An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices in Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati by Using Gis Applications

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 2113–2125, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_207 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

AN EXTENSIVE EXAMINATION OF WATER QUALITY AND SOIL QUALITY CHARACTERSTICES IN FEW AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH CORE CAPITAL REGION AT AMARAVATI BY USING GIS APPLICATIONS

M.V. Raju Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh, India

K. Mariadas Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh, India

G.Venu Ratna Kumari Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Kanuru, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India

M. Siva Jagadish Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Technology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh, India

S. Ramesh Babu AGM, Environment Health and Safety, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana State, India

ABSTRACT Ground water is the main source in the study area of core capital region at amaravathi and also it has some surface water sources of river Krishna flows through the region from North-West to South-East bordering the Krishna and Guntur districts. Apart from the river Krishna, many small rivulets and canals flow through the region.

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The irrigation canals include the Buckingham canal, Ryves canal, Krishna Main canal, Nizampatnam canal, Krishna West Bank canal and the Commamuru canal. In this present study, worked on examination of 44 number of water samples, which includes 22 number of ground water as well as 22 number of surface waters and also 22 number of soil samples analysed in three different months i.e. August, September and October were and also developed various GIS maps of Ground water quality , surface water quality , soil quality positions of the study area, which were covering in three mandals of Thulluru, Tadepalli and Mangalagiri of study area of the core capital region. In some samples it’s required some preliminary treatment must be given to water for its utilization. On overall the ground water quality and soil quality of most of the parameters in most of the areas was observed are within the acceptable limits, where as for utilization its seems to followed by some preliminary treatment technologies Key words: Core Capital Region, Water quality, Soil Quality, Contamination, GIS. Cite this Article: M.V. Raju, K. Mariadas, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, M. Siva Jagadish Kumar and S. Ramesh Babu, An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11), 2018, pp. 2113–2125. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11

1. INTRODUCTION Groundwater is an important one source of water supply, it was occurs most of the areas, where, beneath the earth surface not in a single widespread aquifer but in thousands of local aquifer systems and compartments that have similar characters. The ground water quality is still important to the public, therefore it is important to ensure its high quality at all time so that the consumer health is not compromised. Generally, Ground water resources are affected by three major activities. i.e. The first one is excessive turn up or use of chemicals or fertilizers and/ or pesticides in agricultural areas. The second one is sewage or sludge or effluent to the environment. Finally, excessive pumping and improper management of aquifers result. And also solid waste dumping and disposal activity in an open un-engineered landfill is the one of the factor that cause the ground water pollution due to lack of pollution control interventions such as unsecured sanitary landfills , leachate treatment pond, monitoring wells, and many more Soil is a dynamic living resource whose condition is vital both to the production of food and fibber and to global balance and ecosystem function or in essence to the sustainability of life on earth. Soil, water and air are three basic natural resources upon which most life depends. Soil quality may be defined as the “capacity of soil to function within the ecosystem and land use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality and promote plant, animal and human health” (Doran and Parkin, 1994). For better management practices it is necessary to assess the soil and water quality and they will decide the performance of the crops.

2. DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, which came into effect on 2nd June, 2014, provided for the reorganization of the existing state of Andhra Pradesh. It has a jurisdictional area of 8,352.69 km2 spread in Guntur and Krishna districts. It also includes 214 km2 of the new capital city of Andhra Pradesh, Amravati and the Capital City area between Vijayawada

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 2114 [email protected] An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications and Guntur cities on the Southern bank of river Krishna upstream of prakasam barrage. As per the 2011 census, the total population of the Amaravati Capital City area is 97,960. Out of the total population, the male population is 48,705 and the female population is 49,255 and the Total numbers of Literates are 60740 The total capital region is divided into many zones and all these zones represent a specified area of the total capital region. The zones are urban local bodies, Amaravathi, Central Zone, Eastern Zone, North East Zone, Northern Zone, South East Zone, South West Zone, Southern Zone and Western Zone. And the Core capital region, which consisting of 25 villages, named as Thulluru, Lingayapalem, Uddandarayunipalem, Velagapudi, Sakamuru, Nelapadu, Malkapuram, Mandadam, Venkatapalem, Anantavaram, Nekkallu, Rayapudi, Inavolu, Pictchukalapalem, Dondapadu, Abburajupalem, Borupalem, Kondaraju Palem, Tedepalli, Undavalli, Penumaka, Krishnayapalem, Nidamarru, Kuragallu, Nowluru are falling in three mandals of Thulluru, Tadepalli and Mangalagiri. The capital region with 25 village’s map of the study area shown in Figure 1.1

Figure1.1. GIS Map of 25 Village Areas Falling in 3 Mandals of Thulluru, Tadepalli and Mangalagiri at Core Capital Region of Amaravathi (Study Area) 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY • An extensive examination of water quality i.e. ground water as well as surface waters in few areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region , Amaravathi and • Evaluation of soil quality and development of GIS maps • Suggestion for suitable treatment technologies for better utilization of the resources

4. METHODOLOGY • Collection of source data like satellite data of two seasons, SOI (Survey of India) toposheet, village maps and tentative soil erosion maps. These are the main inputs for the preparation of thematic layers • Two seasons’ satellite data of PAN (Panchromatic) and LISS-III (Linear Image Self Scanner) are geometrically corrected and enhanced. Then both PAN and LISS III data are merged using principal component method and Cubic Convolution re-sampling technique. Finally after map composition satellite imagery is printed in FCC in 1:50,000 scale

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• Preparation of basic themes like base map, settlement map, village map, drainage map and soil erosion map from the source data. Then updating of base map, transport map and drainage map from the satellite image by visual interpretation • Thematic maps (related to natural resources) like land use / land cover map, Litho logy map, structure map and geomorphology map are prepared by visual interpretation of the satellite imagery • Visual interpretation is carried out based on the image characteristics like tone, size, shape, pattern, texture, location, association, background etc. in conjunction with existing maps/literature • Preliminary quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared. Field observations are incorporated in to the related thematic layers. Well status map is prepared by plotting the well inventory data on the village maps • Ground water prospects map is prepared by the combination of Lithology map, geomorphology map, Command area map is prepared by the combination of land use/land cover map, primary and secondary data related to irrigation and tanks • Final quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared. All the maps prepared are converted into soft copy by digitization. In that process editing, labelling, mosaicking, quality checking, data integration etc., are carried out • Land use/land cover map, ground water prospects map, command area map are integrated with village map and analyzed to get village wise statistical findings • Villages are categorized by irrigation utilization, natural resources utilization based on the village wise statistical findings. Ranking criteria is prepared for prioritization of villages for the developmental activities based on the available natural resources and accordingly villages are ranked and categorized • Report was prepared with report generation, graphics preparation, A4 size layout preparation, and Editing / composition and Annexure preparation • Preparation of Arc view project file with hotlink to all thematic maps • Preparation and plotting of A4 size maps • Preparation of final deliverables in soft copy format for submission. Methodology of the present study shown in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1 Methodology of work at study area

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5.1. Preparation of Soil Sample If the sample is soil or mineral, take about 100 gm of the given soil sample, dry it by keeping it in an oven at 100o C to 110o C (at less than 60o C if organic matter is to be estimated), crush it with a wooden mallet, sieve it in a 2 mm IS sieve (425 µ IS sieve for estimation of pH) And from the above dry powdered soil sample take 50 gm into a beaker. Add 250 ml of distilled water to it so that a soil water ratio of 1:5 is maintained (add 125 ml of distilled water only for estimation of pH) then Mix the contents thoroughly with a glass rod and allow it to remain still, After some time, preferably about 16 hours, mix the contents again so that the salts in the soil are extracted by the distilled water completely and then Filter the supernatant and use it as the sample for chemical analysis

5.2. Preparation of Water Sample Water samples have been collected according to procedures prescribed in UNESCO document. The collected samples were labelled properly indicating the exact position where the samples are collected at study area. Samples are brought to the laboratory in the bottles and analyzed for parameters and determined by standard methods (APHA 1998). Methods used for water analysis shown in Table 5.1 and results analysis are shown in Table 5.2., 5.3., 5.4., 5.5. And Table 5.6

Table 5.1 Methods used for water analysis

Test Conducted Units Principle of the method

Temperature 0C Precision thermometer, measured in situ

Electrical conductivity Mhoms Digital conductivity meter

Turbidity NTU Turbidity meter

Total Solids mgl-1 Evaporation

Total Dissolved and suspended solids mgl-1 Filtration and evaporation

pH Digital pH meter

Titration with std. H2SO4 P-alkalinity + MO – Alkalinity Total Alkalinity as CaCO mgl-1 3 ------x 100 ml of sample taken

Vol. Of H2SO4 required in presence of phenolphthalein x 1000 P-Alkalinity as CaCO mgl-1 3 ------ml of sample taken

Vol. Of H2SO4 required in presence of methyl orange x 1000 MO-Alkalinity as CaCO mgl-1 3 ------ml of sample taken Titration with stand. AgNO using K Cr O as Chlorides mgl-1 3 2 2 7 indicator Total Hardness mgl-1 EDTA titrimetric method Source: American Public Health Association (APHA) 1998

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Table 5.2 Results of Soil sample analysis by monthly variations Name of The Parameters ( by Month Wise Variations) (Units: mg/l , Except pH) Total Total Dissolved Sample pH Total Alkalinity Total Hardness Code Solids Solids Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 S1 7.7 7.9 7.5 240 246 235 276 259 281 361 376 371 350 362 360 S2 7.5 7.6 7.8 249 240 222 269 263 272 386 369 374 371 352 358 SS 7.6 7.5 7.9 232 243 226 281 289 266 377 389 381 351 359 371 S4 7.6 7.8 7.9 230 241 245 287 275 289 370 381 376 361 376 359 S5 7.2 7.4 7.5 228 232 241 289 276 269 381 862 353 362 356 341 S6 7.3 7.5 7.7 246 231 238 291 281 272 365 353 380 351 342 371 S7 7.8 7.2 7.6 242 219 231 299 269 281 359 364 367 350 351 353 S8 7.9 7.6 7.7 229 215 236 286 280 275 368 381 376 359 376 359 S9 7.6 7.4 7.7 238 241 222 268 272 265 371 389 382 362 378 369 S10 7.7 7.2 7.6 236 246 241 277 261 269 379 362 376 371 356 368 S11 7.3 7.5 7.7 229 241 235 281 289 277 386 376 390 368 370 379 S12 7.3 7.5 7.6 244 236 229 286 270 272 380 359 372 372 351 362 S13 7.7 7.6 7.8 217 219 226 280 289 292 376 381 358 363 372 349 S14 7.8 7.9 7.6 240 249 236 281 262 276 382 362 373 378 356 361 S15 7.6 7.5 7.2 246 225 241 269 281 270 367 382 385 351 371 376 S16 7.3 7.6 7.8 238 226 237 275 283 286 371 362 381 360 351 369 S17 7.1 7.3 7.5 226 240 232 251 265 271 376 359 383 371 348 370 S18 7.6 7.9 7.7 214 220 228 276 259 282 383 379 368 370 361 350 S19 7.9 7.5 7.7 222 231 239 256 267 276 391 382 379 381 373 366 S20 7.6 7.5 7.7 244 232 230 289 272 281 389 359 376 372 346 369 S21 7.3 7.4 7.6 239 246 241 272 286 290 362 372 377 351 363 368 S22 7.8 7.6 7.7 241 236 226 278 281 289 366 381 389 352 376 378 Avg. 7.6 7.5 7.7 235 234 234 278 274 277 375 395 376 363 361 364

Sampling Station Details: S1= Thulluru, S2= Lingayapalem, S3= UR Palem, S4= Velagapudi, S5= Sakamuru , S6 = Nelapadu , S7= Malkapuram , S8= Mandadam S9 = Venkatapalem S10= Anantavaram , S11 = Nekkallu, S12= Dondapadu, S13 = AR Palem, S14= Rayapudi , S15 = Borupalem, S16 = Kondaraju Palem , S17 = Undavalli , S18 = Penumaka , S19 = Krishnayapalem , S20 = Nidamarru , S21 = Kuragallu , S22 = Nawuluru

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Table 5.3 Results of Ground water sample analysis by monthly variations

Name of The Parameters ( by Month Wise Variations) (Units: mg/l , except pH) Total Total Dissolved Sample pH Total Alkalinity Total Hardness Code Solids Solids Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 S1 7.4 7.6 7.6 226 221 223 286 281 290 399 376 381 381 362 376 S2 7.2 7.7 7.5 238 241 242 275 272 278 386 370 368 377 359 356 SS 7.4 7.5 7.3 235 228 246 289 265 276 373 381 371 359 376 368 S4 7.4 7.7 7.5 221 232 230 265 285 281 362 386 390 354 373 361 S5 7.5 7.9 7.6 225 247 225 269 271 261 379 369 385 356 352 369 S6 7.5 7.3 7.5 239 236 231 276 263 275 380 382 369 371 370 356 S7 7.1 7.2 7.8 215 230 236 280 275 281 375 399 372 362 381 359 S8 7.9 7.8 7.7 241 248 242 274 270 276 362 376 389 350 361 376 S9 7.4 7.4 7.6 233 245 250 283 289 268 369 381 366 361 372 352 S10 7.5 7.7 7.8 228 249 232 261 280 256 378 365 369 372 357 356 S11 7.6 7.5 7.6 240 238 244 273 271 259 383 376 355 378 362 342 S12 7.3 7.3 7.8 218 233 228 268 263 255 355 359 362 346 350 349 S13 7.7 7.8 7.4 234 239 239 259 281 269 368 389 365 358 374 360 S14 7.5 7.5 7.5 223 246 241 271 270 279 372 379 381 360 366 372 S15 7.6 7.8 7.3 238 230 235 282 274 280 389 392 360 372 379 346 S16 7.3 7.6 7.9 229 225 238 256 285 286 376 384 358 361 370 345 S17 7.8 7.8 7.9 224 229 240 282 276 291 378 373 379 359 365 363 S18 7.7 7.5 7.8 236 233 229 289 281 283 390 387 383 377 372 370 S19 7.5 7.6 7.8 228 244 218 257 255 261 373 392 391 364 382 373 S20 7.6 7.8 7.2 239 247 222 262 268 269 376 371 396 359 366 381 S21 7.4 7.6 7.4 227 235 231 281 273 268 388 360 386 362 352 371 S22 7.5 7.8 7.6 238 240 246 270 286 281 365 383 374 351 374 362 Avg. 7.5 7.6 7.6 231 237 235 273 274 274 376 379 375 363 367 362

Table 5.4 Results of Surface water sample analysis by monthly variations

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S12 7.8 7.3 7.5 239 241 249 259 265 281 382 365 371 374 358 360 S13 7.6 7.6 7.7 229 215 230 270 280 286 373 382 389 361 374 378 S14 7.8 7.7 7.8 215 228 234 279 269 256 364 370 359 352 365 348 S15 7.2 7.5 7.3 236 241 225 265 277 290 384 376 369 376 362 352 S16 7.6 7.8 7.9 240 232 229 281 287 275 376 359 355 368 348 346 S17 7.2 7.5 7.4 246 249 237 290 289 279 369 381 379 355 370 366 S18 7.6 7.8 7.8 231 239 249 258 263 275 380 383 389 368 372 368 S19 7.3 7.7 7.3 228 241 233 270 278 283 361 351 370 353 343 359 S20 7.6 7.2 7.9 244 240 239 282 285 299 367 380 359 356 371 347 S21 7.6 7.6 7.7 234 235 237 274 275 281 374 374 372 362 364 360 S22 7.9 7.6 7.9 242 231 238 269 281 275 365 373 382 351 369 371 Avg. 7.7 7.8 7.8 236 249 229 281 259 290 368 371 376 358 360 369

Table 5.5 Results of soil sample mean values Mean Values of The Parameters

(Units: mg/l , except pH) Sample Moistu Code re Organic Total Total Total Potass Phospho pH TDS Conten matter Hardness Alkalinity Solids ium rous t S1 7.7 16.8 0.68 272 240 369 210 23.8 357 S2 7.63 17.9 0.63 268 237 376 248 24.2 360 SS 7.67 18.3 0.70 279 234 382 208 23.4 360 S4 7.74 17.4 1.90 284 239 376 225 25.2 365 S5 7.36 17.9 0.62 278 234 332 218 24.4 353 S6 7.5 18.6 0.64 281 238 366 208 23.9 355 S7 7.53 18.9 0.72 283 231 363 214 24.2 351 S8 7.73 19.3 2.20 280 227 375 250 27.8 365 S9 7.56 20.6 0.84 268 234 381 214 25.4 370 S10 7.52 16.2 0.62 269 241 372 218 25.2 365 S11 7.48 16.8 0.67 282 235 384 214 24.8 372 S12 7.46 17.3 0.56 276 236 370 224 28.0 362 S13 7.69 16.4 0.68 287 221 372 212 23.4 361 S14 7.77 18.5 0.52 273 242 372 238 24.2 365 S15 7.46 18.2 0.68 273 237 378 218 18.2 366 S16 7.58 17.9 0.62 281 234 371 214 23.8 360 S17 7.28 21.3 0.65 262 233 373 208 24.2 363 S18 7.74 20.8 0.68 272 221 377 218 23.9 360 S19 7.7 18.8 0.60 266 231 384 210 24.6 373 S20 7.6 19.3 0.62 281 235 375 214 23.6 362 S21 7.41 16.7 0.64 283 242 370 212 23.8 361 S22 7.68 19.8 0.68 283 234 379 216 24.2 369

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Table 5.6 Results of ground water sample mean values and surface water sample mean values

Mean Values of The Parameters (Units: mg/l , except pH) Sample Ground water sample mean values Surface water sample mean values Code Total Total Total Total pH Hardnes TS TDS pH Hardnes TS TDS Alkalinity Alkalinity s s S1 7.51 223 287 385 373 7.80 237 375 376 363 S2 7.48 240 275 375 364 7.80 238 276 371 362 SS 7.42 236 277 375 368 7.79 237 275 373 364 S4 7.53 228 277 379 363 7.76 238 277 372 362 S5 7.68 232 267 378 359 7.48 235 277 377 367 S6 7.41 235 271 377 366 7.6 239 279 375 364 S7 7.34 227 279 382 367 7.75 227 281 375 358 S8 7.76 244 273 376 362 7.57 241 270 369 360 S9 7.47 243 280 372 362 7.72 236 273 377 365 S10 7.67 236 266 370 361 7.7 242 284 388 374 S11 7.58 241 268 371 360 7.75 232 277 362 352 S12 7.45 226 262 359 348 7.64 232 273 377 368 S13 7.63 237 270 374 364 7.67 229 270 375 356 S14 7.48 237 273 377 366 7.53 243 268 373 364 S15 7.56 234 279 380 366 7.65 225 279 381 371 S16 7.6 231 276 373 359 7.75 226 268 364 355 S17 7.84 231 283 377 362 7.32 234 277 376 363 S18 7.68 233 284 387 373 7.78 234 281 363 354 S19 7.62 230 258 385 373 7.37 244 286 380 364 S20 7.53 236 266 381 369 7.71 240 265 384 369 S21 7.47 231 274 378 362 7.44 234 277 361 352 S22 7.65 241 279 374 362 7.56 241 289 369 358 5.3. GIS maps for physic- chemical analysis of water samples and Soil

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6. CONCLUSIONS • An assessment for Chemical analysis of core capital region of various parameters is safe and good for human activities. The properties ground water and surface water in core capital region with a comprehensive of the parameters are studied • GIS helps in data capture and processing and it serve as powerful computational tool that facilitate multi map integrations. And with the help of GIS mapping we are able to show the ground water surface water quality analysis. Geographical Information System technology must be used in their assessment of pollution as it useful to analyze & get the solution easily with more accuracy • This study has shown that use of GIS is very useful tool for analysis purpose. People can use soil for irrigation, ground water for drinking and surface water for agriculture fields • The spatial distribution maps of pH, TDS, Total solids, Alkalinity and Chlorides shows that these parameters are within the permissible limit • Finally it is concluded by using GIS technology has great potential to revolutionize soil, groundwater and surface water monitoring and management in the future. Rapidly expanding GIS technology will play central role in handling the voluminous ratio-temporal data and their effective interpretation, analysis and presentation through GIS applications

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