Oceania in the Science of Race, 1750–1850
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Caucasian Race 1 Caucasian Race
Caucasian race 1 Caucasian race The term Caucasian race (also Caucasoid, Europid, or Europoid[1] ) has been used to denote the general physical type of some or all of the indigenous populations of Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia.[2] Historically, the term has been used to describe the entire population of these regions, without regard necessarily to skin tone. In common use, specifically in American English, the term is sometimes restricted to Europeans and other lighter-skinned populations within these areas, and may be considered equivalent to the varying definitions of white people.[3] The 4th edition of Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (Leipzig, 1885-1890) shows the Caucasian race (in blue) as comprising Aryans, Semites and Hamites. Aryans are further subdivided into European Aryans and Indo-Aryans (the latter corresponding to the group now designated Indo-Iranians). Adjacent to the Caucasians are the Sudan-Negroes to the south (shown in brown), the Dravidians in India (shown in green) and Asians to the east (shown in yellow, subsuming the peoples now grouped under Uralic and Altaic (light yellow) and Sino-Tibetan (solid yellow)). Origin of the concept The concept of a Caucasian race or Varietas Caucasia was developed around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, a German scientist and classical anthropologist.[4] Blumenbach named it after the peoples of the Caucasus (from the Caucasus region), whom he considered to be the archetype for the grouping.[5] He based his classification of the -
Modern Spiritualism: Its Quest to Become a Science Creative Works
Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Modern Spiritualism: Its Quest to Become A Science Creative Works 2021 Modern Spiritualism: Its Quest to Become A Science John Haller Jr Follow this and additional works at: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/histcw_ms Copyright © 2020, John S. Haller, Jr. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN (print): 9798651505449 Interior design by booknook.biz This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Creative Works at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern Spiritualism: Its Quest to Become A Science by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern Spiritualism: Its Quest to Become A Science By John S. Haller, Jr. Copyright © 2020, John S. Haller, Jr. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN (print): 9798651505449 Interior design by booknook.biz Spiritualism, then, is a science, by authority of self-evident truth, observed fact, and inevitable deduction, having within itself all the elements upon which any science can found a claim. (R. T. Hallock, The Road to Spiritualism, 1858) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapters 1. Awakening 11 2. Rappings 41 3. Poughkeepsie Seer 69 4. Architect of the Spirit World 95 5. Esoteric Wisdom 121 6. American Portraits 153 7. -
225 Introduction: the Roots of Modern Racism
NOTES Endnotes are used throughout the book to refer only to the source of direct quota- tions or to authors named within the body of the text. A supplementary brief guide to reading can be found at the end of the book. Introduction: The Roots of Modern Racism 1. Douglas A. Lorimer, ‘Race, science and culture: historical continuities and discontinuities, 1850–1914’, in Shearer West (ed.), The Victorians and Race (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), p. 18. 2. Paul Weindling, Health,Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 59. 3. George L. Mosse, Towards the Final Solution (London: Dent, 1978), pp. 56, 70. 4. Avtar Brah, ‘Time, Place, and Others: Discourses of Race, Nation, and Ethnicity’, Sociology, vol. 28, no. 3 (August 1994), p. 805. 5. Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities (London: Verso, 1991), p. 100. 6. Tzvetan Todorov, On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism and Exoticism in French Thought (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 90–5. 7. Teun A. van Dijk, ‘Elite discourse and racism’, in Iris M. Zavala et al. (eds), Approaches to Discourse, Poetics and Psychiatry (Amsterdam: John Bejamins, 1987), pp. 81–122. 8. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 209. 9. Nancy Leys Stepan, ‘Race and gender: The Analogy of Science’, Chapter 3 in David. T. Goldberg (ed.), Anatomy of Racism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), p. 39. 10. Quoted in James Hunt, On the Negro’s Place in Nature, in Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London, vol. -
Part I Blumenbach Studies
Part I Blumenbach studies 15031-1771d-1proof-r02.indd 1 4/27/2018 10:05:47 PM 15031-1771d-1proof-r02.indd 2 4/27/2018 10:05:47 PM 1 Introduction A brief history of Blumenbach representation Nicolaas Rupke and Gerhard Lauer Introduction Johann Friedrich Blumenbach was one of the most celebrated practitioners of natural history of his generation, who from 1776 till the year of his death taught in the medical faculty of the University of Göttingen. His fame has been shaped on the several occasions of commemorative celebrations at the university. During his life time, Blumenbach enjoyed two such events, which happened to fall on dates of consecutive years: 1825 marked the fiftieth anniversary of Blumenbach’s doctorate and the appearance of the first edition of his highly acclaimed doc- toral dissertation, De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (On the Natural Variety of Mankind), whereas 1826 represented the fiftieth anniversary of his career as an internationally eulogized university professor. Additionally, Blumenbach was honored during the university’s centennial celebrations of 1837, and commemo- rated in the context of the 1887, 1937, and 1987 events, as well as during the 150th anniversary of the Göttingen Academy in 1901. Exactly why has Blumenbach been commemorated? And how has he been remembered? What biographical portrait has been depicted of him? Intriguingly, no single answer has been or can be given to these questions, but several dif- ferent ones exist, each reflecting the place and time of the particular publica- tions about him. Even just at his own university, Blumenbach’s representation has undergone noticeable changes; and if we add to the Göttingen location the ones of London, Paris, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and others – all places of author- ship about him – the collective body of literature on Blumenbach shows an even broader range of interpretations of his scientific identity. -
Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750–1940
Foreign Bodies Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940 Foreign Bodies Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940 Edited by Bronwen Douglas and Chris Ballard Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/foreign_bodies_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Foreign bodies : Oceania and the science of race 1750-1940 / editors: Bronwen Douglas, Chris Ballard. ISBN: 9781921313998 (pbk.) 9781921536007 (online) Notes: Bibliography. Subjects: Ethnic relations. Race--Social aspects. Oceania--Race relations. Other Authors/Contributors: Douglas, Bronwen. Ballard, Chris, 1963- Dewey Number: 305.800995 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Noel Wendtman. Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition © 2008 ANU E Press For Charles, Kirsty, Allie, and Andrew and For Mem, Tessa, and Sebastian Table of Contents Figures ix Preface xi Editors’ Biographies xv Contributors xvii Acknowledgements xix Introduction Foreign Bodies in Oceania 3 Bronwen Douglas Part One – Emergence: Thinking the Science of Race, 1750-1880 Chapter 1. Climate to Crania: science and the racialization of human 33 difference Bronwen Douglas Part Two – Experience: the Science of Race and Oceania, 1750-1869 Chapter 2. ‘Novus Orbis Australis’: Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850 99 Bronwen Douglas Chapter 3. ‘Oceanic Negroes’: British anthropology of Papuans, 1820-1869 157 Chris Ballard Part Three – Consolidation: the Science of Race and Aboriginal Australians, 1860-1885 Chapter 4. -
Christianity, Modern Science, and the Perception of Human Difference
The Religious Pursuit of Race: Christianity, Modern Science, and the Perception of Human Difference The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Keel, Terence. 2012. The Religious Pursuit of Race: Christianity, Modern Science, and the Perception of Human Difference. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9572089 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! © 2012 -Terence D. Keel All rights reserved. ! Janet Browne Terence D. Keel ! The Religious Pursuit of Race: Christianity, Modern Science, and the Perception of Human Difference ! ! Abstract This dissertation is a work in intellectual history that chronicles racial theories within Western science and medicine. Therein, I address two interrelated questions. Firstly, has Christianity shaped modern scientific perceptions of race? Secondly, is the search for the origin of human life, vis-à-vis theories of race, a purely scientific matter or, a more basic human existential concern? To answer these questions I undertook archival research within the history of European and American racial science, analyzing contemporary scientific work, archival data of primary scientific material, biblical commentaries, literary monthlies, and early maps of the major continents. I argue that Christian ideas about nature, humanity, and history have facilitated modern scientific perceptions of race since the time of the Enlightenment. This is true despite what is believed to be the “Death of Adam” within Western science following the emergence of Darwinian evolution. -
The Anthropological Imagination of the Scottish Enlightenment A
University of California Los Angeles Reasoning with Savages: The Anthropological Imagination of the Scottish Enlightenment A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Randall Joseph Holt 2016 © Copyright by Randall Joseph Holt 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Reasoning with Savages: The Anthropological Imagination of the Scottish Enlightenment by Randall Joseph Holt Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Peter Hanns Reill, Chair This project examines the origins and history of early anthropological thought in the philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment during the last half of the eighteenth century. The aim of this investigation is to set into historical context the intense interest in tribal societies exhibited in the writings of the leading members of the Scottish intelligentsia. Increasing contact with and awareness of non- European societies in the eighteenth century raised the problem of accounting for both the diversities and uniformities existing among the world’s peoples and their societies. After midcentury many enlightened moral theorists drew upon the methods and epistemologies of the new natural sciences to reestablish the moral sciences on natural historical foundations. Human and social development were ii understood as analogous to generative theories posited in the vitalist life sciences of epigenesis, which was instrumental, most notably, in the stadial or “four-stages” theory of progress articulated by Adam Smith. Reinterpreting the Scottish Enlightenment in the context of vitalist thought offers greater insight into what is perhaps its preeminent idea, that of “spontaneous order.” The theorization of moral and social systems as products of human nature allowed for a far-reaching revision of the human sciences and the systems of thought upon which they were based, including natural law theory. -
Slavery, the Hebrew Bible and the Development of Racial Theories in the Nineteenth Century
religions Article Slavery, the Hebrew Bible and the Development of Racial Theories in the Nineteenth Century Kevin Burrell 1,2 1 Department of Religious Studies, Burman University, Lacombe, AB 6730, Canada; [email protected] 2 Research Fellow in the Department of Old and New Testaments, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa Abstract: Racial ideas which developed in the modern west were forged with reference to a Christian worldview and informed by the Bible, particularly the Old Testament. Up until Darwin’s scientific reframing of the origins debate, European and American race scientists were fundamentally Christian in their orientation. This paper outlines how interpretations of the Hebrew Bible within this Christian Weltanschauung facilitated the development and articulation of racial theories which burgeoned in western intellectual discourse up to and during the 19th century. The book of Genesis was a particular seedbed for identity politics as the origin stories of the Hebrew Bible were plundered in service of articulating a racial hierarchy which justified both the place of Europeans at the pinnacle of divine creation and the denigration, bestialization, and enslavement of Africans as the worst of human filiation. That the racial ethos of the period dictated both the questions exegetes posed and the conclusions they derived from the text demonstrates that biblical interpretation within this climate was never an innocuous pursuit, but rather reflected the values and beliefs current in the social context of the exegete. Keywords: Hebrew Bible; Old Testament; race; racism; racial theories; race and ethnicity; Curse of Ham; Hamitic Hypothesis Citation: Burrell, Kevin. 2021. Slavery, the Hebrew Bible and the Development of Racial Theories in the 1. -
Foreign Bodies Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940
Foreign Bodies Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940 Foreign Bodies Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940 Edited by Bronwen Douglas and Chris Ballard Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/foreign_bodies_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Foreign bodies : Oceania and the science of race 1750-1940 / editors: Bronwen Douglas, Chris Ballard. ISBN: 9781921313998 (pbk.) 9781921536007 (online) Notes: Bibliography. Subjects: Ethnic relations. Race--Social aspects. Oceania--Race relations. Other Authors/Contributors: Douglas, Bronwen. Ballard, Chris, 1963- Dewey Number: 305.800995 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Noel Wendtman. Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition © 2008 ANU E Press For Charles, Kirsty, Allie, and Andrew and For Mem, Tessa, and Sebastian Table of Contents Figures ix Preface xi Editors’ Biographies xv Contributors xvii Acknowledgements xix Introduction Foreign Bodies in Oceania 3 Bronwen Douglas Part One – Emergence: Thinking the Science of Race, 1750-1880 Chapter 1. Climate to Crania: science and the racialization of human 33 difference Bronwen Douglas Part Two – Experience: the Science of Race and Oceania, 1750-1869 Chapter 2. ‘Novus Orbis Australis’: Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850 99 Bronwen Douglas Chapter 3. ‘Oceanic Negroes’: British anthropology of Papuans, 1820-1869 157 Chris Ballard Part Three – Consolidation: the Science of Race and Aboriginal Australians, 1860-1885 Chapter 4. -
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Raphael B. S. Uchôa a Antítese Essencial: T.H. Huxley E O Lugar Da
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Raphael B. S. Uchôa A Antítese Essencial: T.H. Huxley e o lugar da humanidade na natureza MESTRADO EM HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA São Paulo 2014 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Raphael B. S. Uchôa A Antítese Essencial: T.H. Huxley e o lugar da humanidade na natureza MESTRADO EM HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História da Ciência sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Silvia I. Waisse de Priven. São Paulo 2014 Banca Examinadora _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ Para Jade e Bina. AGRADECIMENTOS Esta dissertação é parte de uma jornada com lastros anteriores a minha entrada nesta universidade. Ela começou com meus pais. Obrigado J. Augusto e Ivonete Uchôa pelo primeiro sopro de perplexidade com a existência. Obrigado Sabrina, por compartilhar de forma tão intensa essa herança. Obrigado Jayr e Elba Magave pelos ingredientes de afeto, entusiasmo e polêmicos acrescentados. Obrigado Jade, pelas dúvidas, paciência, ternura e amor. Te amo. Obrigado Professores Karl Arenz, Mauro e Wilma Coelho pela inspiração nos meus primeiros passos. Aos velhos amigos Adriano Wilkson, Adriana Coimbra, Fernanda Aires, Ed Oliveira, Ivo Silva, Raimundo Marques Neto e Tarzys Reis pela jornada inacabada... Aos Paolinetti por toda a gentileza e companhia. Aos colegas de curso, especialmente Donizetti Louro, Fabiana Dias, Júlio Bacha, Luciana L. Thomaz, Mônica Stacheski e Rodrigo Cruz por compartilharem tempos intensos em condições anormais de temperatura e pressão. Aos professores do CESIMA pelo rigor e intensidade com que encaram a prática de ensino e pesquisa. -
Hybrid Zones: Representations of Race in Late Nineteenth-Century French Visual Culture
Hybrid Zones: Representations of Race in Late Nineteenth-Century French Visual Culture By Copyright: 2011 Rozanne McGrew Stringer Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Kress Foundation Department of Art History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Professor Marni R. Kessler, Chairperson ________________________________ Professor Marilyn R. Brown ________________________________ Professor David Cateforis ________________________________ Professor Amy McNair ________________________________ Professor James Woelfel Date Defended: April 7, 2011 ii The Dissertation Committee for Rozanne McGrew Stringer certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Hybrid Zones: Representations of Race in Late Nineteenth-Century French Visual Culture ________________________________ Professor Marni R. Kessler, Chairperson Date approved: April 7, 2011 iii Abstract In this study, I examine images of the black female and black male body and the female Spanish Gypsy by four artists – Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Frédéric Bazille, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – that articulate the instability of racial categories and stereotypes assigned to racialized populations by French artists, natural scientists, anthropologists, and writers between 1862 and 1900. Notably, whiteness – made visible and raced – is also implicated in some of the images I analyze. I look closely at the visual stereotype of the seductive, dark-skinned female Spanish Gypsy and the primitive and debased black male, as well as at representations of the abject black female body. I also consider the construction of “whiteness” as an unfixed and complex notion of French identity, particularly as it applies to the bourgeois white female body. I analyze images in which representations of racial identity seem unproblematic, but I show that these images articulate a host of uncertainties. -
Religion, White Supremacy, and the Politics of Darwinism in America
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO There's Power in the Blood: Religion, White Supremacy, and the Politics of Darwinism in America A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Richard Allen Bolar Committee in charge: Professor Alan Houston, Chair Professor Harvey Goldman Professor Gerry Mackie Professor Tracy Strong Professor Charles Thorpe 2014 Copyright Richard Allen Bolar, 2014 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Richard Allen Bolar is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii Dedication For Jami iv Table of Contents Signature Page ...................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ............................................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... viii Vita .......................................................................................................................................................