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Reawakening Sekhmet: the Experience of African American Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse with Kemetic Yoga Practice

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Reawakening Sekhmet: the Experience of African American Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse with Kemetic Yoga Practice REAWAKENING SEKHMET: THE EXPERIENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE WITH KEMETIC YOGA PRACTICE A dissertation presented to the faculty of Saybrook University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Clinical Psychology by Sonasha Auset Braxton Oakland, CA May 2017 ProQuest Number:10617242 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10617242 Published by ProQuest LLC ( 2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 © 2017 by Sonasha Braxton Approval of the Dissertation REAWAKENING SEKHMET: THE EXPERIENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE WITH KEMETIC YOGA PRACTICE This dissertation by Sonasha Braxton name has been approved by the committee members below, who recommend it be accepted by the faculty of Saybrook University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology Dissertation Committee: _______________________________ _______________________ Theopia Jackson, Ph.D., Chair Date _______________________________ _______________________ Alan G. Vaughan, Ph.D., J.D. Date _______________________________ _______________________ Zonya Johnson, Ph.D. Date ii Abstract REAWAKENING SEKHMET: THE EXPERIENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE WITH KEMETIC YOGA PRACTICE Sonasha Auset Braxton Saybrook University It has been established that up to 60% of African American women may have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA; Liang et al., 2006). Existing literature has neither reconnoitered the traumatic effect of CSA on African American women nor provided effective culturally appropriate therapeutic interventions. The primary research question was: What can be learned from the lived experiences of functioning African American women adult childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors and their use of culturally-informed Kemetic yoga? The purpose of this study was to explore how and if aspects of Kemetic yoga, created over 12,000 years ago by Africans in Kemet (Egypt), could support healing in survivors. Utilizing semi-structured interviews, eight well-educated, middle-class, women CSA survivors of African ancestry (six born in the United States; two currently living abroad; all resided in U.S. during childhood) with average age 36 years (range 23-46) participated in this study. Qualitative descriptive methodology was chosen for its ability to garner in-depth responses and conventional content analysis was used to analyze coded data. Four themes emerged and 13 related categories were identified. The first, Seeing One’s Self Clearly: self in iii relation to other, resilient and adaptive self, positive views of self. Second, Experiencing Kemetic Yoga: cultural and/or spiritual attraction, attention and intention as practice benefits, challenges in practice, transpersonal experiences, experiencing strong memories and sensations, instructor as inspiration. Third, Cultural Congruencies with Kemetic Yoga: link to spirit and ancestors, empowerment and connection in cultural history, safety in community, cultural/spiritual congruency. Fourth, Kemetic Yoga as Part of the Recovery Process: healing as multi-faceted, recovery prior to Kemetic yoga, managing trauma, seeking healthier relationships, forgiveness. Two recommendations pertaining to Kemetic yoga for African American women CSA survivors emerged: (1) discovering and becoming best self, (2) relationship to and management of trauma. Anecdotal findings included Experiencing Abuse: constellation of abuse, silence, perceived familial support, intergenerational abuse, and making sense of the abuse. Study findings contribute to the relevancy of culturally-specific somato-natural practices; specifically, Kemetic yoga as a tool for self-healing and self-care for African American women survivors of CSA. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Dedication This research project is dedicated first to the Creator and the Ancestors. Thank for your consistent intuition, guidance, and protection. Thank you for reminding me of my capacity when I was in doubt, and keeping me perseverant and committed. Thank you for spiritually contracting me to my parents. To my family, I cannot aptly express how grateful I am for every decision that you made in rearing me. You laid the foundation for everything that I am. Where do I begin with gratitude for the beautiful journey that has been everything about my existence on this planet? I don’t know. But, I know it is profound, and I feel it in my bones. Thank you to my parents, to my mother. You are inspiration. You are strength. You are Auset. Thank you to my father whose talks, encouragement, and support lit my path. You hold the weight of so much with flawlessness. I watch you with so much admiration. Thank you both for always allowing me to be fully me, for embracing my creativity, my quirky, my crazy, my annoying, my frustrating. You watered me, even when at my worst. I pray that I have made your proud. I love you so much. Thank you to my brother, Asa, who is truly my best friend. Thank you to my friends, particularly Scott, Amirah, my comrades, who were understanding of my chronic sleeplessness and business. Thank you for your support. I love you. Thank you to everyone who said I wasn’t enough of something, “smart enough,” “good enough,” “skinny enough,” to those who partook in experiences that I emerged scraped and bruised from. I am not damaged. I see the art in every scar, the learning that I needed to evolve me. Thank you for being catalysts in my evolution. To my past and future seeds, know you have, are and always will be the manifestation of love. This work is also dedicated to me, and is on honor of myself, and in honor of every Black woman who has survived and those who have not survived sexual violence, I see you. We will continue to heal ourselves, one another, our communities and nation. Nuk Pu nu khu ami khu qeman kheperu em NTR hau. I am a shining being and a dweller in light who has been created and who came into existence from the limbs of NTR. Ase. iv Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge all those individuals who helped facilitate this research. Thank you to the numerous Kemetic yoga instructors, practitioners and schools who helped to disseminate information about this project, particularly Brother Yirser Ra Hotep. Without you, there would have been no project. I would also like to acknowledge the participants in this study. Your willingness to share, to be open and to speak your truths, made this work possible. I would like to also acknowledge Ajarya yoga for providing me with the foundation three years ago, to see the beauty and benefit of yogic practice. I would like to acknowledge my dissertation committee, and particularly my dissertation chair, Dr. Theopia Jackson, for her commitment to seeing this project come to fruition, and keeping me focused. v Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................... 5 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................ 6 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ....................................................................... 9 Overview of Trauma ................................................................................................................. 11 Type I and Type II Trauma .................................................................................................. 11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder .............................................................................................. 13 Complex Trauma ................................................................................................................ 15 Neurobiology of Trauma ..................................................................................................... 16 Adult Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse ................................................................ 20 CSA in African American Women and Relation to Sexual Trauma ..................................... 25 Sexual Trauma Interventions and Implications for AA Women Survivors ........................... 35 Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) ............................................................................... 36 Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) ............................................................................
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