SCUOLA SUPERIORE PER MEDIATORI LINGUISTICI (Decreto Ministero Dell’Università 31/07/2003)

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SCUOLA SUPERIORE PER MEDIATORI LINGUISTICI (Decreto Ministero Dell’Università 31/07/2003) SCUOLA SUPERIORE PER MEDIATORI LINGUISTICI (Decreto Ministero dell’Università 31/07/2003) Via P. S. Mancini, 2 – 00196 - Roma TESI DI DIPLOMA DI MEDIATORE LINGUISTICO (Curriculum Interprete e Traduttore) Equipollente ai Diplomi di Laurea rilasciati dalle Università al termine dei Corsi afferenti alla classe delle LAUREE UNIVERSITARIE IN SCIENZE DELLA MEDIAZIONE LINGUISTICA ANALISI ED EVOLUZIONE DELLA FIGURA DEL VAMPIRO NELLA LETTERATURA RELATORI: CORRELATORI: prof.ssa Adriana Bisirri prof.ssa Tiziana Moni prof. Paul Farrell prof.ssa Claudia Piemonte CANDIDATA: COSTA ELENA ANNO ACCADEMICO 2014/2015 1 INDICE Introduzione . pag. 4 Capitolo I – Il mito del vampiro . pag. 8 1.1 – Etimologia . pag. 8 1.2 – Il non-morto . pag. 11 1.3 – Perché il sangue? . pag. 23 1.4 – Origine della figura del vampiro . pag. 31 Capitolo II – Nascita del vampiro moderno . pag 51 2.1 – Il vampiro dell’Ottocento . pag 51 2.2 – «Il Vampiro» di Polidori . pag 68 2.3 – «Dracula» di Bram Stoker . pag 74 Capitolo III – L’inizio di una moda . pag 89 3.1 – Le «Cronache dei vampiri» di Anne Rice . pag 89 3.2 – Il vampiro di Anne Rice . pag 105 3.3 – Il vampiro diventa una moda . pag 112 Capitolo IV – Nuove abitudini dei vampiri . pag 114 4.1 – Il «Ciclo di Sookie Stackhouse» di Charlaine Harris . pag 114 4.2 – Il vampiro di Charlaine Harris . pag 137 4.3 – Il sangue sintetico ed il cittadino vampiro . pag 142 Capitolo V – La caduta di stile . pag 146 5.1 – Storie d’amore per adolescenti . pag 146 5.2 – La saga di «Twilight» di Stephenie Meyer . pag 154 5.3 – Il vampiro che brilla . pag 164 Conclusione . pag 171 English version . pag 172 Introduction . pag 173 Chapter I – The vampire myth . pag 176 1.1 – Etymology . pag 176 1.2 – The undead . pag 177 1.3 – Why blood? . pag 179 1.4 – The origin of vampires . pag 182 Chapter II – Birth of the modern vampire . pag 186 2.1 – Vampires in the XIX century . pag 186 2.2 – «The Vampyr» by Polidori . pag 188 2.3 – «Dracula» by Bram Stoker . pag 190 Chapter III – The beginning of a trend . pag 196 3.1 – «The Vampire Chronicles» by Anne Rice . pag 196 3.2 – Anne Rice’s vampire . pag 198 3.3 – Vampires become a trend . pag 202 Chapter IV – New vampire habits . pag 204 4.1 – «The Southern Vampire Mysteries» by Charlaine Harris pag 204 4.2 – The vampires created by Harris . pag 209 4.3 – Synthetic blood and vampire citizens . pag 213 Chapter V – The downfall . pag 215 5.1 – Love stories for teenagers . pag 215 5.2 – The «Twilight» saga by Stephenie Meyer . pag 219 2 5.3 – The sparkling vampires . pag 223 Conclusion . pag 226 Version française . pag 227 Introduction . pag 228 Chapitre I - Le mythe du vampire . pag 231 1.1 – Étymologie . pag 231 1.2 – Le mort-vivant . pag 232 1.3 – Pourquoi le sang? . pag 234 1.4 – L’origine des vampires . pag 235 Chapitre II – La naissance du vampire modern pag . pag 237 2.1 – Les vampires du XIX siècle . pag 237 2.2 – «Le Vampire» par Polidori . pag 238 2.3 – «Dracula» par Bram Stoker . pag 240 Chapitre III – Le début d’une tendance . pag 244 3.1 – «Chroniques des vampires» par Anne Rice . pag 244 3.2 – Le vampire d’Anne Rice . pag 246 3.3 – Le vampire devient une mode . pag 247 Chapitre IV – Les nouvelles habitudes des vampires . pag 250 4.1 – «La Communauté du Sud» par Charlaine Harris . pag 250 4.2 – Les vampires de Charlaine Harris . pag 251 4.3 – Le sang synthétique et le citoyen vampire . pag 254 Chapitre V – La chute . pag 256 5.1 – histoires d’amour pour adolescents . pag 256 5.2 – La saga de «Twilight» par Stephenie Meyer . pag 257 5.3 – Les vampires qui brillent . pag 258 Conclusion . pag 261 Bibliografia . pag 262 Filmografia . pag 264 Webografia . pag 264 3 INTRODUZIONE Un tempo sentir pronunciare la parola “vampiro” instillava il panico nelle persone, o per lo meno una grande agitazione. Al giorno d’oggi, invece, si tratta di una parola come un’altra. I vampiri, un tempo visti come mostri sanguinari e pericolosamente mortali, oggi sono creature come tante altre, con i loro pregi ed i loro difetti, e con il loro pubblico di appassionati e di imitatori. Un tempo creature dell’orrore presenti nel folklore e nei racconti popolari, i vampiri hanno iniziato con il tempo ad evolversi man mano che venivano rappresentati in storie fantastiche inventate da numerosi autori. La letteratura, così come il cinema e la televisione, ha contribuito a portare il pubblico medio ad avvicinarsi a queste misteriose figure, a conoscerle, ad apprezzarle. Inevitabilmente, la figura del vampiro ha iniziato ad attrarre il pubblico ben oltre quanto si sarebbe probabilmente potuto immaginare nei decenni passati, diventando nel presente una vera e propria moda per adolescenti e giovani adulti. In particolare, prima ancora che cinema e televisione potessero dare un volto ai vampiri, era stato compito delle opere letterarie descriverli, narrare le loro abitudini e le loro caratteristiche. È dunque alle più grandi opere letterarie di questo genere che si deve il primo passo nello sviluppo di una figura di vampiro sempre nuova e dinamica. In passato il vampiro era solo un mostro che si nutriva di sangue, mentre col passare del tempo ha preso delle caratteristiche sempre più umane: una gamma di emozioni, una spinta verso la sessualità, per giungere alla capacità di amare un essere mortale. 4 Non tutti gli appassionati di letteratura vampiresca apprezzano le opere pubblicate sull’argomento negli ultimi anni. Molte di esse sembrano infatti essere solo storielle d’amore per ragazze giovani e sognatrici, nelle quali i vampiri sono rappresentati alla stregua di tenebrosi principi azzurri. In questa categoria di storie si va a perdere completamente il senso primario ed originario del concetto di vampiro. Fra gli appassionati del genere, infatti, i più conservatori ignorano completamente quest’ultimo ramo di evoluzione della figura del vampiro, continuando ad affermare quello che in passato per anni è stato detto riguardo alle più misteriose fra le creature della notte. Ma come si è giunti dalle mostruose e mortali creature del folklore popolare agli affascinanti adolescenti immortali in pena per amore? Sono stati necessari molti anni per modificare in maniera così evidente la concezione di vampiro. Lo scopo primario di questa tesi è quello di mostrare come la letteratura è stata fautrice di tale cambiamento, portando esempi delle diverse fasi nelle quali il vampiro assume comportamenti sempre più differenti ed umani rispetto a quelli delle prime opere che lo riguardavano. Nel primo capitolo della tesi si parlerà del mito del vampiro. Sarà in questa sezione presentata una spiegazione di “chi è” a tutti gli effetti il vampiro. Per questa ragione si presenterà un’etimologia del termine “vampiro” per presentare l’argomento. Si passerà quindi ad una spiegazione di che cosa si intende con il termine “non-morto”, che nella maggior parte dei casi viene associato alla figura del vampiro. Si spiegherà anche la relazione fra i vampiri ed il sangue: perché 5 sentono la necessità di nutrirsi di esso e che cosa il sangue umano rappresenta. Infine, si parlerà delle origini del mito del vampiro. Quando ha avuto origine, dove, come erano rappresentati i vampiri in quel tempo. Il secondo capitolo sarà incentrato sull’avvento di quello che viene considerato il vampiro moderno. Ancora un mostro, nella maggior parte dei casi con una gamma emozionale minima ma dotato di notevole intelletto. Il vampiro moderno è una creatura della notte che si nutre del sangue delle sue povere vittime, tuttavia è elegante e sa fingere in maniera sufficiente da riuscire a passare tranquillamente per un comune essere umano. Tra le opere nelle quali si comincia a riscontrare una simile rappresentazione del vampiro, verranno trattati in maniera più breve «Il Vampiro» di John William Polidori, mentre in maniera più approfondita «Dracula» di Bram Stoker. Si faranno inoltre accenni e riferimenti ad altre opere letterarie che trattano di vampiri nelle quali ricompare la figura di Dracula, o nelle quali compaiono altri vampiri a lui strettamente legati. Il terzo capitolo ci porterà un po’ più avanti nel tempo, passando ad un periodo a noi più vicino. Si parlerà infatti di Anne Rice, scrittrice della famosissima saga «Cronache dei Vampiri» che ha inizio con il romanzo «Intervista col vampiro». Verranno analizzati i vampiri come descritti dalla Rice, notando come essi siano ancora molto vicini alle rappresentazioni fatte quasi un secolo prima da Polidori e Stoker. Inoltre in questo capitolo si parlerà di come i romanzi di Anne Rice hanno avuto un ruolo chiave per lo sviluppo della letteratura vampiresca ad essi successiva. 6 Il quarto capitolo non porterà a fare un salto temporale troppo grande, tuttavia mostrerà un enorme cambiamento nella figura del vampiro in sé e per sé. Si parlerà infatti del «Ciclo di Sookie Stackhouse», saga di Charlaine Harris dalla quale è stata liberamente ispirata la serie tv “True Blood”. La mia analisi della saga sarà proprio incentrata su ciò che da il nome al telefilm, un sangue sintetico che permette ai vampiri di non nutrirsi più di esseri umani e di conseguenza di uscire allo scoperto ed integrarsi nella società. Si parlerà di come la Harris descrive i propri vampiri, e di come essi siano molto più simili agli esseri umani rispetto ai loro predecessori. Si parlerà infatti dell’aspetto amoroso e sessuale del vampiro e della sua relazione con l’essere umano. Infine, il quinto capitolo ci poterà al tempo presente, nel quale verrà spiegata quella che da molti è considerata un’enorme caduta di stile.
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