulative institutions suffer from massive functional deficits: land rights are most often characterised by fragmented or overlapping legislation and legal pluralism, resulting in unclear property rights and land ownership conflicts.

Land-administration authorities dealing with land registration, land-information systems, land use planning and land development lack trained staff, technical infrastructure and linancial resources.

Neither institutions constituting nor those regulating the land—market make any substantial contribution to the avoidance of land conflict. Given the low salaries and openness to motivation payments, they rather contribute to them.

The study concludes that like any egoistical behaviour. the taking advantage of functional deficits for the sake of reckless individual profit maxirnisation is based on emotional and material needs, which are a consequence of psychical fears and desires. Such psychical phenomena form the basis of land conflicts.

36 Institutional changes are conflict-prone and therefore tend to mark phases of increased land conflict. While some forms of land conflict can occur under different. and even stable, institutional framework conditions, others depend upon institutional change.

5.3 Recommendations

The study recommends that there is need for enforcement of by law by the local council to safe guard the land of the community.

It is necessary to conduct reporting of land issues to the police to ensure and grant security of land of the real owner.

The study recommends that there is need for strengthening of the land board and land committees formed to handle land and land related issues.

Sensitization of the community members on land related issues so as to avert high risk of land conflicts in the community is also important.

5.4 Areas of further research

More research needs to be done on the following:

Impact of community participation on health service delivery • Role of stakeholders involvement in land conflict management

37 REFERENCES

Andrea Cornwall and Garrett Pratt, (2003) Pathways to Participation: Reflections on PRA. ITDG

Anne Marie Goetz, Anuradha Joshi and Mick Moore, (2004) “Diversity, Accountabilities and Service Delivery”, Institute of Development Studies.

Arnstein, Sherry R (1969) ‘A Ladder of Citizen Participation’ in Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 35, No. 4, July, pp. 216-224

Atkinson, R and Cope, S (1997) ‘Community participation and urban regeneration in Britain’ in Hoggett, P (ed) Contested communities, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 201-221

Brownill, S and Darke, J (1998) Rich mix! Inclusive strategies for urbanregeneration. Bristol: Policy Press and Joseph Rowntree Foundation

Burns, D and Taylor, M (2000) Auditing community participation — an assessment handbook, Bristol: Policy Press

Burns, D et al (1994) The politics of decentralisation, London: Macmillan

Burton, P (2003) Community involvement in neighbourhood regeneration: Stairway to heaven or road to nowhere? ESRC Centre for Neighbourhood Research

Caroline Moser and Dennis Rodgers. (2005) ~Change. Violence and Insecurity in Non-Conflict Situations”, ODI Working Paper 245, March

Civil Renewal Unit (2003) Building Civil Renewal. London: Civil Renewal Unit

Etzioni, A (1993) The spirit of community. New York: Touchstone

Deborah Thomas, et. al., (2003) “Citizen Participation and Voice in the Health Sector in Bangladesh”, Options/DFID/Partners in Health and Development

Hart, C et al (1997) ‘Do the people want power? The social responsibilities of empowering communities’ in Hoggett, P (ed) Contested communities. Bristol: Policy Press. pp. 180-201

38 Harvey, D (1989) ‘Frornrnanagerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism’ in Geografiskaannaler, vol 71B, pp. 3-17

Hillery, G A (1955) ‘Definitions of community: Areas of agreement’ in Rural sociology. Vol. 20,pp. 111-123

IlanKapoor, (2002) “The Devil’s in the Theory: A Critical Assessment of Robert Chamhers~ Work on Participatory Development”, Third World Quarterly, 23, 1,

Institute of Development Studies, (2000) “Bringing Citizen Voice and Client Focus into Service Delivery, Case Study: Law of Popular Participation, Bolivia”,

J. Blackburn, (2009) “Participatory Methods and Local Governance Effectiveness in Bolivia~. paper presented at an Institute of Development Studies (IDS) workshop ~Strengthening Participation in Local Governance”

Jean-Philippe Pl~itteau, (2004) “Monitoring Elite Capture in Community-Driven Development “Development and Change 35(2),

John Gaventa (2000) “Participation, Citizenship and Local Governance”. Background note for workshop, “Strengthening Participation in Local Governance”, Institute of Development Studies

Mary Kay Gugerty and Michael Kremer, (2006) “Outside Funding and the Dynamics of Participation in Community Associations”, Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs, Working Paper 2006-10

MacFarlane, R (1993) Community involvement in City Challenge: A policy report. London: NCVO

McArthur et al (1996) Less than equal? Community organisations and estate regeneration partnerships, Bristol: The Policy Press

Parry, G et al (1992), Political Participation and Democracy in Britain, Cambridge: CUP

Patel, R (1998) Making difference matter: Ethnic minority cultures and city vitality~ London: Comedia in association with Demos

39 Peter Newell and ShaulaBellour, (2002) “Mapping Accountability: Origins. Contexts and Implications for Development”, IDS Working Paper 168

R. McGee, (2000) “Workshop on civil society participation in national development programming, Brazil Trip report”, Institute of Development Studies (IDS)

Skeicher, C (1993) ‘Involvement and empowerment in local services~ in Public money and management, Vol. 13, pp. 13-20

Skinner S. (1995) Buil ding Community Strengths, Community Development Foundation

Stewart, M and Taylor, M (1995) Empowerment and estate regeneration, Bristol: Policy Press

Stoker, G (1997), ‘Local Political Participation’ in Hambleton, R et al (1997) New Perspectives on local governance: reviewing the research evidence. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, pp. 157-196

S. Manikutty, (1998) “Community Participation: Lessons from Experiences in Five Water and Sanitation Projects in India”, Development Policy Review, 16

S. Manikutty. (1997) “Community Participation: So What? Evidence From a Comparative Study of Two Rural Water and Supply Projects in India”, Development Policy Review, 15

Samanta Da Silva, (2000) “Community-based Contracting: A Review of Stakeholder Experience”, World Bank

Veronica Saldana, (2006)”Economic Sustainability & Development for the Zabbaleen: The Impact of Non-Governmental Organizations”, UCLA Department of Urban Planning.

Victoria Beard and AnirudhhaDasgupta,(2006) “Collective Action and Community Driven Development in Rural and Urban Indonesia”, Urban Studies, 43, 9, 2006

Winstanley. D (1995) ‘When the pieces don’t fit: A stakeholder power matrix to analyse public sector restructuring’ in Public money and management, April — June, pp. 19-26

Windle and Chibukia, (1981) A Framework for Understanding Participation in Community Mental Health Services, 1981

40 World Bank, (2002) Private Sector Development Strategy: Directions for the World Bank, 2002

WouterSchaap and SnehangshuSekhar Nandi, (2005) “Beyond PRA: Experiments in Facilitating Local Action in Water Management”, Development in Practice, 1 5, 5. 2005

41 APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Sir! Madam

I am by the names of ABEDI MUSUSWA, 1153-06044-01539, a student from Kampala International University, carrying out a study on “Community participation and land conflict management in Uganda: A Case Study of Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District”. I am very glad that you are my respondent for this study. The purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain your opinionlviews to be included among others in the study. This research is one of the requirements leading to the award of a Bachelor’s Degree in Development Studies. It is hence an academic research and will not be used for any other purpose other than academic. Your co operation and answers to these questions heartily and honestly will be significant to this study to gather the data needed. Thank you in advance for your cooperation.

PART 1: RESPONDENT’S PROFILE

Gender _____

1. Male 2. Female

Qualification ______

1. Primary level 2. Secondary 3. Certificate level 4. Diploma 5. Degree 6. Master’s degree

Age______

1. 20-3 5 years 2. 3 6-49 years 3. 50 and above years

42 Direction I: Please write your rating on the space before each option which corresponds to your best choice in terms of level of motivation. Kindly use the scoring system below:

Score Response Mode Description Interpretation

5 Strongly Agree You agree with no doubt at all Very satisfhctor

4 Agree You agree with some doubt Satisfactory

3 Neutral You are not sure about any N one

2 Disagree You disagree with some doubt Fair

1 Strongly Disagree You disagree with no doubt at all Poor

— Indicators of community participation in Busolwe Sub-County, 1 2 3 4 5~ Butaleja District Through participation ordinary people are given opportunity to have a say in how their land conflict can be solved 2 The local people have been innovative enough mobilize to solve most land conflicts in their community 3 The local people usually set agenda to perform land conflict management activities within the community 3 Most community members are obedient to the authorities oI~ land conflict management committee within their community :~ Community dialogues and meetings play a vital role in solving land conflicts within the community

Forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, 1 2 3 4 5 Butaleja District Moderation involves different stakeholders or parties coming together

to clarify and settle minor differences, the parties still being able to solve the land conflicts by themselves

43 Conciliation concerns helping the conflicting parties to negotiate with — I the objective of reducing prejudices and hostility in the community Mediation in land conflict requires that the conflicting parties are I willing to face each other and to find a compromise 4 Arbitration is used (only) at higher stages of conflict escalation when land conflict parties no longer talk to each other Forcible intervention is required in land conflict management when escalation is at its peak

Effect of community participation on land conflict management in 2~4I5 Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District

Incorporation of local people in land conflict management is an important principle on matters of the community The government usually asks for local opinions and decides on the course of action appropriately in land conflict management process Public talks and consultation of the government with in the local people yield positivity on matters of solving land conflict Most people feel isolated since some government officials connive with community leaders and grab their land The government needs to review its land laws in order to grant the community members a fair hearing

Thank you for your responses

END

44 APPENDIX II

INTERVIEW GUIDE

Are you aware of the indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butale~a District?

What are the indicators of community participation in Busoiwe Sub-County. l3utaleja District?

Are you aware of the forms of land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub-County, Butaleja District?

What are forms of land conflict management in Busolwe Sub-County, Butaleja District?

What is the effect of community participation on land conflict management in Busoiwe Sub County, Butaleja District?

45 Ggaba Rnad, Kansan~a* P0 ~0X 20000 Kampala, IJ~ânda Tet: +256 700292329, +256 (0) 41 - 501 974 KAMPALA E-maiL aine.rosette~kiU.aC. u~, ~NTERNAT~ONAL Websfte: http:ffwwW.kiu.aC.Ug I W~VERSITY

COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES

1~ June, 2018 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Dear Sir/Madarn~

RE: INTRODIJCTLQN LETTER FQR MUSUSWAAI~E1~J REGNO: 1153-06044-01539

The above mentioned candidate is a bonafide student of Kampala international University p UI.IUH1 a. .a ~ ~J~S .(~ICH HI .1: HIODH II H all. ics.

He is currentl conducting a field research for his dissertation entitled “Community pai~icipation and land conflict management in Uganda a case study of Busoiwe Subcounty Butaleja District”.

Your organisation has been identified as a valuable source of infomtation pe~aining to his Research Project, The purpose of this letter than is to request you to accept and avail him with the pertinent information he may need,

Any data shared with him will be used for academic pu~oses only and shall be kept with utmost confidentiality

be highly ppceciated.

L~ ~

—~‘SUBCOUNTY CHIEF BUSOIWE SUBCOUNTY 11JUL2~ *

SiGt:A~ UR1 BUTAL~JA DlST~Ct