Philippine Association for Government Budget Administration (PAGBA), Inc. HAZARDSCAPE OF THE 2nd Quarterly Meeting and Seminar The Philippines is prone to many natural hazards due to its geologic and geographic setting Living Safely with Nature’s Hazards: The Role of PHIVOLCS in Disaster Risk Reduction Earthquake Tsunami Volcanic eruption Jeffrey S. Perez Supervising Science Research Specialist / Geologist

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Typhoon Storm surge Flood Landslide Department of Science and Technology

EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY IN THE PHILIPPINES Local Tsunami-Affected Areas in the Philippines Local Tsunami in (~90 destructive earthquakes for past 400 years) the Philippines (~ 40 tsunamis for past PHILIPPINE SEA 400 years – 1 in 10 years)

WEST PHILIPPINE M7.8 1990 Earthquake SEA Epicenter of tsunamigenic earthquake

SULU Coastal areas at eastern SEA and western margins fronting major seas and inland seas have been CELEBES SEA affected by tsunamis M6.9 2012 Negros Or Earthquake

JULY 16, 1990 M7.8 LUZON IMPACTS OF THE 1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE Affected area: EARTHQUAKE Central and northern Luzon Casualties: Dead – 1,283 Injured – 2,786 Missing – 321

Houses Damaged: Total – 25,305 Park Hotel Landslide Partial – 77,249

Intensity Description VIII - Very Destructive VII - Destructive VI - Very strong Baguio City Public Market Liquefaction

1 M7.2 2013 EARTHQUAKE Philippine Institute of Volcanology and

Affected Bohol (Intensity VII- Seismology (PHIVOLCS) VIII) and Cebu (Intensity VII) Focus on earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and related phenomena (ex. landslides) Casualties: Dead - 222 •Monitoring and warning Missing - 8 Injured - 976 •Hazards and risk assessment Houses damaged: Total - 14,512 •Evaluation of earthquake Partial - 58,490 and volcano eruption potential Roads, bridges, seaports •Public awareness, damaged community preparedness, disaster risk reduction

How do we prepare for and reduce risks from the various natural hazards?

KEY ACTIONS FOR RISK I. KNOW HAZARDS AND RISKS IN AREA REDUCTION • What is the hazard? – History, Science-based scenarios • Know Hazards and Risks • Areas to be affected?

• Monitor • Who will be affected, how many?

• Warn and Disseminate Information – Be • What will be affected? – Houses, buildings, properties, facilities, lifelines (power, water, communication, transport) Informed Main source of hazards maps: • Respond Properly and Timely *Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption – DOST-PHIVOLCS

2 EARTHQUAKE TYPES OF NATURAL EARTHQUAKES

Tectonic Volcanic A weak to violent - earthquakes produced - earthquakes produced shaking of the by sudden movement along by movement of magma ground produced by faults and trenches beneath volcanoes the sudden movement of rocks below the

earth’s surface. Magma

EARTHQUAKE-RELATED HAZARDS FAULTS • fractures where rock movement has taken place and earthquakes have been Fault Strike Slip produced

Faulting (Ground) • active faults are those that Rupture Ground Shaking Liquefaction moved in the last 10,000 years

Normal

Tsunami Landslide Fire Thrust or Blind Fault Reverse

Fault (Ground) Rupture Feb.15, 2003 Masbate July 16, 1990 Luzon earthquake

1990 Luzon - creation of new or the renewed movements of old fractures, oftentimes with the two blocks on both sides ~2-km-long continuous surface rupture from moving in opposite directions New Anonang, Buenavista to Napo, Inabanga

3 Surface rupture in Inabanga

North Bohol Fault “The Great Wall of Bohol”

Valley Fault System

• East Valley Fault • 10 km (M6.2) • Municipalities of Rodriguez and San Mateo, Rizal The Valley Fault • West Valley Fault • 100 km (M7.2) System Atlas in • Bulacan ((Doña Remedios Trinidad, Norzagaray and San Jose Del Monte City) Greater Metro • Rizal (Rodriguez) • Quezon City, Marikina City, Manila Area City, Makati City, Taguig City and Muntinlupa City • Laguna (San Pedro City, Biñan City, Sta. Rosa City, Cabuyao City and Calamba City) • Cavite (Carmona, General Mariano Alvarez and Silang)

THE VALLEY FAULT SYSTEM • West Valley Fault (WVF) movement mainly horizontal

• WVF moved 4 times in past 1400 years; movement interval ~ 400-600 years • Last major earthquake from Valley Fault in 1658

4 AVOIDING EFFECTS OF GROUND RUPTURE Buffer Zone 2008 M 7.9 Sichuan Earthquake

• Avoid construction of structures on top of an active fault

• House or building should be at least 5 meters away from the trace of the fault

Bailu school, looking northeast in direction of rupture Photo credit to Dr. Gary Gibson

GROUND SHAKING GROUND SHAKING EFFECTS • Up and down; - first felt by people near the epicenter - not felt by people far from epicenter

• Sideways; - felt after up and down by people near epicenter Building Collapse Falling Objects - first felt by people far from epicenter

Sagbayan Tubigon

5 STRENGTH OF EARTHQUAKE: Maribojoc MAGNITUDE VERSUS INTENSITY

INTENSITY Effect or felt strength at the surface

MAGNITUDE Energy released during A once two-storey house with first earthquake. floor pressed under the second floor

PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale GROUND SHAKING IN GREATER ( West Valley Fault Earthquake) (Risk Analysis Project, 2013: PHIVOLCS, GA supported by AusAID) I – Scarcely perceptible II – Slightly felt

III – Weak BULACAN BULACAN IV – Moderately strong V – Strong NCR NCR RIZAL VI – Very strong RIZAL VII – Destructive VIII – Very destructive CAVITE CAVITE IX – Devastating LAGUNA LAGUNA X – Completely devastating M7.2 M6.5

INTENSITY VIII (VERY DESTRUCTIVE) BUILDING AND CASUALTY ESTIMATES (1) FOR METRO MANILA FROM A M7.2 WEST VALLEY FAULT EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING Residential Building (1,325,896) Damage Heavy -168,300 (12.7%) Partly - 339,800 (25.6%)

Public Buildings Damage Heavy-8-10% Partly - 20-25% 10-30 Storey Building Damage Heavy - 11% Partly - 27%

30-60 Storey Damage Heavy - 2% Partly - 12%

Population (9,932,560) Casualty Dead 33,500 (0.3%) Injured 113,600 (1.1%)

Additional Deaths by Fire 18,000

1995 Kobe Earthquake Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study, 2004 – JICA, PHIVOLCS, MMDA

6 LIQUEFACTION LIQUEFACTION

• Loose, water-rich sediments behave like liquid during

strong ground 1990 Dagupan 1990 shaking. Subsidence of bridge column Subsidence of building, roads • Sediments are rearranged into a more compact state.

Mindoro 1994 , 1990 Fissuring of roads Damage to buried pipes, tanks

LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE M7.2 West Valley Fault Earthquake • Down slope movement of rocks, soil and other debris Localities prone to triggered by strong earthquakes liquefaction a) water-saturated (shallow water table), low-lying

b) Have loose (unconsolidated), sand or silt deposits

• river banks, abandoned rivers, flood plains • coastlines • swamps Oct. 15, Effects: • reclaimed land • erosion • burial (READY for GMMA Project, 2013) • blockage

TSUNAMI Tsunami Propagation Sea waves, small to large, resulting from disturbance of seawater by undersea earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions, and meteor impact

A tsunami travels outward from the source region as a series of waves and as it travels it spreads. Tsunami speed is dependent upon the water depth. A tsunami moves faster in deeper water and slower in shallower water causing their amplitudes to greatly increase in shallow www.phivolcs.dost.gov.phwater. March 11,2011 Japan Tsunami From Kyodo News

7 Tsunami Damage and Effects Types of tsunami in the Philippines Type Source Lead time Warning mechanism • Flooding of coastal earthquake to tsunami areas LOCAL trench or fault in 2 – 5 minutes PHIVOLCS and • Drowning of people Philippine region, to 1 hour Community-based usually less than Must know natural signs such • Damage to properties 200 km from as moderate to intense shaking • Erosion of coastline shoreline in coastal area, rapid sea level Miyako, Japan From AP drop or rise, unusual sound DISTANT trench or fault 1 – 24 hours International Centers and outside the PHIVOLCS Regional or Philippine region ⇒NDRRMC Trans- (ex. Japan, ⇒ Media Pacific Hawaii, Chile ) *Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, NW Pacific Tsunami Information Center ) From Kyodo News Kessenuma, Japan From R Solidum Natori, Japan PHIVOLCS

TSUNAMI SCENARIO II. MONITOR, WARN OR M8.3 Earthquake from Manila Trench DISSEMINATE INFORMATION • What is the hazardous event? –Earthquake, Tsunami, Landslide Estimated Tsunami Height in Manila Bay: • Where is it? • 3.5 meters (mean sea level) • When will it affect, when did this occur? • 5.5 meters (+ 2m from tide) • Scale or intensity of event? • 2.7 km inundation Main source of monitoring informatioin: Arrival Time: *Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic eruption – DOST-PHIVOLCS • > 1 hour

EARTHQUAKE MONITORING NETWORK INTENSITY MONITORING NETWORK • 76 -station network (seismographs) (on going with JICA and JST – 300 sensors) Local Office PC - 40 unmanned, real-time seismic Government Display & Comm. unit stations with VSAT (10 2.1 hub Internet broadband, strong motion) -36 manned, with telephone, 1.1 internet IT- Sending Intensity Every Few Kyoshin Seconds

2.3 2.3 3.3 Data Collection and Data Receiving Digital Seismic 1.5 Unmanned Center at Main Record Processing stations with Office Real-time Intensity Map satellite communication

8 SEA LEVEL MONITORING NETWORK Philippine Tsunami Information Tsunami Information Threat to Philippines Recommended Action for Affected Areas Network Existing Planned Advisory Large earthquake No evacuation needed. For Real-time 5 (PTWC, 19 (JICA) occurred but information only. NO TSUNAMI THREAT no tsunami threat to tide gauges RIMES, coastlines. GLOSS) Advisory Sea level change w ill be Public is advised to w ait for Non 40 SEA LEVEL CHANGE monitored. updates. Real-time (NAMRIA) MONITORING tide gauges People advised to stay away Community 10 Advisory from beach. tsunami (PHIVOLCS) Expected w aves of People w ith houses very near detection MINOR SEA LEVEL DISTURBANCE less than 1 meter beach advised to move inland. and warning above expected ocean tide. Boats at sea advised to stay offshore in deep w aters. Monitoring of March 11, Immediate evacuation of 2011 Japan Tsunami TSUNAMI WARNING Destructive tsunami coastal communities expected w ith w ave strongly advised. heights of more than 1 meter above ocean Boats at sea advised to stay Tide gauge Wet sensors tide. offshore in deep w aters.

Natural Signs of a Local Tsunami III. RESPOND PROPERLY • Prior to the event - Awareness, Education Felt earthquake S H A K E - Establishment of evacuation procedures, refuge sites, drills Unusual & sudden - Plan for efficient and effective response: rise or fall of standard operating procedures, coastal waters D R O P contingency plans - Evaluation of site and building safety Exposure of corals, underwater rocks, and - Implementation of building code and proper marine life land use (safe location, safe R O A R construction )  Unusual Sound

Earthquake Preparedness and Risk Reduction Guidelines for Earthquake and Tsunami Preparedness • Develop plans -Awareness and Preparedness - Evacuation - Immediate Response - Business Continuity

• Test the plan: Conduct Ground Level Simulation Exercises What to do? BEFORE - Table top DURING - Functional/Drill AFTER an EARTHQUAKE

9 What to do Before Land Use and Building Codes PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIONS FOR RISK REDUCTION Design and Construction Location •Select “safe” location . Avoid construction on active faults, steep slopes • Follow proper structural design and engineering practices when constructing houses, buildings, facilities

• Evaluate structural integrity of Follow the National Building Code houses, buildings, facilities • Retrofit already constructed buildings Don’t build on top of an active fault and and facilities if necessary and cost- buffer zone of at least 5 meters on both effective sides of the fault trace

Shaking Test: House Safe is My House: Self-check for Concrete Hollow Block Houses Earthquake Safety (12 pt questionnaire)

Follow right design, right (standard) materials, right construction.

What to do Before What to do Before Prepare your place of work and residence for the event Strap heavy furniture to walls Turn off gas tanks Store breakable items, harmful chemicals, when not in use and flammable materials in lower most shelves, and secure firmly

Keep heavy materials in lower shelves http://im age.m ade-in-china.com /2f0j00a KQtL Wyl sYok /S te el-G as -Tank -LPG -15B -15 -0k g -.jpg

Check stability of hanging objects

10 What to do Before What to do Before • Prepare an earthquake evacuation and FAMILY AWARENESS AND PREPAREDNESS response plan and conduct drill • Determine alternative evacuation routes and • Determine roles before, during evacuation area and after a hazardous event • Know safe and dangerous spots and what to do during an event • Know response procedures during earthquakes, fire, first aid • Familiarize with evacuation Legend: plan and the responses after the event School Building: Direction: • Pr epare emergency bags/kits Ground Level Evacuation Area:

What to do Before Safe Zones Danger Zones Familiarize yourself with your place of work and residence • under sturdy • windows and glass tables Learn to use fire extinguishers, first aid • book shelves kits, alarms and emergency exits •inside corner of • cabinets and furniture rooms with that may topple or slide  accessible, conveniently located columns & beams and prominently marked • hanging objects •load-bearing • inside elevators Conduct BUILDING WATCHING doorway or wall EXERCISE • power lines; poles; • Good practices and safe zones • outside elevator trees; narrow alleys • Unsafe practices and hazardous shafts between tall buildings zones • Recommendations for • open/clear area • bridges and flyovers improvement Identify Safe and dangerous areas

Before the earthquake During the earthquake

Prepare an emergency kit/earthquake survival kit • First Aid Kit • Water Purification Tablets • Secure an exit . Person • AM/FM Radio closest to the door should • Water & High-energy Food open it, if possible • Tools & Ropes • Candles & Flashlights • Blankets • Tissue Paper & Waste Bags • Pencil and Paper • Whistle

11 During the earthquake During the earthquake If you are OUTSIDE , move to an OPEN AREA ! • Person closest to the door • Stay away from trees, powerlines, should open it, if possible posts and concrete structures • Do the Drop (Duck), Cover • Move away from steep slopes which and Hold Approach may be affected by landslides

- Duck under a sturdy table and • If you are near the shore and you feel hold on to it. a strong earthquake, move quickly to higher grounds or designated tsunami - If there is no sturdy table, evacuation sites. Tsunamis might follow. If you are in a moving VEHICLE, Go to safe spot and protect your STOP ! Do not attempt to cross head and neck with your arms. bridges, overpasses or flyovers which may have been damaged.

COMMUNITY TSUNAMI After the earthquake PREPAREDNESS ACTIVITIES Be prepared for aftershocks . Once the shaking • Study tsunami hazard maps, identify which stops, take the fastest and safest way out of the communities are at risk building . • Prepare evacuation plans and maps • Get out in an orderly manner. Do not rush. • Install tsunami signage

Familiarization with Hazard and Evacuation Maps • Conduct coastal village • Bring the emergency/survival education campaigns kits • Conduct tsunami drills • Watch out for falling objects * Check PHIVOLCS Guidelines in Developing a • Follow the designated route Tsunami Prepared Community • Don’t use elevators, use stairs

Tsunami Signage Tsunami Drill • Assist persons who need help

After the earthquake III. RESPOND PROPERLY • Conduct head count at the evacuation area • During the event • Check yourself and others for injuries - Monitor forecasts, advisories • Check water and electrical lines for damages - Follow recommended actions – ex. Evacuation • Check for spills of chemical, toxic and flammable materials • Check for fires and control if possible • After the event • Do not enter damaged buildings - Assess the effects • Leave a message or note if you need to leave - Assess the needs your place of residence - Respond and recover back better fast • Do not use telephones unless necessary • Keep updated of instructions and information from battery operated radios

12 SUMMARY • The country is exposed to extreme natural events that can cause loss of lives, properties, and severely Earthquake & Tsunami (24/7): impact the economy. Tel. Numbers +632 929-9254 • Appropriate preparedness, mitigation and response +632 426-1468 loc 124 / 125 www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph activities must be based on appropriate hazard and Fax number impact scenarios.  +632 927-1087 • Possible hazards and its effects in localities and Volcano (24/7): the whole region must be imagined to craft and Tel. Numbers /PHIVOLCS  +632 426-1468 loc 127 implement appropriate solutions. Telefax number • Information and tools are available for communities  +632 927-1095 to be safer. Let us collectively make our IEC materials: @phivolcs.dost communities safer and resilient to disasters .  +632 426-1468 loc 128 Communicate information accurately and timely.  +632 927-4524

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